Injection Rate Research Articles

The Multimessenger Contribution of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays from Gamma-Ray Bursts

It has long been debated whether gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) could serve as potential sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). In this study, we consider GRBs as sources of UHECR injection with an injection index of α=2 and propagate them through the extragalactic magnetic field within the framework of CRPropa 3. The baryon loading factor fCR is taken into account to quantify the rate of UHECR energy injection. In the benchmark case with a jet opening angle of θj=1 and fCR=1, we find that both high- and low-luminosity populations contribute to less than 10% of the UHECR spectrum. The most constrained scenario suggests fCR≤15, indicating that GRBs are less efficient in producing the all-sky UHECR intensity. The high-energy diffuse neutrinos and gamma rays resulting from interactions between UHECRs from GRBs and extragalactic background photons do not dominate the observations of Fermi-LAT or IceCube.

Influence of Low‐Grade Solid Potash Mineral Composition on Potassium Extraction and Lithium Distribution During Solution Mining in Mahai Salt Lake, Qaidam Basin

ABSTRACTAs high‐grade potash resources become increasingly scarce and lithium is recognised as a valuable co‐product, the low‐grade solid potash deposits in the Mahai Salt Lake, Qaidam Basin, have become increasingly significant targets for potash resource development. However, the inefficient release of potassium from these low‐grade ores constrains their economic feasibility for industrial use. This study addresses this challenge by employing x‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS), and observational borehole monitoring data to systematically analyse the mineralogical characteristics of these ores and their influence on potassium ion release during solid–liquid conversion. The results identify carnallite, sylvite, and polyhalite as the primary potash minerals, with a significant spatial variations across the study area that directly impact potassium ion release and migration. Sylvite and carnallite in shallow strata are more reactive with solvents, facilitating rapid potassium ion release, whereas polyhalite, hosted within the intercrystalline clastic materials of halite, demonstrates limited pore connectivity, resulting in a slower release rate. Monitoring borehole data indicate that variations in solvent injection volumes cause significant fluctuations in water levels and potassium ion concentrations, thereby affecting potash dissolution rates. As solution mining progresses, high‐lithium areas gradually expand, with lithium concentrations in brine reaching up to 120.4 mg/L and generally ranging from 20 to 70 mg/L. The spatial correlation between potassium and lithium distribution suggests that lithium can be effectively recovered as a co‐product. Adjustments in solvent injection rates and concentrations, based on mineral distribution and monitoring data, are essential for optimising the dissolution efficiency of both potassium and lithium during production.

A Prospective Study of Drug Utilization and Evaluation in Gastrointestinal Disorders at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

Drug Utilization Evaluation (DUE) is a comprehensive study examining the marketing, distribution, prescription, and use of medications within a society. This evaluation encompasses a range of medical, social, and economic factors related to drug use, with the primary goal of ensuring that drug therapy adheres to current standards of care. This prospective observational study conducted at Navodaya Medical College Hospital and Research Centre (NMCH & RC) from 15th February to 15th August 2024 aimed to evaluate prescription patterns for gastrointestinal disorders, focusing on drug utilization from the Essential Drug List (EDL) and adherence to WHO core prescribing indicators.150 prescriptions were analyzed, revealing that 64.66% of patients were male, with the majority aged 20-39 years. Acute gastroenteritis was the most common diagnosis (34%), and common symptoms included abdominal pain, loose stools, and vomiting. Antibiotics, particularly metronidazole, were the most prescribed drug class (25.35%). Of the prescribed drugs, 75.95% were from the EDL, but only 8.91% were prescribed by generic name, and 64.82% involved injections. The average number of drugs per prescription was 6.65, indicating polypharmacy and drug interactions were prevalent. The study highlighted concerns about moderate antibiotic use, high injection rates, low generic drug prescriptions, and polypharmacy, underscoring the need for improved rational prescribing practices to enhance patient safety and cost efficiency.

Lightweight method for injection rate prediction of supersonic gas flow from pintle-type hydrogen injector

Research on hydrogen engines has been actively pursued to achieve carbon neutrality in the transportation sector. To optimize the combustion characteristics of hydrogen engines under various driving conditions, active and precise control of the hydrogen injection flow rate is crucial. Lightweight prediction for hydrogen injection rates from pintle-type injectors, which are widely used in hydrogen engines, is required for the control of the injection rate as well as the model-based engine development. However, lightweight injection rate prediction for gaseous fuel has been conducted solely for hole-type injectors and not for pintle-type injectors that have an annular internal flow path with complex configurations. In this study, a lightweight methodology is introduced to predict the hydrogen injection rate of pintle-type hydrogen injectors based on the compressible flow theory of converging-diverging nozzles with minimum mass flow rate data obtained with a safer surrogate gas. The validity of the method for various injection conditions and gases (nitrogen, helium, and hydrogen) is discussed. The methodology demonstrated prediction accuracy of over 92% for nitrogen and helium injection rates under different injection pressures (1.5–4 MPa) and ambient pressures (0.1–2 MPa). The versatility of the prediction methodology for various gases, including hydrogen, was also confirmed. The error sources were analyzed thoroughly based on the dynamic characteristics of the pintle behavior and differences in gas properties.

Experimental Investigation of Factors Affecting Oil Recovery and Displacement Efficiency of CO2 Injection in Carbonate Reservoirs

Summary Miscible gas injection is the most widely applied enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method in light oil carbonate reservoirs as a tertiary and secondary method. Miscible gas has high displacement efficiency and usually results in a low residual oil saturation (Sorm) in the parts of the reservoirs that are in contact with the gas. Accurate determination of Sorm and understanding the parameters that affect displacement efficiency are crucial for successful miscible gas EOR projects. In this paper, we present a comprehensive experimental program designed to investigate the effect of a number of parameters on oil recovery, displacement efficiency, and Sorm of miscible and near-miscible carbon dioxide (CO2) injection. The parameters investigated in this study are the experimental pressure, pore volume (PV) injected, injection rate, rock type, and initial water saturation (Swi). The coreflood experiments were performed using live crude oil at pressures starting below the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) to pressure well above the MMP, using reservoir core samples of up to 1 ft long and 2 in. diameter. All CO2 injection experiments were performed using vertically oriented cores, with gas injection from the top to ensure stable displacement. The experimental results show that (1) Oil recovery decreases as pressure decreases with Sorm increasing by more than 20 saturation units as the pressure decreases from 4,250 psi to 2,700 psi; (2) CO2 breakthrough was much earlier at lower pressure, which leads to more CO2 recycling and potentially lower CO2 sequestration volume; (3) the recovery factor (RF) is strongly affected by the PV injected, and this effect is much more significant for the experiments performed at lower pressure; (4) the injection rate has an insignificant impact on oil recovery and Sorm for miscible or near-miscible CO2, due to the low interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and CO2; (5) rock heterogeneity has a strong effect on oil recovery and CO2 breakthrough and hence on CO2 recycling and economy of the projects; and (6) the presence of mobile water at the beginning of CO2 injection resulted in lower displacement efficiency and increased Sorm. However, this water blocking effect should be determined experimentally for a given reservoir rock/fluid system. The results of this study cannot be generalized for other reservoirs. The results of this study have important implications for the design and performance predictions of CO2 injection in the reservoirs under study. Starting CO2 injection at reservoir pressure, which, in some cases, is more than 1,500 psi above MMP, is recommended due to its superior displacement efficiency and less CO2 recycling due to later breakthrough. However, a higher pressure may negatively impact the required CO2 volume, the compression cost, and project economics.

Success Rates of Assisted Reproduction for Men With Cystic Fibrosis.

The vast majority of men with CF (mwCF) are infertile. Improvements in assisted reproductive technology (ART) have made it possible for these patients to become biological fathers. Data were examined for all male CF patients attending a large adult CF center over a 23-year period. Azoospermia was confirmed via laboratory analysis of semen and was defined as complete absence of sperm in the ejaculate. Outcome of surgical sperm retrieval (SSR) procedure, post SSR complications, success rate of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and embryo transfer and subsequent live births were evaluated. Seventy-one mwCF with proven azoospermia were referred to fertility services over the study period. Mean (SD) percentage predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (ppFEV1) 67.86 ( ± 25.3), body mass index (BMI) 24.3 ( ± 3.7) kg/m2. Seventy (98.5%) of these men underwent and had successful SSR. 67/71 (94%) couples proceeded to have ICSI post SSR. 11 couples had failed egg fertilisation, implantation, or early miscarriage. 56/67 couples (84%) went on to have live births. To date 10/71 (14%) mwCF referred for fertility treatment have died. Mean ppFEV1 and BMI of mwCF who survived was higher than those who died; FEV1 72.8% ( ± 23.4) versus 38% ( ± 12.0) (p < 0.001), BMI 25.0 ( ± 3.5) kg/m2 versus 20.3 ( ± 2.2) kg/mg2 (p < 0.001). This is the largest study to investigate success rate of fertility treatment in mwCF and demonstrates that fertility treatment is successful in greater than 75% of patients referred. Clinical status and prognosis remain important factors when considering referral to fertility services.

Enhancing wastewater treatment efficiency through hydrodynamic cavitation and advanced oxidation processes: Experimental insights and comparative analysis

BackgroundThe escalating industrial wastewater production mandates effective treatment methods to mitigate environmental and health risks. Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) and its combination with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) offer promising approaches for wastewater pollution reduction. MethodsThis study investigates the enhancement of HC efficiency for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reduction by integrating hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and air injection. Synthetic wastewater resembling industrial effluent COD levels serves as the experimental medium. Varied inlet pressures, H2O2 concentrations, and air injection rates were examined to gauge their impact on COD reduction. Significant FindingsHigher inlet pressures directly correlate with increased COD reduction, highlighting intensified cavitation effects. Combining HC with H2O2 or air, especially when directly injected into the venturi throat, showcased substantial synergy, significantly reducing COD levels. Notably, the maximum extent of COD reduction, achieved at 51.85 %, was with the combination of (HC+H2O2+Air). The COD reduction percentages for other processes, including HC alone, (HC+Air tank injection), (HC+Air throat injection), (HC+H2O2 tank injection), and (HC+H2O2 throat injection), were 4.21 %, 19.7 %, 20.9 %, 37.8 %, and 39.4 %, respectively.

Adoption of hydrogen-based steel production under uncertain domestic hydrogen availability: An Indonesian case study

In line with the Nationally-Determined Contribution (NDC), the Indonesian steel industry must move to a less energy and carbon-intensive production where the hydrogen-based Direct Reduction Iron Electric Arc Furnace (H2-DRI-EAF) pathway comes as a prominent alternative. However, due to the complexity of the transition it is important to understand the key uncertainties in the adoption of H2-DRI-EAF production pathway in the steel industry, particularly since it must also address the availability of hydrogen domestically. We developed a system dynamics model, conducted a sensitivity to investigate the uncertainties, and to evaluate their effect on the observed indicators. Our results conclude that GDP growth, hydrogen maximum injection rate, and renewables development rate as the key uncertainties to the adoption of hydrogen in the steel industry, and ultimately to the effort in decarbonizing the sector. Furthermore, we found that domestic hydrogen production can fulfil between 20% and 77% of the demand in the Indonesian steel industry. In Indonesia's case, our results show that the share of H2-DRI-EAF could be between 29 and 38% and the share of hydrogen in the fuel mix could vary widely from 1.91% to 18.9%. The findings in this study could potentially be useful for the steel industry and policy makers alike to design a comprehensive decarbonization strategies.

Methodology for optimizing high-viscosity oil production using a nature-inspired algorithm

To maintain reservoir pressure above the saturation pressure of oil with gas and effectively displace oil from the reservoir, flooding remains an established operating practice in the fields of the Russian Federation. In recent years, theoretical and practical research into this method of operation has been actively developing. Thus, the low efficiency of oil displacement by flooding has been established in conditions of low oil mobility compared to water, which is especially evident in heterogeneous reservoirs. The highest reduction in the efficiency of the process of replacing oil with water is observed during the development of highly viscous oil fields. For these difficult conditions, polymer flooding technology is especially promising, because the polymer, thickening the water, increases its viscosity, increasing the displacing ability of water. However, for the practical application of polymer flooding, it is necessary to optimize the process by justifying technological parameters (polymer concentration, injection rate) to achieve maximum efficiency. For this purpose, the paper presents a methodological approach based on the use of a nature-inspired optimization algorithm ‒ a flock of migratory birds, used to solve a number of practical nonlinear optimization problems. Keywords: flooding; polymer compositions; mathematical modeling; optimization objective function; nature-inspired algorithms; migrating bird algorithm; net present value.

Optimization of Flotation Efficiency of Micro Bubbles Using Low-Energy Best Available Technique

Global warming caused by urbanization, industrialization, and population growth is leading to climate change and threatening our sustainable lives. As a response to this climate crisis, a best available technique(BAT) that minimizes the emission of existing pollutants and is also economical is required. The purpose of this study is to develop a lowenergy micro bubble generator to reduce energy consumption in water treatment facilities and to evaluate its performance in comparison with dissolved air flotation(DAF) and coagulation-flocculation processes. The low-energy micro bubble generator consists of an air injector, a chamber, and a nozzle. The experimental results showed that the low-energy micro bubble generator generated micro bubbles of similar size to DAF at an air injection rate of 5 ml/min. In addition, the flocculant concentration experiments showed that the low-energy micro bubble generator had 1.3-2.5 times higher turbidity removal efficiency than DAF and coagulation-flocculation processes even with flocculant injection of 8 mg/L or less. These results suggest that the low-energy micro bubble generator is effective in removing suspended solids from water and is an optimal solution for reducing carbon emissions. This study is expected to contribute to the increased utilization of this technology in industrial sites.

Research on muck conditioning for EPB shield tunnelling in composite formation

Compared with simple formations, EPB (earth pressure balance) shield tunnelling in composite formations encounters severe problems with muck conditioning and require improved muck conditioning technology to fulfil expectations for continuous and efficient excavation. In the Nanchang Metro Line 4 Project, a water-rich sand-argillaceous siltstone composite formation is encountered. With a high moisture content and complex composite formation ratio, it is quite difficult to determine the optimum muck conditioning scheme, and thus, muck spewing accidents frequently occur during the tunnelling process. In this study, laboratory muck conditioning tests are conducted for five ratios of stratum, from a full section water-rich sand formation to a water-rich sand-argillaceous siltstone composite formation. The muck conditioner ratio for EPB shield tunnelling in such composite formations is dynamically optimized based on an analysis of propulsion speed, penetration rate, thrust force and torque of the shield machine in the field. The following muck conditioning scheme is obtained: (1) For the full-section water-rich sand layer, foam and bentonite slurry should have similar proportions, namely, the foam injection ratio is 10–15% and the bentonite slurry injection ratio is 10%. (2) As the argillaceous siltstone content increases from 10 to 90%, the foam injection rate gradually increases from 20 to 50%, and the bentonite slurry injection rate gradually decreases from 20% to 0. (3) If the argillaceous siltstone content is 10%, then CMC polymer with an injection ratio of 1% is required. Once the argillaceous siltstone content exceeds 70%, it is necessary to add mudstone dispersant solution (1:5) with a volume ratio of 2 to 3%. According to the analysis of the field tunnelling parameters, including penetration rate, total shield thrust and cutterhead torque, the optimization of the muck conditioning scheme proposed based on laboratory tests is proved effective and deserves further application.

Numerical Investigation of the Effects of the Ammonia Injection Rate Shape and Timing on the Performance of an Ammonia-Hydrogen Dual-Fuel Engine

Numerical Investigation of the Effects of the Ammonia Injection Rate Shape and Timing on the Performance of an Ammonia-Hydrogen Dual-Fuel Engine

Hepatitis B virus impacts embryonic development and methylation of maternal genes in assisted reproductive technology patients.

In China, the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among infertile couples is a significant clinical problem. It is necessary to determine the effect of HBV infection on embryo development. The 4301 fresh cycles and 5763 frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles were grouped according to the couple with or without HBV infection. The embryo fertilization rate, cleavage rate, transplantable embryo rate, and rate of high-quality embryos were analysed. The methylation status of maternal antigen that embryos require (MATER), zygote arrest 1 (ZAR1) and growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) genes in the peripheral blood of assisted reproductive technology (ART) women was detected by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP). The pregnancy rate of the female HBV-positive group was significantly lower than that of the HBV-negative group. The fertilization rate of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles in the male HBV-positive group was significantly lower than that of the male HBV-negative group. There were no differences in biochemistry or clinical pregnancy rates among the FET groups. The promoter methylation of GDF9 in HBV-positive ART women was higher than that in HBV-negative ART women, and that of ZAR1 in HBV-positive ART women was lower than that in HBV-negative ART women. It was a detrimental effect of HBV infection on in vitro fertilization (IVF) and ICSI treatment outcomes in women. The HBV infection was associated with the maternal genes promoting methylation.

Numerical Study on Combustion Behavior of Tuyere and Raceway in Blast Furnace with Oxygen-Rich Blast and Hydrogen Injection

The injection of hydrogen into a blast furnace is a promising technology to fulfill the low-carbon ironmaking purpose. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model is developed to investigate the effect of hydrogen injection rate and blast oxygen enrichment rate on the tuyere, raceway, and surrounding coke bed behaviors. It was found that hydrogen injection leads to a higher water vapor volume fraction in the raceway and a higher hydrogen fraction in the coke bed. The magnitude of velocity and temperature near the tuyere only increase slightly due to the cold inlet temperature of hydrogen, which also results in lower coke bed temperature. The volume-averaged temperature decreases from 2146 K to 2129 K when the injection rate increases from 0 to 1000 Nm3/h. Oxygen enrichment rate presents a highly positive correlation with temperature in the raceway and coke bed, water vapor and carbon dioxide volume fraction in the raceway, and pulverized coal burnout rate. Because more carbon participates in the raceway reaction with an increase in oxygen enrichment rate from 0% to 10%, the final carbon monoxide fraction in the coke bed increases from 0.29 to 0.40, and the final hydrogen fraction decreases from 0.15 to 0.13. With the increase in hydrogen injection, the temperature of the raceway and the coke bed decreased slightly. Pulverized coal burnout changes little with the hydrogen injection rate increasing from 500 Nm3/h to 1500 Nm3/h, which is because hydrogen combustion promotes pulverized coal at the front part of the raceway but inhibits it at the end due to the relative lack of oxygen. These results will help better understand the combustion behavior in the tuyere and raceway of the blast furnace with oxygen-rich blast and hydrogen injection.

Injection Of air control of propeller performance

With the rise of bubble lubrication technology in transport ships, the interaction between propellers and bubble flow has become increasingly important. On the basis of solving the Reynolds averaged equation and the volume fraction equation, a numerical model of the propeller in a water air mixed fluid was established using the sliding mesh technique. Based on verifying the numerical calculation model of the semi-immersed propeller, uncertainty analysis was conducted on the KP505 propeller flow numerical model, and the open water performance of the propeller was calculated to be affected by the injection position and injection volume. A linear model was established to describe the relationship between the open water performance of the propeller at the axis and the injection rate. The performance surface model was used to describe the effect of the air injection position moving towards the blade tip on open water performance at different air injection rates. The strength and dissipation of the tip vortex and hub vortex of propeller are affected by the radial air injection position. Air injection at the axis causes the hub vortex to expand and connects the tip vortex to form a vortex ring in the far field. The air injection position moves towards the blade tip, and the vortex system at the blade tip accelerates and rapidly dissipates.

The periodic injection and extraction of fluid in a porous medium for hydrogen storage

We develop a simple model which describes the repeated injection and extraction of hydrogen in a permeable water-saturated rock which has the form of an anticline. We demonstrate that the flow is controlled by the dimensionless ratio of the square of the buoyancy speed to the product of the two-dimensional volume injection rate and the injection–extraction frequency, and we explore the cases in which this ratio is large and small. Over the first few cycles, the volume of hydrogen in the system gradually builds up since during the extraction phase, some of the water eventually reaches the extraction well, and in our model the system ceases to extract fluid for the remainder of this extraction phase. After many cycles, there is sufficient hydrogen in the system that a quasi-equilibrium state develops in which the mass of fluid injected matches the mass extracted over the course of a cycle. We show that in this equilibrium, the ratio between the mass of gas remaining in the aquifer at the end of the extraction phase, known as the cushion gas, to the mass of gas injected, known as the working gas, decreases if either the flow rate or frequency of the cycles decrease or the buoyancy speed increases, leading to more efficient storage.

Low Injection Rate of Cosmic-Ray Protons in the Turbulent Reacceleration Model of Radio Halos in Galaxy Clusters

A giant radio halo (RH) is a diffuse synchrotron emission observed on the scale of megaparsecs, typically found in the central region of merging galaxy clusters. Its large size and steep spectrum suggest that it originates from the reenergization of an aged population of cosmic-ray electrons (CREs), while the secondary leptons produced in the pp hadronic collision of cosmic-ray protons (CRPs) may contribute to the emission. In this study, we investigate the reacceleration model including both primary and secondary CREs, assuming that the primary cosmic rays (CRs) originate from internal galaxies. In our new method, we follow the cosmological evolution of each cluster and calculate the energy spectra and 1D spatial distributions of CRs. The primary CRE model with a ∼3 Gyr duration of reacceleration successfully reproduces the statistical properties of the RHs observed in the recent LOFAR survey, as well as the spectrum and profile of the Coma cluster. The gamma-ray and neutrino emissions produced by reaccelerated CRPs are consistent with the upper limits. However, if the CRP injection rate is high and the secondary CREs become significant, the model with the required ∼3 Gyr reacceleration overproduces the number of RHs. The limit on the CRP injection rate, L p ≲ 1041 erg s−1, is significantly lower than that expected from the early starburst activity or jets from active galactic nuclei. This discrepancy requires a revision of either the model of CR supply from galaxies or the turbulent reacceleration model.

Propagation Law of Hydraulic Fractures in Continental Shale Reservoirs with Sandstone–Shale Interaction

There are significant lithological and stress differences between continental shale layers, posing challenges for hydraulic fractures (HFs) to propagate through the formations, leading to weak fracture effects. To address this, this article adopts the finite element and cohesive force element methods to formulate a three-dimensional numerical model for hydraulic fracture (HF) propagation through layers, considering interlayer lithology and stress variations. The accuracy of the model was verified by physical experiments, and the one-factor analysis method was used to creatively reveal the complex mechanism of the effect of geological and engineering variables on the diffusion of HFs in continental shale reservoirs. The results show that high interlayer stress difference, high interlayer tensile strength difference, low interlayer Young’s modulus difference and large interlayer thickness are not conducive to the penetration of HFs, but increasing the injection rate and the viscosity of fracturing fluid can effectively improve the penetration of HFs. The influence ranking of each factor was determined using the grey relational degree analysis method: interlayer stress difference &gt; interlayer Young’s modulus difference &gt; interlayer tensile strength difference &gt; interlayer thickness &gt; injection rate &gt; fracturing fluid viscosity.

Insight into the Injection Rate Effects on Residual Liquid Film in Tight Sandstone Nanopore

Insight into the Injection Rate Effects on Residual Liquid Film in Tight Sandstone Nanopore

Development of an Automotive-Relevant Recycling Process for Paper Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites

The automotive industry is under growing pressure from regulatory agencies to improve the recyclability of its plastic components. Simultaneously, manufacturers are adopting natural fiber composites in vehicles to reduce their carbon footprint and decrease reliance on petroleum-based materials. This presents a challenge at vehicle end-of-life, however, as natural fiber-reinforced polymers are substantially more difficult to recycle than their unreinforced counterparts. This study investigated the development of a mechanical recycling process for paper fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites, focusing on the impact of injection molding parameters—specifically, injection temperature and rate—on the thermal, mechanical, and water uptake properties of the composites. The results showed that processing temperature had a greater influence on composite performance than injection rate, with some limited interaction effects between the two. Higher processing intensity damaged the paper fibers, increasing the number of nucleation sites and resulting in greater polypropylene crystallinity. These structural changes reduced tensile properties at higher intensities, while flexural properties improved. Objective function analysis was applied to identify optimal processing conditions, balancing these competing trends. Overall, the findings demonstrate that paper fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites can be recycled into automotive-relevant injection molding compounds using conventional plastic manufacturing techniques, though careful tuning of processing parameters is essential to achieve optimal performance.