Abstract
It has long been debated whether gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) could serve as potential sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). In this study, we consider GRBs as sources of UHECR injection with an injection index of α=2 and propagate them through the extragalactic magnetic field within the framework of CRPropa 3. The baryon loading factor fCR is taken into account to quantify the rate of UHECR energy injection. In the benchmark case with a jet opening angle of θj=1 and fCR=1, we find that both high- and low-luminosity populations contribute to less than 10% of the UHECR spectrum. The most constrained scenario suggests fCR≤15, indicating that GRBs are less efficient in producing the all-sky UHECR intensity. The high-energy diffuse neutrinos and gamma rays resulting from interactions between UHECRs from GRBs and extragalactic background photons do not dominate the observations of Fermi-LAT or IceCube.
Published Version
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