Abstract
The production of citric acid produces 70% waste product or by-product. This by-product is produced by microbial fermentation which could be used as an alternative raw material for animal feed because it still contains citric acid, which could help to reduce pathogenic bacteria. The objective of this study is to evaluate the physical and chemical value of citric acid by-product from rice (CABR) to compare the properties with those of rice bran and broken rice and to determine its potential as an alternative energy source in animal feed. The chemical composition of CABR was calculated using proximate analysis. The color of CABR was darker, and the bulk density value was 549.65 (g/L) (p < 0.05). With free flow, the angle of repose was 40°, and the particle size had less polygonal starch granules. CABR had a low pH of 4.77 and contained 19.80% crude protein, 11.97% crude fiber, and 4005.72 kcal/kg of energy. CABR had a higher crude protein value than broken rice and rice bran and a higher gross energy value than broken rice but less than rice bran. It also had a higher crude fiber value (p > 0.05). The results suggest that CABR could be utilized as an energy and protein source for animal feed formulations.
Highlights
Introduction iationsCitric acid is a source of organic acid and is produced by microbe fermentation
The results show that the angle of repose for citric acid by-product from rice (CABR) was 40.6◦, which can be classified as fair to passable flow, whereas broken rice showed an angle of repose of approximately 39.45◦, which could be classified as a fair to passable flow, and rice bran’s angle of repose value was 50.6◦, which classified as very poor (46–50◦ )
Broken rice has bulky and more massive particles (99.92 g) in mesh 20 when compared with CABR (19.92 g) and rice bran (31.21 g)
Summary
Citric acid is a source of organic acid and is produced by microbe fermentation. It has wide uses, but 75% of it is used in the beverage and food industries as an ingredient in carbonated drinks, followed by pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and animal feed [1]. 1.7 million tons of citric acid are produced per year, and the amount is predicted to increase annually [2]. Rice is commonly used for citric acid production in Thailand. Global rice production has increased by 2.5 percent per year on average over the last decade, reaching 744.4 million tons in 2014. The citric acid industry generates a lot of waste and by-product, which can lead to pollution and environmental
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