Ratiometric Fluorescence Research Articles

Observation of polarity changes in Sjogren's syndrome mice using a targeting lysosomes and ratiometric fluorescent probe

Utilizing non-invasive, real-time dynamic imaging and high-resolution detection tools to track polarity changes in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) contributes to a better understanding of the disease progression. Herein, a ratiometric polarity-sensitive fluorescent probe (DIM) was designed and synthesized, DIM consisted of dicyanoisophorone as the fluorophore and morpholine moiety as lysosome targeting. DIM showed a ratiometric response to polarity and high selectivity (unaffected by viscosity, pH, ROS, RNS, etc.), offering a more accurate analysis of intracellular polarity through a built-in internal reference calibration. The polarity abnormality of submandibular glands in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice was revealed and verified by in vivo ratiometric fluorescence imaging of DIM, suggesting that fluorescent probe have great potential in the diagnosis of salivary gland abnormalities.

Dual response signal CdTe QDs@ZIF-8 with butterfly spectrum for dual-mode fluorescence/colorimetric detection of tetracycline in animal feeds.

In this study, a ratiometric fluorescent sensor CdTe QDs@ZIF-8 with butterfly spectra is successfully constructed by in situ encapsulating mercaptopropionic acid-modified CdTe quantum dots in zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) with a simple strategy, and used for the detection of tetracycline in fluorescence/smartphone colorimetry dual-mode. ZIF-8 not only reduces the agglomeration of the quantum dots but also surprisingly generates a new green fluorescence signal at 524nm while the red fluorescence of the CdTe quantum dots at 650nm quenches when tetracycline is added. The two opposing fluorescence signals create a butterfly-shaped fluorescence spectrum, allowing the sensor to detect tetracycline over a linear range of 0-70μM with the detection limit (LOD) of 0.0155μM by using a ratiometric fluorescence technique. What is more, based on the obvious color change of the fluorescent sensor gradually from red to green under UV light, a highly stable point-of-care testing sensor has been developed for on-site detection of tetracycline through color recognition by smartphones, which can be used for real-time detection of this antibiotic in the range of 0-1000μM with the LOD of 0.0249μM. This work provides a simple and efficient method for the on-site detection of tetracycline.

A ratiometric fluorescent probe for the detection of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity and its application in garlic

A novel ratiometric fluorescent probe for the detection of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity was developed. The recognition of GGT by this probe is achieved by its enzymatic hydrolysis of peptide bonds in the probe. Under optimized conditions, the probe exhibited obvious ratiometric fluorescence responsiveness after interaction with GGT, avoiding potential background interference. The linear concentration range was 0.0350–2 U / mL, with good selectivity and stability. Under a 365 nm UV lamp, as the concentration of GGT increased, the probe aqueous solution gradually changed from dark blue to light blue. In addition, the B/G value of the probe's solution and the GGT activity were linearly correlated. More significantly, the probe was able to effectively identify the GGT activity of garlic.

Construction of CDs@β-CD@CCM ratiometric fluorescence probe for FRET-based ClO–-sensing

β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD)-functionalized carbon quantum dots (CDs) loaded with curcumin (CCM) were used for ClO-sensing with high sensitivity and selectivity. This fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based sensor was created through attaching CCM to the CDs via β-CD linker. CCM could get into the interior of β-CD triggering the FRET from CDs to CCM, providing an 'off' state of the CDs. However, the effect of FRET was weakened by the ClO-, because the o-methoxyphenol structure from CCM was oxidized to be benzoquinone. The fluorescence intensity of CDs@β-CD@CCM at 440 nm can be heightened and 520 nm from CCM can decrease along with the increased ClO-. Therefore, a ratiometric fluorescence probe for ClO-sensing is successfully constructed. It conforms to a polynomial curve equation which is I440/I520= -0.0268 + 0.0315 CClO-+ 0.0055[CClO-]2(R2= 0.9958) between 0 and 18.4μM ClO-. Furthermore, we also obtain excellent results using this spectrophotometric method for ClO--sensing in pure water and commercial disinfectants, which afford potential in the environment monitoring area. We expect this sensing platform could be helpful in other analogous probes in relevant fields.

A Dual Emission Fluorescence Probe Based on Silicon Nanoparticles and Rhodamine B for Ratiometric Detection of Kaempferol.

In this paper, blue fluorescent silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) with outstanding optical properties and robust stability were synthesized by a simple one-step hydrothermal method. By introducing red emissive rhodamine B (RhB) into SiNPs solution, a dual emission nanoprobe (SiNPs@RhB) was constructed, which showed excellent pH stability, salt resistance and photobleaching resistance. The SiNPs@RhB probe could emit two peaks at 444nm and 583nm under 365nm excitation. It was found that the fluorescence intensity of the two emission peaks decreased in different degrees with the addition of different concentrations of kaempferol (Kae). According to this phenomenon, a novel ratiometric fluorescence method was established for the detection of Kae via utilizing SiNPs@RhB as nanoprobe. The detection range and limit of detection (LOD) were 0.5 ~ 150 µM and 0.24 µM, respectively. The ratiometric fluorescence method exhibited the superiority of rapid detection, excellent stability, wide linear range and high sensitivity. The detection mechanism was studied by ultraviolet visible absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra and fluorescence lifetime. Furthermore, the method was applied to the detection of Kae in real samples (kaempferia powder, sea buckthorn granules and sea buckthorn dry emulsion).

Constructing a 3D Zinc metal-organic framework for ratiometric and selectively PO43− sensing and catalyzing CO2 chemical fixation

Architecting a metal-organic framework (MOF) with functions of ratiometric phosphate ion (PO43−) sensing and catalytically transforming CO2 into high-value-added chemicals is of great significance but also challenging. In this work, we designed and constructed a zinc MOF, namely {[Zn3(Dipa)2.5(nia)3⋅H2O]⋅4H2O}n (Zn-DN), based on 3, 6-di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)pyridazine (Dipa) and 5-(1, 8-naphthalimido)-isophthalic acid (H2nia), which presents a 3D porous and (3, 4)-connected {42·6·83}2{42·6} network. Zn-DN exhibits thermal stability, good solvent stability, and a wide scope of pH tolerance (2.0–12.0). Fluorescent spectra studies show that Zn-DN can be explored as a ratiometric fluorescence sensor for PO43− in water, with high selectivity, sensitivity (LOD of 0.27 μM), rapidness (< 1 min), and good reusability (10 cycles). Moreover, the opened zinc nodes of Zn-DN act as active Lewis acid sites and allow it to catalyze the chemical fixation of CO2 with various epoxides (7 examples) under solvent-free conditions, achieving high conversion (90–99 %) and selectivity (92–99 %). Zn-DN can be regenerated and reused 10 times without marked loss in its catalytical activity.

A ratiometric fluorescence sensor with different responsive modes based on carbon dots-embedded Tb-MOFs for the determination of norfloxacin and levofloxacin

Norfloxacin (NOR) and levofloxacin (LEV) are the two most frequently used fluoroquinolones (FQs) in clinic. Their residues seriously endanger the ecosystem and human health. Due to their similarity in structure and properties, it is urgent to develop an efficient and sensitive strategy for detection and differentiation. Herein, we synthesized a novel ratiometric fluorescent sensor for the first time by combining N, S co-doped carbon dots (CDs) and the precursors of Tb-MOFs through a facile one-pot method. The introduction of CDs effectively facilitated the energy transfer between Tb3+ and FQs, overcoming the limitation that single Tb-MOFs could not identify similar antibiotics. Specifically, the presence of NOR resulted in reverse signal response through the inner filter effect and antenna effect. The synergistic effect of these two mechanisms contributed to achieving signal amplification accompanied by a distinguishable color transition. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.036 μM. Different from NOR, the addition of LEV reduced the electron density of the system, weakened the coordination ability of Tb3+ with LEV, and induced a single signal response with Tb3+ fluorescence intensity as a reference signal (LOD = 0.383 μM). Furthermore, the method proved to be rapid and visual, allowing for the straightforward analysis of FQs residues in water, food matrices, and biological samples with satisfactory precision. By integrating N, S-CDs@Tb-MOFs with flexible substrates, the paper-based sensor facilitated the visual quantitative determination of FQs by reading RGB values. The developed sensor presents a promising strategy for the identification and real-time monitoring of antibiotics.

Quantifying the viability of lactic acid bacteria using ratiometric fluorescence assays

Quantifying the viability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) has become an important task in evaluating the quality, function and storage condition of LAB products. Propidium iodide (PI), as a DNA-binding dye that penetrates only dead bacteria, has been widely used for LAB viability assessments. However, high fluorescence background from live LAB was frequently occurred during PI-based staining, which led to the low sensitivity in probing minor amounts of dead LAB in a dead/live mixture. Here, we found that PI could be adsorbed nonspecifically in LAB periplasm, which contributed to the high fluorescence background of live LAB. CaCl2 was used to reduce this nonspecific adsorption and increase the fluorescence ratio of dead to live LAB. Combined with SYTO 9 (a membrane permeable dye) for double-staining, a ratiometric fluorescent method that could probe dead LAB at a ratio as low as 0.2 % was established. Using Lacticaseibacillus casei as a LAB model, an allometric correlation between the ratiometric fluorescence and theoretical ratio of live to dead LAB was acquired, with a correlation coefficient R2 of 0.993. The as-developed method was successfully applied to the viability assessment of LAB stored in different environments. We believe it would have practical applications in LAB food industry for quality management and control.

Fluorogenic Monitoring of α-Amylase in Human Urine for Straightforward Diagnosis of Pancreatic Diseases.

In this study, we developed a sensitive method for monitoring α-amylase using a fluorogenic approach based on the host-guest complexation between an amphiphilic pyrenyl derivative (1) and γ-cyclodextrins (γ-CDs). The compound 1 self-assembles into nanofibrils in aqueous solutions. Upon the introduction of γ-CD, compound 1 forms an inclusion complex with it. This complex then participates in the formation of a 2 : 2 complex with another complex, leading to strong excimer fluorescence. Upon interaction with α-amylase, γ-CD undergoes hydrolysis, leading to the regeneration of nanofibrils, which is accompanied by a decrease in excimer fluorescence and an increase in monomeric fluorescence. This ratiometric fluorescence color change enables the sensitive detection of low levels of α-amylase in human urine, offering a practical approach for early screening of pancreatic-related diseases.

Ratiometric Fluorescence Depending on In/Out Isomerism of Host‐Guest Conjugate Having a Fluorosolvatochromic Dye

Host‐guest conjugate is a promising strategy for providing outstanding molecules. Herein, we designed host‐guest conjugate HG1, which comprises a hydrophilic host unit, tetraaza[2.2.1.2.2.1]paracyclophane CPX2with a microhydrophobic cavity, and a guest unit, 2,3‐naphthalimide fused with two benzothiophenes G1 exhibiting fluorosolvatochromism, linked with an oxyethylene chain. HG1 initially showed a fluorescence band at 585 nm in MeOH/H2O (1/499 v/v); however, this band decreased with time, and instead, a new band at 430 nm appeared. The CIE chromaticity diagram showed that the fluorescent color changed from yellow‐orange to blue via white. NMR analysis of HG1 in methanol‐d4 exhibited different signals of the G1 unit between the blue and yellow fluorescent structures. The blue fluorescent structures showed asymmetrical signals assigned as the G1 unit, affected by the cavity environment of the CPX2 unit. Consequently, HG1 can form two conformations: In‐form and Out‐form. In In‐form, the G1 unit is inside the hydrophobic cavity of the CPX2 unit and shows blue fluorescence. In Out‐form, the G1 unit is outside the CPX2 unit and shows yellow fluorescence in an aqueous solvent. Therefore, HG1 performs as a ratiometric fluorophore depending on the in/out isomerism of the host‐guest conjugate.

A ratiometric fluorescence immunoassay based on Ce4+ oxidized o-phthalylenediamine and polyvinylpyrrolidone protected copper nanoclusters for the detection of aflatoxin B1

As the most toxic mycotoxin, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) can cause a variety of health problems in humans and animals. Therefore, it is very important and urgent to establish a sensitive and convenient method for the detection of AFB1. In this study, a ratiometric fluorescence method is established to detect AFB1 based on Ce4+ oxidized o-phthalylenediamine (OPD) and polyvinylpyrrolidone protected copper nanoclusters (PVP-CuNCs). The free Ce4+ with strong oxidative activity can oxidize OPD to 2,3-diaminophenazine (DAP) and emit intense fluorescence. Meanwhile, the fluorescence of PVP-CuNCs can be quenched by DAP. In the catalysis of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is hydrolyzed and releases phosphate ions (PO43-). PO43- has a strong affinity for Ce4+ which reduces the free Ce4+ in solution. Thus, the OPD cannot be oxidized to DAP, and the fluorescence of PVP-CuNCs at 430 nm cannot be quenched. The limit of detection (LOD) of the new immunoassay is 26.79 pg/mL, and the linear detection range is 50–250 pg/mL. Besides, the recovery of AFB1 ranges from 84.66 % to 105.21 % and coefficient of variation (CV) is in the range of 1.18 %–4.88 %. Meanwhile, the new immunoassay exhibits satisfactory selectivity. These results indicate the ratiometric fluorescence immunoassay is sensitive and reliable for detection of AFB1 in actual samples.

Crescent-shaped Janus nanoassemblies of gold nanoparticles and AIEgens: Enhancing plasmonic and fluorescent activities for colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence lateral flow immunoassay

Herein, crescent-shaped Janus nanoassemblies (Au-AIENPs) with high plasmonic and fluorescent activities are prepared by co-assembling oleylamine-coated gold nanoparticles (OA-AuNPs) and red-emitting aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) in separate compartments of polymer nanoparticles. The obtained Au-AIENPs show typical Janus heterostructures, where AIEgens preferentially aggregate to form fluorescent core and OA-AuNPs are distributed in the polymer matrix to form a crescent-shaped plasmonic shell, thus resulting in effective spatial separation of OA-AuNPs and AIEgens to achieve the balance between plasmonic and fluorescent signals and reduce the mutual interference between signals. Taking advantage of the excellent plasmonic and fluorescent activities of Au-AIENPs, we successfully established a colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence dual-mode lateral flow immunoassay (Au-AIENPs-RLFIA) for the visual and quantitative detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in corn sample. Under the developed conditions, the visual detection limit (vLOD) of the Au-AIENPs-RLFIA for colorimetric and ratiomentic fluorescence detection was 0.62 ng/mL and 0.02 ng/mL, respectively, while the quantitative LOD (qLOD) for ratiomentic fluorescence mode was as low as 0.0076 ng/mL. The above results indicate that the designed Janus Au-AIENPs are promising as dual-signal output probes and hold great potential for improving flexible dual-mode detection of various targets on the LFIA platform.

Rapid assessment of acetophenone using an anti-interfering triple-emission Ln3+-functionalized HOF@MOF sensor

The development of high-performance sensors for rapidly detecting acetylacetone (AP) in water samples is necessary because its release into the environment can result in many vital problems for human health and environment. Herein, we first designed a hybrid by integrating HOF with ZIF-8 through a sequential growth strategy. By separately introducing blue-emitting SiQDs and green- and red-emitting Tb3+ and Eu3+ into ZIF-8 and HOF, the resultant ZIF-8@SiQDs@HOF@Eu3+@Tb3+ comprised three emission peaks at 484, 545 and 620 nm, all of which could be employed as switch-off responsive peaks to low concentrations of AP with a detection limit of 0.79 ppm. However, in environments with high concentrations of AP, a turn-on signal at 484 nm was observed. Thereupon, the ratiometric fluorescence intensity of the ternary emission varied within different concentration ranges, accompanied by the fluorescence color evolution from red to salmon to plum to purple to final blue. Moreover, a portable sensing film was fabricated for rapid warning, sensitive and visual determination of AP in complicated environments. Therefore, this triple-emission sensor with wide color variations and strong anti-interference advantages could promote further research to improve the selectivity, sensitivity and inherent self-correction of multimodal fluorescence detection and the ease of sensing operation.

Metal-Organic Framework Based on Ratiometric dual-Fluorescent Sensor Using for Accurate Quantification and on-Site Visual Detection of Ascorbic Acid.

Ascorbic acid is very important to the metabolic process of the body, but excessive intake can lead to diarrhea, kidney calculi and stomach cramps. However, complicated production procedures and harsh experimental settings limit many detection methods, and a simpler and more accurate measurement method is needed. In this study, a smartphone-assisted ratiometric fluorescence sensor was developed for the portable analysis of ascorbic acid. Leveraging the catalytic properties of MIL-53(Fe) to expedite the conversion of H2O2 into hydroxyl radicals, thereby facilitating the oxidation of o-phenylenediamine and terephthalic acid bridging ligand. The sensor showcased exceptional sensitivity in detecting ascorbic acid within a linear range of 0.3-100 µM, boasting an impressive limit of detection at 0.15 µM. Furthermore, through the utilization of color extraction RGB values captured by smartphones, accurate detection of ascorbic acid was achieved with a detection limit of 0.4 µM. Real fruit samples exhibited robust spiked recovery rates ranging from 91 to 119%, accompanied by relative standard deviations ≤ 4.7%. The MIL-53(Fe) nanozyme-based smartphone-assisted ratiometric fluorescence sensor offers an ascorbic acid fluorescence detection device that is visible, accurate, sensitive, and reasonably priced.

Eu(III)-functionalized metal–organic framework as a visual ratiometric fluorescence sensor for rapid discrimination and detection of multiple tetracyclines in agricultural products

The misuse of oxytetracycline (OTC), doxycycline (DOX), tetracycline (TC), and chlortetracycline (CTC) poses a serious threat to human health and it calls for rapid and visual methods. In this study, a novel ratio fluorescent sensor was constructed by simply combining Eu(III) with IRMOF-3. Spectral characterization and DFT theoretical calculations revealed different mechanism of interactions between the MOF-based sensor and different tetracyclines in detail. PCA analysis amplified these differences, enabling the simultaneous identification and differentiation of individual, binary or ternary mixtures of multiple tetracyclines. Subsequently, a rapid fluorescence sensing method (<5 min) for detecting OTC, DOX, TC, and CTC was established with low detection limits of 70, 75, 40, and 168 nM, respectively, which are all below the maximum residue limits by the European Union and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulations. A portable visual test strip was also conducted based smartphone with low detection limits of 1 μM, exhibiting an obvious color spectrum transition from blue to purple and finally to pink. Furthermore, the sensor was applied successful to pig feed, milk and veterinary drugs. The results showed good agreement with HPLC-MS/MS analysis.

A novel alkaline pH-responsive ratiometric probe based on hybrid fluorophores and its applications

The current study describes a novel development in the field of chromogenic and ratiometric fluorescence probes designed for pH sensing purposes. Of particular interest is the incorporation of coumarin as the recognition component in this probe, which was synthesized utilizing hybrid fluorophores containing fluorescein and coumarin. This probe exhibited two distinct fluorescence response modes toward changes in pH: a ratiometric fluorescence response at 328 nm excitation and a fluorescence switch-on response at 514 nm excitation. These responses are attributed to the structure changes induced by coumarin hydrolysis in alkaline conditions above a pH of 9, as confirmed through MS and DFT analysis. Furthermore, the practical utility of the probe was effectively evaluated through visual detection on silica gel plates and bio-imaging with Bacillus subtilis, illustrating its potential for the advancement of alkaline pH-responsive fluorescence probes.

Ratiometric fluorescence probe based on carbon dots and p-phenylenediamine-derived nanoparticles for the sensitive detection of manganese ions.

A ratiometric fluorescence probe based on carbon quantum dots with 420nm emission (bCQDs) and a p-phenylenediamine-derived fluorescence probe with 550nm emission (yprobe) is constructed for the detection of Mn2+. The presence of Mn2+ results in the enhanced absorption band at 400nm of yprobe, and the fluorescence of yprobe is significantly enhanced based on the chelation-enhanced fluorescence mechanism. The fluorescence of bCQDs is then quenched based on the inner filtration effect. The ratio (I550/I420) linearly increases with the increase of Mn2+ concentration within 2.00 × 10-7-1.50 × 10-6M, and the limit of detection is 1.76 × 10-9M. Given the fluorescence color changing from blue to yellow, the visual sensing of Mn2+ is feasible based on bCQDs/yprobe coupled with RGB value analysis. The practicability of the proposed method has been verified in tap water, lake water, and sparkling water beverage, indicating that bCQDs/yprobe has promising application in Mn2+ monitoring.

Effect of structure on sensing performance of nitro explosives with high sensitivity and mechanism of two Tb(III) coordination polymers

The use of a conjugate N-containing ligand resulted in the decreasing of structural dimensions from 2D network of [Tb(2-pyia)(Ac)(H2O)] (CP1) to 1D chain [Tb(2-pyia)(Ac)(IDP)] (CP2) (2-H2pyia = 5-(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy) isophthalic acid and IDP=imidazo[4,5-f]-[1,10] phenanthroline). Both of them exhibit the characteristic luminescence of Tb ions and could have high fluorescence sensing properties for cefixime and fluridine. The different sensing properties for nitro explosives are manifested as CP1 for nitrobenzene and CP2 for 4-nitrophenol due to the difference in structure. Furthermore, CP2 exhibits the ratiometric fluorescence sensing for Fe3+ ion with a low detection limit of 0.405 μM. The fluorescence sensing mechanism of the two Tb complexes for different analytes was investigated using experimental methods and theoretical calculations. CP1 was used for the detection of Flu residues in the actual system and better results were obtained. The work shows the introduction of the chelated ligand might affect the structural and sensing performance changes of coordination polymers.

Highly sensitive and selective detection of amoxicillin using molecularly imprinted ratiometric fluorescent nanosensor based on quantum dots.

A dual-emission ratiometric fluorescence sensor (CDs@CdTe@MIP) with a self-calibration function was successfully constructed for AMO detection. In the CDs@CdTe@MIP system, non-imprinted polymer-coated CDs and molecule-imprinted polymer-coated CdTe quantum dots were used as the reference signal and response elements, respectively. The added AMO quenched the fluorescence of the CdTe quantum dots, whereas the fluorescence intensity of the CDs remained almost unchanged. The AMO concentration was monitored using the fluorescence intensity ratio (log(I647/I465)0/(I647/I465)) to reduce interference from the testing environment. The sensor with a low detection limit of 0.15μg/L enableddetection ofthe AMO concentration within 6min. The ratiometric fluorescence sensor was used to detect AMO in spiked pork samples; it exhibited a high recovery efficiency and relative standard deviation (RSD) of 97.94-103.70% and 3.77-4.37%, respectively. The proposed highly sensitive and selective platform opens avenues for sensitive, reliable, and rapid determination of pharmaceuticals in the environment and food safety monitoring using ratiometric sensors.

Eu3+-functionalized covalent organic framework for ratiometric fluorescence detection and adsorption of tetracycline and information steganography.

Functional materials with organic/inorganic composites as the main matrix and rare earth ion complexes as the guest have shown a very broad application prospect for antibiotic sensors. However, Eu3+-complex often relies on a single fluorescence response signal, which is susceptible to changes in the detection environment and cannot simultaneously detect and remove tetracycline (TC). Herein, green fluorescent covalent two-dimensionalorganic framework (COF-TD) is synthesized, followed by modification of Eu3+ to synthesize COF-TD@Eu3+. In the ratiometric sensor, Eu3+ serves as the recognition site and specific response probe for TC, while COF-TD is the fluorescence reference and carrier for Eu3+. Due to the antenna effect, TC enhances the red fluorescence of Eu3+, while the green fluorescence of COF-TD remainsalmost stable. Based on the change of fluorescence intensity and fluorescence color from green to red, the efficient ratiometric sensing can be finished in 1min. The developed method shows high sensitivitywith a detection limit of 0.3μM and highselectivity to TC which makes the methodapplicableto detect TC in traditional Chinese medicine preparations. In addition, due to the high specific surface area of COFs and specific adsorption sites, COF-TD@Eu3+ also shows good performance for TC removal. The findings show that the maximum adsorption capacity is 137.3mgg-1 and the adsorption equilibrium is reached in 30min. Smartphone assisted COF-TD@Eu3+ for both ratiometric fluorescence detection and detecting the absorption ofTC is proposed for the first time. The molecular cryptosteganography that transforms the selective response of COF-TD@Eu3+ to binary strings is anticipated to advance utilization of nanomaterials in logic sensing and information safety.