Export Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Improving Marketing Approaches to the Energy Sector of Kazakhstan for Decarbonization

This article is devoted to the study of marketing approaches to decarbonization to the energy sector of Kazakhstan. Obviously, it is important for Kazakhstan, with its economy based on the export of raw materials, to boost the use of technologies and approaches for decarbonization already now. These include technologies for carbon capture and storage, energy conservation, as well as the transfer of electricity generation to renewable sources and the use of offset mechanisms. The authors substantiated the need for the formation of a marketing strategy at the enterprises of the energy market of Kazakhstan to promote the ideas of decarbonization, green economy and ecology. Most of The Group of Twenty countries have set ambitious climate change targets that must be translated into clear strategic actions to bring about the needed change. Achieving carbon neutrality requires collaboration across sectors. Implementing climate change action on the scale needed requires marketing approaches that incentivize action on climate change. Servitization is not just a service offering, but a fundamental organizational and cultural change in an enterprise. The purpose of the research is to form a marketing approach of servitization for decarbonization. The SPSS software was used to test the hypotheses put forward in the article. The results of the research can be used to develop and implement strategies for the servitization of a energy market. Companies need to carry out motivational transformations related to the need to introduce servitization.

Investigation of Nigeria’s Comparative Advantage for the African Continental Free Trade Area

Nigeria’s comparative advantage for the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), has been investigated by this work. The specific objectives of this study are calculating the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) of Nigeria, and computing and comparing the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) of Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa. Time series data of Nigeria’s, Ghana’s and South Africa’s export products namely raw materials, intermediate goods, consumer goods and capital goods were obtained from the World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS). The RCA and RSCA of raw materials, intermediate goods, consumer goods and capital goods were computed using the Balassa index, and it was found that Nigeria has comparative advantage in the export of raw materials but has comparative disadvantage in the export of intermediate goods, consumer goods and capital goods. Compared to Ghana and South Africa, Nigeria can profitably export raw materials to AfCFTA trade partners because, though Ghana and South Africa also have comparative advantage in the export of raw materials, theirs is lesser than Nigeria’s. Unlike Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa have relative advantage in intermediate goods export trade. In the export of consumer goods, Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa all have comparative disadvantage, but the position of South Africa is better than that of Nigeria and Ghana. Similarly, Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa have comparative disadvantage in the export of capital goods, however, the position of South Africa is better than those of Nigeria and Ghana. Based on the findings, this study recommends that Nigeria should continue to strengthen its raw materials exports and at the same time, pursue policies and programmes that would improve the comparative advantage positions of its intermediate goods, consumer goods and capital goods export trade. In the area of trade negotiations, the findings of this study has been recommended to the Nigerian Office for Trade Negotiations (NOTN) for adoption in its preparations of guidelines on the rules of origin for stakeholders’ negotiations under AfCFTA Key words: Revealed Comparative Advantage, Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage, Goods, Free Trade Area, Nigeria. JEL Classification Codes: F10, F11, F12, F14.

The Impact of Covid 19 on Seaweed Smallholder Farmers in Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the seaweed industry and business. The export-import trade is the most severely impacted sector, mainly the raw material export of seaweed. The purpose of this study was to determine how smallholder farmers in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, can survive under adverse conditions and maintain their businesses during a pandemic. The research was conducted through a combination of field surveys and in-depth interviews with respondents. Interviews were performed using a variety of instruments, including questionnaires and cameras. According to the study's findings, smallholder farmers are impacted by a decline in prices and demand. Smallholder farmers in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, are attempting to adapt or adjust their operations to maintain profitability. Seaweed farmers make significant savings and cut their spending in the event of a pandemic. What is intriguing is that respondents did not reduce their spending on food. Instead, they prioritize reducing tertiary needs. Additionally, the same holder farmer borrows from collectors, borrows from the bank, and works side jobs. Thus, seaweed farmers are relatively unaffected by this pandemic and recover more quickly than other types of fishery businesses.Keywords: Covid 19, seaweed, smallholder farmer, Nusa Tenggara Barat

Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment Attraction in Vietnam Real Estate in the Pandemic Condition

The economy of Vietnam is a socialist-oriented emerging market that heavily depends on agriculture, tourism, raw material exports, and foreign direct investment. Vietnam is industrializing and modernizing from a low starting point with weak and small economic resources. This is one of the huge obstacles to the development of Vietnam’s economy. Therefore, mobilizing and leveraging foreign direct investment are very important. In the COVID-19 pandemic, many large international corporations and enterprises are looking for investment opportunities to diversify their supply chains and limit their overdependence on the Chinese market. Vietnam has emerged as one of the brightest candidates for this capital flow due to its success in epidemic prevention. While foreign direct investment has been declining globally, foreign direct investment in Vietnam has rebounded in the second quarter of 2020 and has been on an upward trend. The real estate market remained an active segment in the third quarter of 2020. This article uses comparison, logical and statistical analysis methods to study foreign direct investment in real estate in Vietnam. The contribution analyzes the factors that influenced the desire of foreign investors to invest in the Vietnamese real estate market, based on publicly available data sources of the Foreign Investment Agency, Vietnam Ministry of Planning and Investment; and the General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Solutions at the state level to stimulate investment in Vietnam are proposed.

Export Taxes and Trade Pattern: Case from the Indonesian Mineral Industry

The Indonesian government adopted mineral export taxes by imposing a high tariff on raw materials while waiving tariffs on processed products. Tariffs decreased following the progress of refinery plant construction. Based on the fixed effects panel regression at the commodity-country-pair level, this study finds that the export taxes system negatively reduces raw material export while increasing processed mineral export. Tariff stratification on mineral commodities distorts trade patterns, affecting business orientation in upstream and downstream sectors. Furthermore, tier tariff significantly elevates the export quantity of downstream products compared to flat export taxes, directly proportional to export value. Export contraction of raw materials resulted from tier tariff slightly lower than the flat type but with a higher exports performance of processed products. The shifting phenomena to the value-added industry indicate an effort for export taxes evasion. This finding is reinforced by the massive investment inflow in the mineral processing sector. Meanwhile, the exporter manufacturing industry positively correlates with the export performance of processed products and a negative direction with raw material, which aligns with the main finding.

Application of analytic hierarchy process for evaluation Western region of Ukraine with the purpose of organic land use development

The purpose of the research described in this article is to test the method of hierarchies for assessing the territory according to the selected criteria and to determine the most attractive area for the development of organic land use in the Western region of Ukraine, which is suitable for organic land use. The interest of agricultural producers in organic products comes from a stable trend towards growth of the global organic market, and the significant potential of our country as one of the main producers and exporters of organic raw materials and products. The method of hierarchies was chosen to provide the accurate evaluation of the areas for developing organic land use, as it allows to gradually break down the problems into more and more simple components and set the priority of criteria. That is, to assess the importance of individual indicators in the further processing of the sequence of judgments based on the results of pairwise comparisons, which are then expressed numerically, as well as to evaluate alternative solutions and find the best of them. Taking into account the recommendations of scientists and the requirements of the standards according to which organic producers work, in order to build a hierarchical structure of indicators of agricultural land selection there were used ecological-toxicological and agrochemical indicators of its condition. There were derived normalized ratings for each criterion and checked their reliability by the index and the ratio of consistency. There was made a comparison for each criterion, for all studied alternatives and the corresponding generalized ratings were calculated. A matrix of global priorities is constructed, which characterizes the potential of the considered areas. According to the results of the assessment by the hierarchy method, the greatest potential for the introduction of organic land use in the Western region of Ukraine is in Lviv, Khmelnytsky and Ternopil regions. There is the largest area of agricultural land which is potentially suitable for organic production with the least risk and greater economic efficiency in the above-mentioned regions. Further research will focus on the use of the hierarchy method to evaluate the potential of the territory in terms of areas of the region on a wider list of criteria, taking into consideration the suggestions and priorities of the farmer (the potential investor).

Socio-Economic Analysis of Disproportions and Disbalances of the Raw Material Export Model in Post-Soviet Russia

The article provides a socio-economic analysis showing how the export-raw material model of economic growth adopted in post-Soviet Russia affects the socio-economic situation within the country in the context of an unprecedented global recession that is gaining momentum due to COVID-19. As a working hypothesis, the authors propose that the Russian Federation, where the extraction and export of mineral raw materials are the basis of its social and economic growth, has led to numerous production imbalances. This not only lowers the quality and growth potential of Russia's future GDP but also undermines its macroeconomic stability and makes its national economy prone to oil shocks due to the dramatic global recession and lower demand for hydrocarbons. The paper builds a linear regression model to assess the dependence of Russia's GDP on oil exports from 1996 to 2019. Besides, the authors obtained statistically significant regression equations confirming the theoretical assertion that the dependence of the rates of socio-economic growth on the export of natural raw materials reduces the quality and efficiency of state and public institutions since those in power are trying to legislatively facilitate their access to resources, which, in turn, significantly reduces the potential for economic growth. The article confirms the need for a transition to a new (neo-industrial) socio-economic paradigm since this will help overcome the production imbalance that has developed in the Russian economy, ensure long-term socio-economic growth, and increase its efficiency. Proposals are formulated for the formation of economic conditions for neo-industrial economic development, the basis of which should be innovativeness, environmental friendliness, and inclusiveness.

Export-Oriented Industrial Policy: Theory and Practice

The essence of the concepts «export-oriented model of industrial policy», «export-oriented production» is disclosed. An export-oriented industrial policy is justified in relation to manufacturing products with a high degree of processing, it stimulates the development of innovations and the creation of goods that can compete with goods produced in other states. The advantages and disadvantages of the country’s economic development and the export-oriented model are revealed. Negative factors in its implementation, associated with the export of raw materials (as, for example, in Russia and Ukraine); a high share of imported components in the production of domestic equipment; the outflow of human and financial resources from the manufacturing industry of the country; the growth of corruption in power structures are disclosed. The introduction of export-oriented industrial policy has been studied on the examples of such countries as Finland, Japan, China. Until 1992, Finland was a «country of loggers», where the share of timber products in exports was 70 %. Today, 46 % of the country’s exports are technological and high-tech products, the share of goods with a high degree of manufacturability is 18 %. The reasons for the growth in Japan’s exports are the development of high technologies (manufacturing products account for 95 % of exports), the rapid change in industrial models, and the implementation of state insurance for export trade. The share of the PRC, thanks to foreign investment, rapid industrialization, construction and growth in the sphere of technological services, in the share of the world economy increased from 1.8 % in 1978 to 18 % in 2018 (the second largest economy in the world), in terms of export it’s the 1st position, in terms of imports — the 2nd position in the world. In the XXI century in the export-oriented model of Ukrainian economic development, raw materials and low-tech production remains (over 74 %). To overcome these trends, priority directions have been developed for improving the state policy of regulating the development of export-oriented industries in Ukraine, namely: in the field of state financial support for exporters; increasing the competitiveness of manufactured products; assistance in the promotion of goods in the domestic and foreign markets; developing a marketing strategy in the country.

Analysis of the Dynamics of Foreign Currency Exchange Rates in Ukraine Including Seasonality Factors and Demand for Domestic Government Loans Bonds (Over 5-10 Years)

The relevance of the scientific article lies in the need to substantiate the importance of the role of currency exchange rates for the robust functioning of the country’s economy. The purpose of the article is to analyse the dynamics of foreign currency exchange rates, mainly the dollar, and the euro, in Ukraine, taking into account factors of seasonality and demand for government bonds. The main methods used in the paper are statistical empirical research methods, in particular modelling. It was determined that the export of raw materials, mainly steel, and various agricultural crops such as wheat, corn, sunflower oil, soybeans, etc., plays a particularly important role in Ukraine. It was found out that the mentioned fluctuations in export are one of the reasons for the currency seasonality, but not the only one or the main reason, as the exchange rate is strongly influenced by oil, gas, and other energy resources prices, which the country needs constantly, especially during the heating season. The exchange rate of the hryvnia over the last five years within the context of the National Bank of Ukraine has also been analysed. It was found that the demand for government loans bonds is one of the most important factors in considering the foreign currencies exchange rates in Ukraine. To make models more plausible and to reduce the influence of other factors in determining seasonality of the currency with certain currency pairs with the dollar, euro, yen, zloty, and ruble, the data for the last several years has been used, which are less likely to be distorted by the influence of external factors. It has been confirmed that a successful trade policy is a key source of currency stabilisation in Ukraine. The article is useful for studying the functioning of currencies in general; for studying the economy of Ukraine, especially the country’s currency issues; for students of various economic disciplines

CBAM and Russian export

The EU is expected to introduce the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) in 2026. The estimates of the resulting Russia’s economic loss, that can be found in the literature, appear to be blown up, static, and not directly related to the change in the incomes of Russian exporters. These estimates are driven by the authors’ speculations, rather than by the CBAM concept as announced by the EU. This paper aims to assess the potential implications of CBAM for the Russian raw materials exports. CBAM will launch a carbon intensity reduction race for industrial products. Those who will not be able to keep abreast of the leaders will be losing their market niches. Because Russia is freezing its current carbon intensity levels, it will see its CBAM exports shrink and, small at the beginning, export incomes reduction may gradually become substantial. At the same time, proactive GHG emission control in the industrial sector can help avoid the loss and even yield additional income.

Taxation of copper and nickel ores mining in Australia, Canada, Chile, Kazakhstan and USA

The subject. This article discusses the taxation of copper and nickel extraction in Australia, Canada, Chile, Kazakhstan and USAThe purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that the experience of taxation of copper and nickel extraction in Australia, Canada, Chile, Kazakhstan and USA may be used for modifying the mineral extraction tax (MET) in Russia in order to increase the share of resource rent collected by the government.The methodology of research includes legal interpretation and economic analysis of the tax legislation in United States, Canada, Australia, Chile and Kazakhstan as countries with a well-developed tax system and a significant size of the mining sector in overall GDP.The authors select the legislative acts of these countries and regions that determine the procedure for collecting taxes in the extraction of metal ores, including those containing copper and nickel, as well as in the production of copper and nickel. The selected legislative acts are analyzed to determine the essential parameters of taxation. Particular attention is paid to the method of calculating the tax base, taking into account the approach to assessing the value of the taxable object, permissible tax deductions and exceptions, which allows authors to test the hypothesis put forward by determining which part of the value of a mineral resource is withdrawn during taxation.The main results, scope of application. Mineral extraction tax is the main tool for collecting natural resource rent in Russia. However, the level of taxation of solid minerals and coal is disproportionately low compared to their share in the production and export of raw materials. Thus, in 2018, the amount of MET on all minerals totaled 100.5 billion rubles, while the MET collected from oil and natural gas amounted to 5,979.6 billion rubles, i.e. 60 times as much. At the same time, the role of solid minerals in the Russian economy is comparable to the role of oil and gas. The share of the main types of minerals in the exports of the Russian Federation in 2018 was 20.4% compared to 56% for oil and gas, i.e. the difference of less than three times. The contribution of the industries related to the extraction of minerals and production of metals (mining of coal, ores, diamonds, metallurgy, fertilizer production) to the Russian GDP is about half as much as that of industries involved in the extraction and processing of oil and natural gas (7% and 14% of GDP respectively).In view of the above, it is important to develop a new approach to the taxation of solid minerals in Russia based on the world’s best practices. In order to identify the general principles of their taxation, we have conducted a detailed analysis of the tax legislation in a number of countries with a well-developed tax system and a significant size of the mining sector (the United States, Canada, Australia, Chile and Kazakhstan). We focused on the taxation of copper and nickel ores mining.Conclusions. The analysis of the international experience of taxation of copper and nickel mining sector reveals the following trend: the tax is calculated based on the market value of the extracted minerals, which is linked to the price quotes for the relevant product on an organized metal exchange (for example, the price of pure metal on the London Metal Exchange). This approach can be used in the Russian tax practice in several ways. First, Russia can adopt the Australian model where royalty on a mineral resource can be levied at the time of sale of the useful component irrespective of the processing stage (ore, concentrate or metal). The second potential model is based on the actual sale price of the product (provided it is sold in an arm’s length transaction) after deducting the costs of processing (i.e., smelting, enrichment etc., depending on the stage of processing) to arrive at the market value of the ore at the "mine mouth". The third is the Canadian model which is similar to the second one, but with the extraction costs also deducted from the sale price.

Russia’s Arctic Strategy in the Greater Eurasian Partnership

This study focuses on the role of the Arctic Strategy of Russia in the Great Eurasian Partnership.Aim. The study aims to identify the features of the Arctic Strategy of Russia in the Great Eurasian Partnership.Tasks. The development of principles of geopolitical forecasting and work with big data, with the aim of synchronizing the integration processes contradictory in nature and interests of the actors in Greater Eurasia, identifying the features of the geopolitical regionalization of Eurasia, and analyzing the global security analytics of the Great Eurasian Partnership in the coming “digital era”.Methods. The transition from the “analog” to the “digital era” at the beginning of the 21st century meant an essentially revolution in the data itself, which was associated with the emergence of their new quality — predictive. The methodology for research and forecasting the prospects of Eurasian integration is modeling the multi-agent interaction of geopolitical factors of coalitions based on mathematical game theory. The strategy of transition to a polycentric world order implies the need to move from “geopolitical fiction” to geopolitics, based on mathematical modeling of global geopolitics processes using game theory methods.Results. The geopolitical regionalization of Eurasia is a challenge to time. On the expanses of the Eurasian continent, several multi-format long-term “Eurasian projects” are increasingly clearly emerging. This is, firstly, the Eurasian Economic Union, secondly, the Chinese One Belt-One Way and, thirdly, Indo-Pacifica. The Russian Arctic is a region of the Great Eurasian Partnership. The tasks of the modern Arctic policy of Russia are focused on ensuring the priority growth of raw materials exports and industrial development of the Arctic territories, rather than on solving the problems of improving the quality of life of the local population, although in the Russian Arctic strategy until 2035 these tasks are formulated quite correctly.Conclusion. The analytics of the Eurasian partnership and the wording of expert assessments should be formed on the basis not only of political discourse, but also of exact sciences. In modern conditions, the development of scenario projects for the construction of the Great Eurasian Partnership, which includes the Greater Arctic (which, in turn, require an independent theoretical and methodological study), involves the full use of the apparatus of mathematical geopolitics (game theory), scenario modeling and big data technologies.

Déjà vu: economic determinants of Russia’s power in the historical perspective (1890–2020)

What reasons stood behind the instability of the power position of Russia over the last 130 years? This analysis, covering three periods of time: 1890–1913, 1980–1991, and 2000–2020, reveals astonishing similarities of structural economic problems that led to severe economic and socio-political crises. Despite different causes, each time the crisis was triggered by insufficient savings compared to needs resulting from a program of economic modernisation and imperial policy, low competitiveness of industry, and dependence on export of raw materials. These vulnerabilities of Russia became especially apparent under extraordinary circumstances (wars, economic blockades, sanctions).

Rethinking the Africa-China Trade: Some Policy Considerations and Implications

As many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) struggle against severe food insecurity, unemployment and poverty, their heavy reliance on the export of raw materials as sources of revenue to solve these problems has long been put into question. The trade between China and SSA is characterized by China’s importing mining and extraction from SSA and SSA’s importing manufactured goods from China. We analyse the asymmetric SSA-China trade and focus on how trade policy and productivity shocks will reduce SSA’s dependency on raw material export to China. We perform accounting and simulation exercises using the General Equilibrium GTAP model. The main innovation in our study is the inclusion of estimates of different labor productivity growth rates across regions and across sectors in the model. These labor productivity growth estimates show that the gaps between China and SSA especially in manufacturing are huge; ignoring these gaps would have biased any estimation. The other innovation is the simulation that the imports from China would yield some technology spillover on productivity in SSA. We examine several scenarios that include tariff elimination by China, common external tariff in SSA, and free regional trade in SSA. We find that with its current low labor productivity growth rates especially in manufacturing sectors, SSA continues to lose in the global trade, including in its trade with China. More important, manoeuvring room for trade policies is limited. China tariffs on imports from Africa are already low and bringing these tariffs down to zero will lead only to a modest increases in welfare and employment for SSA without altering SSA’s dependence on raw material export. Raising the tariffs on manufactured goods from China will reduce SSA’s welfare and employment by harming consumers and the agriculture sectors dependent on intermediate goods from China. Increases in labor productivity and technical progress in SSA’s manufacturing sectors are welfare improving, but will not alter the high share of mining and extraction export to China unless such increases in productivity are accompanied by a voluntary restriction on these raw material exports. As such a voluntary restriction is being practically hard to apply and sustain, SSA shall continue to liberalize internal markets and pursue higher growth rates in labor productivity to cut the losses in international trade. Our simulations show that freer intra-African trade with small and steady increase in productivity can have significant impacts on welfare and employment.

Альтернативные направления экспорта-импорта по МТК «Север – Юг» в условиях экономических санкций

Due to economic anti-Russian sanctions, there is a large-scale reorientation of European and Baltic routes to the east (with a sharp increase in the load on the eastern polygon of Russian railways) and the role of the North - South transport and logistics corridor being formed is being revised. Such corridors modernize global logistics, especially with regard to transportation of raw materials, energy, semi-finished products and food products. The development of all routes of the North - South corridor will provide direct access to the producers of goods of export-oriented industries of the Eurasian Economic Union to the growing markets of Iran, Pakistan, India, the Middle East and East Africa. The article provides the overview and analysis of economic and logistical advantages of new routes tending to the International transport corridor «North - South» (ITC NS), to substantiate new trends in macro-statistics of export-oriented logistics flows of specialized products of the Urals and Siberia industries. The development of new directions for the export of raw materials and finished products in combination with modern logistics technologies will allow exporters of the Urals and Siberia to increase export volumes and its profitability, neutralize the negative impact of anti-Russian economic sanctions. The Kazakhstan - Turkmenistan - Iran route with the possibility of further transportation of products to Pakistan and India through the Chabahar port under construction and the existing ports of Bandar Abbas and Gwadar will be especially promising for Ural and West Siberian exporters of mineral raw materials and finished products.

ҚАШҚАДАРЁ ВИЛОЯТИДА ИҚТИСОДИЙ ХАВФСИЗЛИКНИ ТАЪМИНЛАНИШ ДАРАЖАСИ ТАҲЛИЛИ

The article reveals the role of industrial, agricultural and service sectors in the economy of Kashkadarya region, their contribution to economic development and to the process of ensuring the economic security of the region, the impact of the technological state of its fixed assets, investment activity, export-import opportunities and economies based on the export of raw materials on the economic security of the region

ПОЛЮСА РОСТА НЕОИНДУСТРИАЛЬНОГО ЭКСПОРТА РЕГИОНОВ РОССИИ

The development of high-tech (neo-industrial) exports is one of the most important tasks that the Russian economy is facing. The solution of these tasks is enshrined in presidential decrees, national projects, which confirms the high priority in the implementation of these decrees. The unprecedented sanctions imposed by the EU and the US significantly restrict the import of high-tech products into our country, as well as the export of raw materials. In these restrictive realities, and for the development of our country's economy, a transition to an import substitution policy is necessary, and it is important to look for growth poles for the formation of neo-industrial exports of the regions of the Russian Federation. In this connection, the purpose of this study is to determine the growth poles of high-tech exports of Russian regions. To solve this problem, spatial modeling methods were used, namely, the analysis of local and global Moran's indices. The study identified growth poles, clusters of high and low values, as well as potential territories that in the future may become new growth poles for high-tech exports of the Russian regions.

Foreign trade security of Ukraine’s regions: internal and external threats under martial law

The article examines the state of foreign trade security of Ukraine in 2013-2020. Based on the positive dynamics of the integrated indicator of foreign trade security, the compliance of foreign trade indicators with economic security criteria in most regions of Ukraine is verified. The results of calculating the integrated indicator sensitivity to changes in foreign trade security indicators identify the most common threats to foreign trade at the regional level in 2020. Based on a cluster analysis of Ukraine’s regions for foreign trade security in 2020, common features and problems of foreign trade are outlined. The pre-war state of foreign trade of the regions of each group and the peculiarities of export-import operations under martial law are analyzed. Based on the analysis of foreign trade indicators in 2022 and taking into account the factors of foreign trade security, the key threats to each group of regions during the war are identified. Russia’s aggression is the main external threat, which has a systemic nature and determines the state of the economic security of the regions. As a result of the threat of war, domestic threats are growing, caused by the inefficient structure of the regional economy and raw material exports. For the regions where the export of raw materials predominates, the main threats include the imbalance of foreign trade due to a sharp decline in exports as the result of logistics disruption, complete or partial loss of foreign markets, and increasing import dependence. In wartime, the decline in exports of high-tech goods or science-intensive services due to hostilities, destruction of enterprises and telecommunications, and loss of intellectual potential are the greatest threats to foreign trade security of regions with a significant share of high-tech products and science-intensive services.

НАЛОГООБЛОЖЕНИЕ УГЛЕВОДОРОДНОГО СЫРЬЯ НА ПРИНЦИПАХ РАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ПРИРОДОПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ САНКЦИОННЫХ ОГРАНИЧЕНИЙ

The relevance of the topic under study lies in the fact that, under the conditions of sanctions restrictions, the domestic economy needs its own strategy for the sustainable development of environmental management, which assumes not the transfer of dependence of income from use from foreign trade operations (as EU countries do), but the reduction of environmental costs for stable tax and non-tax payments from the use of natural resources. The purpose of the article is related to the study of prospects for improving the taxation of hydrocarbon raw materials on the principles of rational nature management for the sustainable development of the Russian economy in the conditions of sanctions restrictions. Based on the use of regression and variance analysis methods and the study of international experience, the potential opportunities for improving environmental taxation in the direction of rational nature management and support for «green» economic growth are substantiated. The analysis of effective taxation in Russia on the subject of hydrocarbon dependence of the budget of the Russian Federation is carried out, the assessment of taxation of the rational level of environmental management in Russia is given. The contradiction of environmental taxation in the conditions of sanctions restrictions from the standpoint of federal budget profitability and sustainable economic development is revealed. To resolve this contradiction, tax optimization measures based on the principles of rational nature management are proposed. Since the export of hydrocarbon raw materials is the main source of revenue generation of the state budget of the Russian Federation, the authors substantiate the advantages of environmental taxation in the conditions of modern sanctions restrictions.

Мировые деньги во времени и пространстве: удар по доллару или удар долларом?

Theoretical and practical aspects of the problem of functioning of the world’s means of payment and accumulation are discussed. It is shown that the US dollar is one of the specific forms of world money along with other ‘dominant’ currencies due to its function as a reliable asset for other countries, requiring for the issuing country exceptionally strong national institutions and confidence in this national currency, the American currency is also the universal equivalent in international settlements and the world’s means of payment, accumulation and medium of circulation. It is determined that the Russian ruble is ‘commodity’ currency but not the ‘dominant’ currency, and its share in international settlements is almost imperceptible. It is shown that, other things being equal, the American currency will continue to flow into Russia, since the export of Russian raw materials is traded on the world market mainly in dollars. It was revealed that the strategy for de-dollarization of the Russian economy did not contribute to the displacement of the dollar from payments for exports from Russia, with a noticeable increase in the share of the euro in payments. It was found that the transition in Russia’s settlements from China to national currencies was not carried out, and the EAEU countries remained the only ruble zone in settlements for Russia. It is shown that Russia’s attempt to switch to settlements exclusively in rubles is tantamount to creating an exclusive money circulation system for a small country, which, within the framework of the ‘dominant’ currencies paradigm, shows its limitations. The risks for the Russian economy as a result of its isolation from the system of international settlements in dollars and euros are formulated as part of the current sanctions by developed countries