Rattus Norvegicus Wistar Strain Research Articles

Protection of Dayak Onion Tuber Extract (Eleutherine Palmifolia) Against Kidney Histopathological Appearence of Albino Male Rat Strain Wistar which was Induced by Alloxan

The purpose of this study was to know the effect of Dayak onion tuber extract (Eleutherine palmifolia) given by per oral in lowering levels of histophatology damage kidney of albino male rat (Rattus norvegicus) strain Wistar which was induced by alloxan. Animals which were used in this research were 24 white male rats (Rattus norvegicus) strain Wistar, and then divided into 6 groups. The negative control group K (-) were given with aquabidest and CMC-Na 1% during the therapy period, the positive control group K (+) were given with alloxan 110 mg / kgbw, the group of drug control K (O) were given with alloxan and oral therapy with metformin 9 mg / 200g bw / day, the treatment group 1 (P1) were given with alloxan and per oral therapy with extract of Dayak onion tuber 100 mg / kgbw, the treatment group 2 (P2) were given with alloxan and per oral therapy with extract of Dayak onion tuber 200 mg / kgbw and the treatment group 3 (P3) were given with alloxan and per oral therapy with extract of Dayak onion tuber 400 mg / kgbw. The therapy was given for 14 days, then the animals were sacrificed with ketamine and then its kidney was taken for examination of hisphatology in kidney. Observations based on their depiction of renal histopathology tubular degeneration and necrosis, glomerular necrosis, intestitial infiltration and glomerular sclerosis. Data obtained from the scoring of histopathological appearence albino rat kidneys were analyzed by test Kruskal-Wallis and if there is a real difference followed by Mann-Whitney test using SPSS 20.0 for windows. The results showed that the extract of Dayak onion tuber 400 mg/ kgbw can reduce the degree of kidney damage in albino male rat exposed to alloxan significantly. Key words: Eleutherine palmifolia, alloxan, kidney, histhopathology

The Effect of Polysaccharides Peptides Ganoderma Lucidum to Aortic Foam Cell Count and Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetic Model Rattus Norvegicus Strain Wistar

BACKGROUND: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of dominant factors in cardiovascular deaths and induces endothelial dysfunction. A definite sign of endothelial dysfunction is foam cells formation derived from oxidized LDL. This study was conducted to determine effect of Polysaccharides Peptides (PsP) Ganoderma lucidum to foam cell counts and lipid profile in diabetic model rats with high-fat diet.METHODS: Treatment group was categorized to negative control, positive control, DM-50, DM-150, and DM-300. Type 2 DM induced by Streptozotocin. PsP is administered with predetermined doses on each treatment’s group (50, 150, and 300 mg/kgBW) for 12 weeks. Measurements of foam cell count were held after obtaining rat’s aorta. To assess lipid profile, blood sample was taken from the rat's heart. Data analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey tests.RESULTS: The administration of Ganoderma lucidum PsP to diabetic model rats provided a significant difference in lowering foam cell (p=0.017; CI 95%). It also gave significant difference between levels of each lipid components (Total Cholesterol, Trygliceride, LDL and HDL) in at least two treatment groups (p=0.010; CI 95%). Based on Post Hoc Tukey tests, the relationship between administration of PsP and foam cell is significant (p=0.002).CONCLUSION: PsP has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect in type 2 DM model Rattus norvegicus strain wistar, which can inhibit atherosclerosis and endothelial damage process. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the benefits of PsP as an adjuvant therapy in management of diabetic dyslipidemia.KEYWORDS: PsP, Ganoderma lucidum, foam cell, lipid profile, DM

The Effect of Aerobic and Anaerobic Physical Training on the Absorptive Cells, Absorption of Carbohydrate and Protein in Small Intestine

The purpose of this study is to investigate the morphofunctional response of a total number of absorptive cells, and carbohydrate and protein absorption capability in the small intestine of Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar (RNSW) that has been subjected to aerobic and anaerobic physical training based on the morphofunctional physiological paradigm. This study was based on the separate sample pretest-posttest control group design, using a t-test, and multivariate SPSS ten program, with five percent level of significance. The sample consisted of one hundred and twenty, male RNSW, with average age of five months, and body weight of 246-278 grams. They were divided into twelve groups at random, i.e. four pretest groups, two control groups, and six treated groups where different diets were given thirty minutes before undergoing posttest. The experimental animals underwent four weeks physical training (twelve times), three groups were given aerobic physical training by swimming with a burden of three percent fasting body weight, the others three groups received anaerobic physical training by swimming with a burden of nine percent fasting body weight. The experiment was conducted at night, between 7.30 PM to 10.30 PM, in a water with a temperature of 28°C to 30°C. Result of the study revealed: (1) Aerobic and anaerobic physical training, increased the number of absorptive cells (t = -73,281, p = 0,000), and increased the absorptive capacity of carbohydrate and protein (Hotelling’s Trace = 0,244, p = 0,000). (2) There was a difference in the increased absorptive capacity of carbohydrate and protein among groups (Hotelling’s Trace = 0,404a, p = 0,000). Aerobic physical training had less influence than anaerobic physical training on the increased number of absorptive cells, and the absorptive capacity of carbohydrate and protein in the small intestine. In conclusion: (1) Aerobic physical training of swimming with a burden of three percent fasting body weight, and anaerobic physical training of swimming with a burden nine percent fasting body weight correlate with the increase the number of absorptive cells, and carbohydrate and protein absorptive capacity of the small intestine. (2) Anaerobic physical training of swimming with a burden nine percent fasting body weight has better correlation than aerobic physical training of swimming with a burden of three percent fasting body weight with the increased number of absorptive cells, and the absorptive capacity of carbohydrate and protein in the small intestine.

Ethanol Extract Turmeric (Curcuma domestica val) In Preventing an Increased Grastic Acidity on Rattus norvegicus Which Induced by Histamine

Gastric ulcer is one of the increase gastric acid causes which mediated by H2 reseptor. Tumeric is extracted using the ethanol 96% and it is tested using Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain to know the effect as anti gastritis. There’s a suspicion whether an ethanol extraction from tumeric which has anti H2 receptor effect can be use to prevent gastric ulcer causes from histamine release. Based on that, we want to study whether tumeric can be use to prevent the increase of histamine induce gastric acid and can also be use as gastric protective by looking at microscopic image of gastric, gastric pH from Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain.Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided Into five groups: 1) Na CMC control group, 2) CMC Na io histamine plus 300 mg / kg ip groups, 3) ethanol turmeric extract 1000 mg / kg io histamine plus 300 mg / kg ip treated groups, 4) ethanol turmeric extract 2000 mg / kg io histamine plus 300 mg / kg ip treated groups. Rats were sacrified at 6 h after injection of histamine, and stomach tissues were harvested for free acid, total acid, organic acid, pH.Results: Giving P2 ethanol extract of tumeric intra oral decrease free acid level, total acid, organic acid and pH gastric acid which is induced by giving an intra peritoneal histamin. Ethanol extract of tumeric decrease incidence and preventable for ulcus gastric causes by histamin.Conclusion: an ethanol extract of tumeric decrease the levels of free acid, total acid, organic acid and pH gastric. Ethanol tumeric extract 2000 mg/kg is a recommended dosage

Assessment of Type 2 Anti-Diabetes on Bound Flavonoids of Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng. Kernel in Glucose-Induced Diabetic Rats

A study of type 2 anti-diabetes on bound flavonoids fraction from the kernel of Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng. in glucose-induced diabetic rats was performed. This learning aimed to gather scientific information about the possibility to utilize kernel of B. racemosa as a raw material of antidiabetic drug. The antioxidant property of the bound flavonoids was determined by the DPPH scavenging method compared to the ascorbic acid. Assessment of type 2 anti-diabetes was conducted on glucose-induced diabetic Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain compared to metformin and the data were analyzed through one-way ANOVA software. Histopathological studies of the pancreas and kidney were made to get evidence of the β-cell performance and the renal tissue respectively. The DPPH testing at the wavelength of 517 nm showed the bound flavonoids and the ascorbic acid showed absorbance at 0.097 and 0.080 correlated with IC50 values of 7.51 and 6.50 ppm respectively. The results of one-way ANOVA indicated that the administration of bound flavonoids was significant (F(2,11) = 8.60, p = 0.008) to reduce blood glucose level in the tested rats. The diabetic rats treated with the extract experienced an antidiabetic effect equivalent to an antidiabetic effect of metformin. Histopathologic observations showed increasing of the granulated β-cell (F(3, 15) = 26.09, p<0.0001) and no renal tissue damage (F(3, 15) = 0.23, p = 0.873) in the tested rats. The conclusion raised from the data of this study revealed that the bound flavonoids from the kernel of B. racemosa (L.) Spreng. could be utilized as a drug source of type 2 anti-diabetes.

Evaluation subchronic toxic effect of polysaccharide peptide on lipid and hematologic profile in Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar

Objective: There are many unknown safety for consumption in a compound of medicinal plants, one of them is polysaccharide peptide (PSP) of the extract of Ganoderma lucidum. Polysaccharide peptide (PSP) from Ganoderma lucidum mushroom extract is a bioactive substances found in the mushroom that is expected to be a drug that is safe for consumption. It is an antioxidant that has been used in the wider community as a chronic hepatopathic medicine, hypertension, and hyperglycemia. PSP cannot be circulated to the public before passing some toxicity tests to obtain information about its safety and to investigate the effect. There are many things that can be assessed from this toxicity test, some of them are lipid profile that includes (cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and TG) and blood profile (leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets).Materials and Methods: This study used experimental post test only control group design. The sample consisted of 80 Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain (40 males and 40 females) were divided into normal group, the group with the administration of a dose PSP 300, 600, 1200 mg/kg/hr) for 90 days. Parameters measured were lipid and hematological profile.Results and Discussion: The result of the analysis using ANOVA showed no significant effect on the administration of PSP on the level lipid and hematologic profile. The examination showed not significant at the lipid profile (cholesterol, TG, HDL, and LDL) and leukocytes. It is same as platelet and erythrocytes profile whereas there is only PCT, MCV, MCH, RBC, and RDW changed significantly, but still within normal limits.Conclusion: Administration Polysaccharide peptide in subchronic study mostly showed no significant effect on the levels of lipid profiles and hematology even though there is significant effect in some parameters but it still within the normal limit. Findings from this study suggest that Polysaccharide peptide of Ganoderma lucidum is safe and can be exploited in healthcare delivery systems.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(3) 2016 p.409-415

The level of beta defensin-2 in saliva and its expression in parotid gland epithelial cells after probiotic (Lactobacillus reuteri) induction to inhibit Streptococcus mutans in caries.

Objective:The aim of this study was to prove that administrating L. reuteri probiotics can increase the level of BD-2 saliva and BD-2 expression in the epithelial parotid glands of Wistar rats.Materials and Methods:Experimental design in this study was randomized control group post test only. Twenty-four white male Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain rats were divided into four groups. The negative control group included rats not induced by S. mutans whereas the positive control group included rats induced by S. mutans. The two treatment groups are as follows: treatment 1 (T1), the group that is induced for 14 days by L. reuteri and 7 days by S. mutans and treatment 2 (T2), the group which is induced simultaneously by S. mutans and L. reuteri for 14 days. L. reuteri culture at a concentration of 108 colony-forming unit/ml and S. mutans culture at a concentration of 1010 are induced in the oral cavity of the Wistar rats. The Elisa technique is used to examine the salivary level of BD-2, whereas the immunohistochemical technique is used to examine the BD-2 expression in the epithelial salivary glands.Results:The study shows the increasing levels of BD-2 and BD-2 expression in the epithelial parotid glands after the administration of L. reuteri probiotics. Besides, there is a relationship between the increasing expression of BD-2 in the epithelial parotid glands with the decreasing amount of S. mutans.Conclusion:Giving L. reuteri probiotic scan increases the level of saliva of BD-2 and the expression of BD-2 in the parotid glands.

EFEK PAPARAN DEKOK BIJI PINANG (Areca catechu) TERHADAP MOTILITAS SPERMATOZOA TIKUS (Rattus norvegicus): UPAYA MENEMUKAN KANDIDAT ANTIFERTILITAS PRIA (The Effect of Betel Nut Extract (Areca catechu) on Mice Spermatozoa Motility (Rattus norvegicus: Effort to Find Out Man Antifertility Candidate)

This research was conducted to prove the ability of betel nut extract (Areca catechu) in causingdegradation of sperm motility on rats (Rattus norvegicus) strain Wistar. This research used 2-3 monthsage, 200-250 g body weight of male white rats Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar. The rats were dividedinto 5 groups in equal number, 3 rats each group. They were a control group without treatment and 4treatment groups which were given different doses of betel nut extract for 7 days, i.e., 1, 2, 3, and 4 g/200g body weight respectively. The result showed that increasing doses of betel nut extract can result indegradation of sperm motility significantly (P0.05).Keywords: Areca catechu, Rattus norvegicus, sperm motility

The reduction of aorta histopathological images through inhibition of reactive oxygen species formation in hypercholesterolemia rattus norvegicus treated with polysaccharide peptide of Ganoderma lucidum.

Atherosclerosis is chronic inflammatory process triggered by oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can increase hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level, which induce atherosclerosis through the processes such as formation of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), foam cells, and atherosclerotic plaque. Antioxidant is needed to control negative effects of oxidative stress. One source of antioxidant, which has potential to be developed, is PsP from Ganoderma lucidum. This study aims to prove the effect of PsP in decreasing H2O2, PVAT, foam cells and atherosclerotic plaque. This study was experimental randomized post-test with control group design using 25 Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain rats. Rats were divided into 5 groups (negative control, positive control, and 3 high-fat diet group with PsP dose: 50, 150, 300 mg/kgBW). Measured parameters were H2O2, PVAT, foam cell, and atherosclerotic plaques. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis, followed by post hoc test. Mean H2O2 levels, PVAT thickness, foam cell numbers, and atherosclerotic plaque were low in negative control group. ANOVA showed that PsP significantly (P<0.05) reduced H2O2 levels, PVAT thickness, foam cells numbers and atherosclerotic plaque width. PsP dose of 300 mg/kgBW has the most significant effect in decreasing H2O2 levels, PVAT thickness, number of foam cells, and atherosclerotic plaque width. Based on the results of this research, PsP can be recommended as antioxidant to control pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

The increasing of beta-defensin-2 level in saliva after probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri administration

Background: Commesal bacteria is an excellent inducer for beta defensin-2 (BD-2). Probiotics bacteria Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) as commensal bacteria may play the same role as an excellent inducer for BD-2. Beta defensin is natural antimicrobial peptides widely expressed in oral cavity, including in epithelium salivary gland. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) as the main of bacteria causing caries are sensitive to BD-2. Purpose: This research was aimed to determine whether administration of probiotic L. reuteri can increase salivary BD-2 level in Wistar rats. Methods: This research can be considered as a laboratory experimental research with a randomized control group post test only design. Twenty-four male Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain rats aged 3 months were used. They were randomly divided into four groups, namely two control groups (negative control group that was not induced and positive control group induced with S. mutans), and two treatment groups (K1: induced with L. reuteri for 14 days and S. mutans for 7 days, and K2: induced with L. reuteri and S. mutans simultaneously for 14 days). L. reuteri culture at a concentration of 10 8 CFU/ml and S. mutans culture at a concentration of 10 10 CFU/ml were induced into the oral cavity of Wistar rats. An examination of BD-2 level was then conducted by using Elisa techniques. results: There was significant difference of salivary BD-2 level among those treatment groups (p=0.001). BD-2 level in saliva was increased after the administration of L. reuteri. Conclusion: L. reuteri probiotic can increase salivary BD-2 level in Wistar rats.

The mitochondrial genome sequence of a diabetes disease Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain

We sequenced a diabetic Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain mitochondrial genome for the first time (GenBank Accession No. KM114608). Its mitogenome was 16,311 bp and coding 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes. This mitogenome sequence will provide definite genetic information for diabetes disease.

Vasa vasorum anti-angiogenesis through H₂O₂, HIF-1α, NF-κB, and iNOS inhibition by mangosteen pericarp ethanolic extract (Garcinia mangostana Linn) in hypercholesterol-diet-given Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain.

BackgroundOxidative stress in atherosclerosis produces H2O2 and triggers the activation of nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) and increase of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The formation of vasa vasorum occurs in atherosclerosis. Vasa vasorum angiogenesis is mediated by VEGFR-1 and upregulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). The newly formed vasa vasorum are fragile and immature and thus increase plaque instability. It is necessary to control vasa vasorum angiogenesis by using mangosteen pericarp antioxidant. This study aims to demonstrate that mangosteen pericarp ethanolic extract can act as vasa vasorum anti-angiogenesis through H2O2, HIF-1α, NF-κB, and iNOS inhibition in rats given a hypercholesterol diet.MethodsThis was a true experimental laboratory, in vivo posttest with control group design, with 20 Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain rats divided into five groups (normal group, hypercholesterol group, and hypercholesterol groups with certain doses of mangosteen pericarp ethanolic extract: 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg body weight). The parameters of this study were H2O2 measured by using colorimetric analysis, as well as NF-κB, iNOS, and HIF-1α, which were measured by using immunofluorescence double staining and observed with a confocal laser scanning microscope in aortic smooth muscle cell. The angiogenesis of vasa vasorum was quantified from VEGFR-1 level in aortic tissue and confirmed with hematoxylin and eosin staining.ResultsAnalysis of variance test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed mangosteen pericarp ethanolic extract had a significant effect (P<0.05) in decreasing vasa vasorum angiogenesis through H2O2, HIF-1α, NF-κB, and iNOS inhibition in hypercholesterol-diet-given R. norvegicus Wistar strain.ConclusionMangosteen pericarp ethanolic extract 800 mg/kg body weight is proven to decrease vasa vasorum angiogenesis. Similar studies with other inflammatory parameters are encouraged to clarify the mechanism of vasa vasorum angiogenesis inhibition by mangosteen pericarp ethanolic extract.

The Effect Of Juice Mangosteen Rind (Garcinia Mangostana L.) To Blood Sugar Levels And Histological Of Pancreatic Rats With The Induction Of Streptozotocin

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels as a result of insufficiency of insulin function. Xanton a bioactive compound in the mangosteen rind is convinced to possess antidiabetic effects. There for, in this study effect of juice mangosteen rind ( Garcinia mangostana L .) on blood sugar levels, and histological features of pancreatic rats with the induction of streptozotocin was investigated. This research using experimental rats species of Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain male. Rats were divided into 3 groups, the first group was the control without any treatments, group II was sick rat group, and group III was therapy rat group treated with juice mangosteen rind (a dose of 110 mg/kg body weight) by sonde for 2 consecutive weeks. Then,blood sugar levels of all rat groups were measured along with observation of their pancreatic histological. The results showed that the blood sugar level in therapy rat group (104.7 ± 10.9 mg/dL) is not significantly different with that of rat control group (108.5 ± 19.5 mg/dL), revealing effectiveness of therapy. Conservely, blood sugar level remained high in sick rat group (163.8 ± 16.2 mg/dL). Juice mangosteen rind can improve conditions of the pancreatic histology rat with the induction of streptozotocin.

Protein Kinase C and Calcium/Calmodulin‐dependent Protein Kinase II signaling on hippocampal neurogenesis in Wistar rat after Docosahexanoic acid (DHA) supplementation

Neurogenesis plays an important role in learning, memory and neural plasticity. Docosahexanoic acid (DHA) influences neurogenesis. However the mechanism of DHA in neurogenesis is still unclear. In this study, the effect of DHA on Protein kinase C (PKC) and Calcium/Calmodulin‐dependent Protein Kinase II (CaMKII) signaling in the adult hippocampus was investigated. An experimental study was performed on Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain aged 4 weeks given DHA supplementation for 1 month, which were divided into 3 groups; DHA in water, DHA in milk and aquadest in control groups. Each group consisted of 10 rats. We evaluated kinase signaling pathway enzyme by ELISA; progenitor cell expression and neurogenic mature cells by immunohistochemistry tests. Mean concentration of PKC was lower on DHA in water (67±37 ng/g), milk (51±17ng/g) than control groups (154±98ng/g). Mean concentration of CaMKII was lower on DHA in water (4±2ng/g), milk (4±1ng/g) than control groups(8±2ng/g). The expression of β‐III Tubulin, Nestin, NeuN, GFAP and GalC was significantly higher in DHA groups than control (p. 0.000). Path analysis significantly showed linkage of CaMKII to Nestin(ɤ. ‐ 0.587;p. 0.024). These results show that DHA supplementation influences neurogenesis predominantly by the direct signal pathway of CaMKII.

Binding Inhibition Between Igf1r and Igf1 by Catechin of Black Tea

The natural compound of black tea is used as an alternative of obesity therapies in the world; particularly, the catechin family in tea leaves which has bioactive compounds such as EC, EGC and EGCG. Their bioactivity contributes to inhibit the ligand of Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Receptor (Igf-1r) binding-region to Igf-1 protein. To elucidate the inhibiton of Igf-1 expression and proliferating of Rattus norvegicus strain wistar adipose cell using black tea solution. The research used Rattus norvegicus strain wistar. After a 90-day treatment, the adipose tissues were picked up from the viscera of each experimental animal, and then the adipose tissues were embedded by paraffin. The paraffin sections were determined through immunohistochemistry with anti-Igf-1 antiserum, and were also analyzed through hematoxylin-eosin. A protein sequence of Igf-1, Igf-1r, and 3D structure of EC, EGC and EGCG from Gene Bank sites were used during in silico analysis. The sequences were aligned by BLAST program to identify the conserve and variable domain of IGF-1 protein isoforms. The 3D structures of IGF-1 and IGF-1R were constructed using Phyre program. The ligand among the 3D structures of IGF-1, IGF-1R and catechin compounds were analyzed using Hex 5.1 docking program. The data showed that the Igf-1 expression of adipose cells was reduced at 0,03 g/ml BTS and 0,045 g/ml BTS treatments. The result of BLAST analysis showed that IGF-1 (a, b, c, and d) isoforms conserved a domain from amino acid no 22 until 134; and this region was a variable region. The EGCG bound L1 domain of IGF-1R with E-total -235.3 KJ/mol which was lower than EC (-208,4 KJ/mol) and EGC (-142 KJ/mol). The total energy of IGF-1 (a, b, c, but not d isoform) which interacted with EGCG was around -223.7 KJ/mol, EC is -205.6 KJ/mol and EGC was -191.7 KJ/mol. However, EC, EGC and EGCG was only able to prevent the interaction between the L1 of IGF-1R with IGF-1 protein, but not the opposite.Keywords: Adipose cell, black-tea, proliferation, catechin, IGF-1, IGF-1R, inhibition, docking

Effect of soybean extract after tooth extraction on osteoblast numbers

Background Many researches were done to find natural materials that may increase and promote bone healing processes after trauma and surgery. One of natural material that had been studied was soybean extract which contains phytoestrogen, a non-steroidal compounds found in plants that may binds to estrogen receptors and have estrogen-like activity. Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of soybean extract feeding on the number of osteoblast cells in alveolar bone socket after mandibular tooth extraction. Methods This study was studied on male Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar. Seventeen rats divided into three groups were used in this study. Group 1 fed with carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) solution 0,2% for seven days, and the left mandibular central incisivus was extracted; group 2 fed with soybean extract for seven days and the left mandibular central incisives was extracted; group 3 received the left mandibular central incisives extraction followed by soybean extract feeding for seven days after the extraction. All groups were sacrificed on the seventh day post-extraction, and the alveolar bone sockets were taken for histopathological observation. The tissues were processed and stained using hematoxylin and eosin to identify the amount of osteoblast cells. The number of osteoblast cells was counted using an Image Tool program. The data was analyzed statistically using the One-Way ANOVA test. Results Significant differences were found on the number of osteoblast cells in alveolar bone after tooth extraction between groups. Group 2 (fed with soybean extract) is higher than group 1 (fed with CMC) and group 3 (fed with soybean extract after extraction). Conclusion Soybean extract feeding that given for seven days pre-tooth extraction can increase the number of osteoblast cells compared with the group that were not given soybean extract feeding and also with the group that were given soybean extract feeding for seven dayspost-tooth extraction.

DLBS3233 increases glucose uptake by mediating upregulation of PPARγ and PPARδ expression

DLBS3233 is a standardized extract combination containing Lagerstroemia speciosa and Cinnamomum burmannii. The effect on glucose uptake, adiponectin secretion, and insulin signaling of DLBS3233 (1–5 μg/ml) was examined in this study. 3T3 Swiss albino preadipocytes and adipocytes were used to investigate gene expressions which were detected using reverse transcription PCR method. DLBS3233 was found to enhance the expression of genes associated with increased insulin signaling and sensitivity such as PPARγ and PPARδ. In addition, the expressions of PI3 kinase, Akt, as well as GLUT4 genes were seen to be increased. This extract combination also increased glucose uptake, increased adiponectin secretion, and decreased resistin secretion significantly relative to control cells. Moreover, DLBS3233 administered in insulin resistant Wistar strain rats ( Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar), showed a property to control blood glucose, insulin and cholesterol levels. Therefore, DLBS3233 is a promising combination of herbal extracts which conveys medical utilities in term of type II diabetes treatment, and, possibly also in diabetes disease prevention.

Ficus platyphylla promotes fertility in female Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain: a preliminary study.

BackgroundFicus platyphylla Delile (family- Moracea) commonly called gutta percha tree is a deciduous plant found in savannah areas. It grows widely in the Northern part of Nigeria, up to 60 ft. high and is known as 'gamji' by the Hausas. The seeds, bark and leaves have been used traditionally in combination to promote fertility. Scientifically, the plant has been shown to have analgesic, anti-inflammatory and CNS effects. The present study was to validate the use of this plant to promote fertility in female Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain using various fertility parameters.MethodsFemale Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain weighing between 150-180 g were randomly selected and divided into two major groups. Each group was subdivided into 5 treatment groups of 100, 200, 400 mg/kg BW of aqueous extract of F. platyphylla and a control group of 5 ml/kg of distilled water. A positive control of clomiphene citrate was used. Treatment of the first group was discontinued after 15 days prior to mating (pre-mating treatment group), while the other was treated continuously till delivery (continuous treatment group). At the 10th day, females were sacrificed and implantation sites were checked and embryos counted. Upon delivery, litter sizes were determined and the pups weighed and checked for deformities. Other reproductive indices were calculated. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and students T-test. Proportions were analysed by Chi square. Statistical evaluations were performed using STATS programs and Graphpad prism, and a difference was considered statistically significant at P < 0.05.ResultsThere was a significant reduction in the percentage post implantation losses of both the pre-treatment and the continuous treatment groups when compared to their distil water controls. The litter size of the pre-treatment group was similar to the distil water group while at 400 mg/kg, the continuous treatment group showed an increase in the litter size similar to that of the clomiphene group. There were no observed external deformities in the pups.ConclusionsAdministration of aqueous extract of F. platyphylla promotes fertility by reducing post implantation loss and by increasing litter size in female Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain.

Latihan Renang Intensitas Berat Lebih Meningkatkan Kekuatan Daya Rentang

The objective of this study was to prove that light intensity and heavy intensity of swim training can improvewide area of cross section, amount of fibroblas cell and thick of sharpey's fibre at achiles tendon. This studyused separate sample pretest-posttest control group design, with experimental animals the white rat (Rattusnorvegicus strain Wistar) Male, age around 3 weeks, counted 28 tails. Two treatment type that given were (1)light intensity of swim training (with giving of burden 3% Body Weight) and (2) heavy intensity of swim training(with giving of burden 9% Body Weight). Data is analysis by descriptive statistic, MANOVA and deskriminantest with trust level of 95%. Result of study was showed light intensity of swim training and heavy intensity, tobe increasing of wide area of cross section, amount of fibroblas cell and thick of sharpey's fibre compare toposttest control. MANOVA test result to respon change of treatment effect which get that treatment givesignificant difference (Trace Holtelling's, p&lt;0,05). From discriminant test result was showed variable amountof fibroblas cell and thick of sharpey's fibre showing that have significant contribution of change response oftreatment (p&lt;0,05), while variable wide area of cross section not showed significant contribution have ameaning of response change of treatment effect ( p&gt;0,05).Keywords: intensity of swim training, wide area of cross section, fibroblas cell, sharpey’s fibre.

Susu Kedelai Menurunkan Resistensi Insulin pada Model Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by hyperinsulinemia and hyperglicemia. Soy bean Milk ishigh nutrient drink, especially its protein contain. Several researches demonstrated that soy bean proteindecrease plasma insulin and blood glucose level. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of soy beanmilk in reducing insulin resistance of rat T2DM Model. This experimental study used pre and post test controlgroup design. Male Rattus norvegicus wistar strain 8 week old were used as animal model. T2DM rats wereconstructed by giving high fat diet and continue with injection of low dose of streptozotocin. Rats were dividedinto 7 groups (1) Negative control group (2) Positive control group (T2DM rat without soy bean milk) (3) T2DMrat that treated with genistein 15 g/kgBW (4) T2DM rat that treated with soy bean milk 10 ml/kgBW/day (5)DMT2 rat that treated with soy bean milk 30 ml/kgBW/day (6) T2DM rat that treated with soy bean milk 60ml/kgBW/day and (7) T2DM rat that treated with soy bean milk 90 ml/kgBW/day.