Rate Of Grain Research Articles

Application of Open Panicle Traits in Improving the Filling Characteristics at the Base of Indica Rice Panicles.

Panicle-type structure is an important factor affecting rice yield, and an excellent panicle type has become a key indicator in rice breeding. In this study, the indica rice variety R766, which has an open panicle type, was obtained through natural mutation and hybrid selection. Through analyzing differences in panicle structure, panicle yield, and chemical composition between open panicle rice R766 and conventional panicle rice R2928, we found that the angles of the middle and lower branches in R766 were 186.99% and 135.93% greater than those in R2928, respectively. By comparing the grain-filling characteristics of different panicle positions in the two rice varieties, we found that the grain filling at the middle and lower panicle positions of R2928 was significantly lower, accompanied by an increase in the percentage of empty spikelets. However, in R766, the grain-filling rates in the middle and lower panicle positions were consistent with those in the upper panicle position, with significantly higher rates of grain filling and grain plumpness in the middle and lower panicle positions than in R2928. The empty grain rate at the lower panicle position of R766 was 15.25% lower than that of R2928, and the grain filling was 24.75% higher than that of R2928. Additionally, the variation in the 1000-grain weight of grains at different panicle positions in R766 was relatively small, with decreases of 1.55% and 0.38% in the middle and lower panicle positions, respectively, compared with the upper position, whereas R2928 showed decreases of 5.99% and 7.12% in the 1000-grain weight of grains at the middle and lower panicle positions, respectively, compared with the upper position. The cellulose content in the stems of R766 was 7.51% higher than that of R2928, with no significant difference in the cellulose content in the panicle axis and primary branches compared to R2928. The lignin content of the panicle axis in R766 was 8.03% higher than that in R2928, whereas there was no significant difference between the lignin content of the stems and primary branches. This preliminary study revealed the open panicle characteristics of R766 and the reasons for its high basal grain setting rate. This study provides a reference for promoting this open panicle-type indica rice variety to improve yield and disease resistance in environments with high humidity and low sunlight levels.

Effects of Grain Sprout Fertilizer Application Rate on Yield and Its Composition of Hybrid Middle Rice–Ratoon Rice System

Enhancing yield and achieving environmental goals represent challenges for the future of agriculture. Rational nitrogen (N) management is one of the most promising ways to meet this challenge. However, complicated nitrogen management strategies and considerable input requirements still exist in rice–ratoon rice production. To address this issue, field experiments were conducted with two main high-yield rice crop genotypes and five fertilization treatments at six sites in Southwest China from 2018 to 2020. The results showed the following: (1) the yield of the main rice crop was extremely significantly affected by the year, location, and fertilization, but not by genotype; (2) the yield of the ratoon rice was extremely significantly affected by year, genotype, location, and fertilization; and (3) the total plant N content (TPN) and leaf SPAD value at the full heading stage of the main crop were significantly positively correlated with the total soil N content (TSN) and soil available N (SAN) content of the basic soil. The highly efficient N application rate of grain- and bud-promoting fertilizer for ratoon rice was 60–120 kg ha−1. The TSN, SAN, TPN, and SPAD values higher than 0.247 kg N kg−1, 298 mg N kg−1, 2.159 kg N kg−1, and 49.94 were, respectively, considered the reference values when not applying grain- and bud-promoting fertilizer. A regression equation was established to predict the amount of high-efficiency grain- and bud-promoting fertilizer based on the TSN and SPAD. Overall, the yield of rice–ratoon rice was significantly affected by year, genotype, location, fertilization, and their interactions. The use of the predicted grain- and bud-promoting fertilizer regression equation can achieve high yields under simplified and reduced N input practices in the rice–ratoon rice systems.

A numerical determination of complex solid gun propellant burn rates through closed bomb simulation

AbstractClosed bomb testing is a prominent means of characterizing the combustion behavior of solid gun propellants. This sub‐scale test allows the propellant to burn in a constant volume environment, where the resulting pressure‐time trace can be collected via a pressure transducer. Historically, numerical procedures have been developed to determine the burn rates of the gun propellants from these pressure‐time traces; however, no standardized procedure exists to determine the burn rates of grains with variable surface thermochemistry and ignition criteria. To address this capability gap, a non‐linearly constrained, multivariate optimization algorithm has been developed to decouple propellant grain surfaces and determine surface‐specific burn rates [1]. In this work, the optimization algorithm as well as the legacy Excel‐based Closed Bomb (XLCB) program [2] were used to determine the burn rates of homogeneous, deterred, and layered propellants from experimental data. Closed bomb simulations using these burn rates were then conducted with the two‐phase, multidimensional, interior ballistics solver, iBallistix [3]. The maximum mean error between the simulated and experimental pressure‐time curves was 6.8 % for the optimization algorithm and 23.8 % for XLCB, showing a marked improvement with our new approach. Furthermore, the approach discussed herein improves burn rate predictions of complex solid gun propellants when compared with legacy closed bomb data reduction analysis programs.

Simulation and Study of Influencing Factors on the Solidification Microstructure of Hazelett Continuous Casting Slabs Using CAFE Model.

The Hazelett continuous casting and rolling process represents a leading-edge production method for cold-rolled aluminum sheet and strip billets in the world. Its solidification microstructure significantly influences the quality of billets produced for cold rolling of aluminum sheets and strips. In this study, employing the CAFE (Cellular Automaton-Finite Element) method, we developed a coupled computational model to simulate the solidification microstructure in the Hazelett continuous casting process. We investigated the impact of nucleation parameters, casting temperature, and continuous casting speed on the microstructural evolution of the continuous casting billet. Through integrated metallographic analyses, we aimed to elucidate the controlling mechanisms underlying the Hazelett continuous casting process and its resultant microstructure. The results demonstrate that the equiaxed rate of grains increases with an increase in nucleation density, and the grain size decreases under constant cooling strength. With other nucleation parameters held constant, the grain size decreases as undercooling increases, and the columnar crystal zone expands. The nucleation density of the Hazelett continuous casting aluminum alloy has been determined to range between 1011 m-3 and 1013 m-3, and the undercooling ranges between 1 °C and 2.5 °C. The solidified grain structure can be controlled between 35 μm and 72 μm. The grain size of the continuous casting billet increases with an increase in pouring temperature and decreases as the casting speed increases. Elevating the pouring temperature positively impacts the fraction of high-angle grain boundaries and promotes the dendritic to equiaxed grain transition. Moreover, there exists potential for further optimization of continuous casting process parameters.

Texture evolution of obliquely deposited Au thin films

Understanding the formation and evolution of the texture of obliquely deposited films is of great significance for improving their performance. Among these films, Au films have many advantages and wide application prospects. However, a systematic study of texture evolution of Au films has not been reported. In this study, Au films were prepared by magnetron sputtering oblique deposition. The pole figures of films deposited with various oblique angles (γ) and thicknesses were measured by X-ray diffraction. The morphology and size of the grains on the surface and in the cross-section of the films were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The surface topography of the films was determined by atomic force microscopy. During the growth process of the films, the increase rate of roughness was faster than the transverse broadening rate of grains. The samples deposited at γ ≤ 60° were composed of densely arranged grains with inclined (111) plane fiber texture whose tilt angle increased with the increase of γ and thickness. In the films deposited at γ ≥ 70°, the grain structure evolved into highly porous nanorods, and the (111) plane texture was more slanted and dispersed. The mechanism of film texture formation during oblique deposition is discussed.

Assessment of durum wheat (Triticum durum) genotypes on grain filling parameters

Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.), a crucial crop in the Mediterranean basin, faces challenges due to drought, resulting in substantial yield losses. This study was carried out during the winter (rabi) season of 2020–2021 to determine the influence of grain filling parameters on individual grain weight variation and their relationship to yield components in 3 durum wheat genotypes (Boussellam, Oued El-Bared and GTA-dur) grown at 3 different locations with varying rainfall patterns under a semi-arid condition of Algeria. Samples were collected from each genotype on 9 different dates to assess grain number, dry weight and grain filling parameters. The experimental results revealed significant genotype effects on grain yield, 1000-kernel weight and most grain filling parameters across all 3 locations, except for the parameter SFR (supreme fill rate). Boussellam recorded higher grain yield, kernel weight and maximum final weight parameter (MFW) due to its longer grain filling duration and higher rate of grain filling. Linear regression analysis indicated decrease of 0.001 mg/day in the rate of grain filling led to a loss of 0.9527 mg in the maximum final weight. Correlation analysis highlighted the interdependence between the rate and grain filling duration, which varied across different environments and influenced dry-matter accumulation, ultimately led to higher grain yield.

Physiological Basis of High Nighttime Temperature-Induced Chalkiness Formation during Early Grain-Filling Stage in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Heat stress during the grain-filling stage seriously affects grain quality in rice. However, very limited information is available regarding the effects of short-term high nighttime temperature (HNT) on grain chalkiness formation in rice. In this paper, the effects of HNT at the early grain-filling stage (7 days after ear emergence) on rice chalkiness formation and the potential causes were investigated by using two rice varieties that differed in susceptibility to high temperature. Although the HNT treatment at night dramatically increased the grain chalkiness in Jiuxiangzhan (JXZ) and Huanghuazhan (HHZ), the increase was greater in JXZ compared to HHZ. The net photosynthetic rate and SPAD value were significantly reduced by HNT treatment in the flag leaves of JXZ, while no significant differences were observed in HHZ. Furthermore, HNT treatment reduced the antioxidant enzyme activity in the flag leaves of JXZ, while the opposite was observed in HHZ, exhibiting increased antioxidant enzyme activity. Moreover, HNT treatment altered the endogenous hormone levels, enhanced the enzymatic activities related to starch biosynthesis, and accelerated the filling rate in grains of JXZ when compared to HHZ. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation exhibited that the starch granules in the endosperm of JXZ were loosely packed together and more starch granules with small pits were produced after HNT treatment. Based on these data, we inferred that HNT stress during the early stage of rice grain filling accelerated the grain-filling rate but shortened the grain-filling duration by changing the endogenous hormone levels and enhancing the enzymatic activities responsible for starch biosynthesis, resulting in significant changes in the morphological structure and arrangement of starch granules and eventually causing the occurrence of grain chalkiness.

Design and Experimentation of a Longitudinal Axial Flow Sunflower Oil Threshing Device

To address the problems of threshing loss and high impurity rate during sunflower oil harvesting, a vertical axial flow sunflower oil threshing device was designed. To reduce severe breakage of the sunflower plate and high entrainment loss rate when threshing by the traditional grating gravure sieve, a circular tube-type gravure screen was designed, and a contact model describing the grain rod, sunflower pan, and gravure screen was analyzed. The results show that reducing the diameter of the gravure screen round tubes can effectively reduce breakage of the sunflower pan. The range of the threshing gap, drum speed, and feed amount were determined by a single-factor test. Design-Expert software was used to design a response surface experiment: threshing gap, drum rotation speed, and feed amount were used as test factors, and the threshing loss rate of grains and the grain mass ratio of undersize grains were used as evaluation indicators. A regression model between test factors and evaluation indexes was established by variance analysis of the test results. A software-based numerical optimization function was used to reduce the loss rate of grains and increase the grain mass ratio of undersize grains. The optimal parameters of the threshing device were obtained by multi-objective optimization of all factors: the separation gap was 24.90 mm, drum speed was 244.14 r/min, feed amount was 2.95 kg/s, the threshing loss rate grains was 2.35%, and the grain mass ratio of undersized grains was 81.34%. This study can provide a reference for the design of a combined sunflower oil harvester threshing device.

Effects of external loads on microstructure and properties of P92 steel

During the metal-solid phase transition, the mechanical properties of metal materials are affected by the nucleation rate and growth rate of grain. In this work, external loads (200 N, 400 N, 600 N, and 800 N) were applied to P92 steel during the heat treatment process in an attempt to improve and optimize the microstructure and mechanical properties of P92 steel. The effects of different external loads on the morphology, corrosion resistance, microhardness, and mechanical properties of P92 steel were investigated by using optical microscopy, microhardness testing, electrochemical testing, tensile strength measurements, and semi-automatic impact tester. The results show that the grain growth rate of P92 steel was moderate under an external load of 600 N; the grain distribution was uniform and orderly whereas the microhardness and corrosion resistance of the sample reached the optimum value (528 Hv). The tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of the sample were 786 MPa, 525 MPa, and 37.8 %, respectively. However, the impact power of the P92 steel under an external load of 200 N was the minimum, and its average value was 132 J. The results depict that the external load can improve the mechanical properties of P92 steel.

Downslope granular flow through a forest of obstacles

We investigate the effect of a forest of pillars on a granular layer steadily flowing over a rough inclined plane. We quantify experimentally how the steady flow rate of grains is affected by the inter-pillars distance for different layer thicknesses and slope angles. We then propose a model based on a depth-average approximation associated with $\mu(I)$ rheology that considers the additional force exerted by the pillars on the granular layer. This model succeeds in accounting for most of the observed results when taking into account some inertia due to the nonvanishing Froude number of the flow.

SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING THE PARAMETERS OF THE INTERACTION OF THE FLOW OF BULK MATERIAL AND SOLID BODIES

The article discusses the use of a diaphragm impact sensor for measuring the flow rate of grain from bunkers. The sensor is designed to detect the impact of individual grains of grain as they fall from the bunker onto the sensor. This information can then be used to determine the flow rate of the grain, as well as other parameters such as the density and moisture content of the grain. The article explores the method of measuring the flow rate of a thick material using solid bodies such as a cone, beam, or circle which will be installed on the sensor. The sensor can be installed in a variety of locations within the bunker, including at the bottom, on the sides, or on the top. The sensor can also be integrated into existing grain flow monitoring systems to provide additional data and improve the accuracy of flow measurements. Overall, the diaphragm impact sensor offers a reliable and accurate solution for measuring grain flow from bunkers, providing valuable information for farmers, grain handlers, and other stakeholders in the grain industry. This method of using solid bodies to measure flow rate can provide an alternative to traditional methods and can be more efficient and accurate in certain situations.

Grain Risk Analysis of Meteorological Disasters in Gansu Province Using Probability Statistics and Index Approaches

With global warming, agrometeorological disasters are also rising, posing a severe threat to China’s food security. Risk assessment serves as a bridge from disaster crisis management to risk management. Gansu Province is geographically crucial, so we performed a refined assessment of grain production risk for this province using multiple features of disaster loss data recorded at the county level. Analyses were performed for each district and county with a probability approach and an index system. We found that grain trend yields in each district and most counties in Gansu Province are increasing. Wuwei and Linxia districts had higher yearly growth rates, of more than 120 kg/(ha·year). However, there are considerable differences in risk levels among counties, even within the same district. Huating and Jinchang counties are high risk locations, while Cheng, Diebu, Jinta, and Xiahe counties are low risk zones. In 39.2% of counties, the fluctuation tendency rate of relative meteorological yield was positive. The average yield reduction rates of grain in the 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s were 5.5%, 6.6%, 8.1%, and 4.2%, respectively, and the average fluctuation coefficients were 5.0%, 5.5%, 7.1%, and 3.8%, respectively. After 2010, most regions’ average yield reduction rates fell dramatically, and grain output progressively stabilized. Counties prone to heavy disasters are primarily spread along the Hexi Corridor, with the probability exceeding 8%. However, 27.9% of counties were spared from severe calamities, which were mainly distributed in southwestern Gansu Province. Crop disaster conditions significantly positively correlated with grain risk. Drought is the primary cause of grain yield decline in Gansu Province. The findings can provide essential policy advice for the government in disaster prevention.

Average outpouring velocity and flow rate of grains discharged from a tilted quasi-2D silo

Average outpouring velocity and flow rate of grains discharged from a tilted quasi-2D silo

LPBF-Formed 2024Al Alloys: Process, Microstructure, Properties, and Thermal Cracking Behavior

2024Al is an Al-Cu-Mg series heat-treatable aluminum alloy with high strength and excellent damage resistance. To obtain a high-performance target component of LPBF-formed 2024Al, the effect of process parameters on density, microstructure, and performance is systematically investigated and the thermal cracking phenomenon is analyzed in detail. The results reveal that the optimization of process parameters can suppress the cracks generated during the LPBF forming of 2024Al to a certain extent. When the laser energy density is 741 J/mm3, the maximum density reaches 99.77%, whereas the tensile strength and elongation reach 330 ± 7 MPa and 9 ± 0.6%, respectively. Owing to the high Cu and Mg contents in 2024Al, the transverse strain rate of columnar grains during LPBF forming is easily higher than the sum of the transverse expansion rate of grains and the liquid phase filling rate at grain boundaries, resulting in strong thermal crack sensitivity. In addition, an extremely high cooling rate (−108 K/s) and heat input during LPBF forming reduce the liquid phase filling rate at grain boundaries to further aggravate the thermal cracking tendency. The current study provides experimental guidance for the preparation of high-quality, crack-less, or even crack-free 2024Al alloys.

Anisotropic elastic recovery behavior of AlN ceramic during nanoindentation and scratching

The anisotropy of the grain orientation of aluminium nitride (AlN) ceramics leads to great differences in elastic recovery of grains which makes it difficult to achieve high machining accuracy. In this study, the anisotropic elastic recovery behavior of AlN ceramic was investigated by nanoindentation and scratch experiments. The results show that as the main Euler angle the grain increases, the elastic recovery rate of the indentation decreases from 39% to 31%, and the elastic recovery of scratch decreases from 47% to 39%. However, there is a local peak in the elastic recovery rate when the main Euler angle is 75° during scratching. Through the analysis of the Schmid factor, it is found that the ease of activating the sliding system of a grain has a great impact on the elastic recovery rate of scratches. Through further analysis, the elastic recovery rate of grains is mainly affected by the combined action of the base slip system and the prismatic slip system during scratching. The prediction models of the elastic recovery rate during nanoindentation and scratching were established and the prediction results are consistent with the experimental results, indicating the reliability of the prediction model.

3D grain growth in nanocrystalline Al via molecular dynamics: Influence of size, topology and integral mean curvature on grain kinetics

Grain growth in nanosized polycrystalline Al was studied via molecular dynamics. In particular, the volumetric growth rate of grains as a function of size, topology and mean curvature was analyzed. To this aim, an algorithm for the identification of the topological features and calculation of the mean curvature was developed. It was found that in average grains with ≈15 faces have zero integral mean curvature and show no change in volume implying that the critical number of face (Fcr) is ≈15. Furthermore, integral mean curvature of grains was found to be linearly correlated with the difference between the number of faces grains have and the average number of faces of their neighbors, F−<FNN>. That is, a grain with F−<FNN>=0 tends to have zero integral mean curvature and neither shrinks nor grows whereas grains with F−<FNN> greater than 0 grow and those with F−<FNN> less than 0 shrink. This agrees with the theoretical expectations from MacPherson–Srolovitz relationship and topology based descriptions of grain growth. Nonetheless, considering individual grain kinetics, the comparison of theoretical predictions (MacPherson–Srolovitz relationship, F−<FNN> and topological class) with measured growth rates showed more scatter. In addition, the deviation between the models and the measure values occurred for grains having a substantial relative size difference with the average grain size (|Rgrain−<R>|) and grains with relatively high |F−Fcr|. These grains also had average turning angles at triple lines (βTJ), which differed from the average equilibrium value expected in isotropic metals, π/3, but were consistent with grain growth under finite triple line mobility. This seems to confirm the existence of triple junction drag at the nanocrystalline length scale, which is not accounted for in classical theoretical models.

Variabilidade entre linhagens de feijão comum para máximo acúmulo de matéria seca nos grãos

Abstract The objective of this work was to verify if there is variability in the dry matter accumulation rate of grains of the carioca-type common bean, as well as to identify the success of selection for this trait and the best time for harvest. Sixteen lines with carioca-type grains were evaluated in three sowing seasons through samples of five plants obtained at regular intervals. A quadratic equation was used to estimate the number of days to obtain the maximum dry matter in the grains. A low variability was observed among the lines, discouraging selection for this trait. The ideal moment for harvesting is when 100% of the grains present the typical stripes of carioca common bean, which may vary among and within pods of the same plant. If the harvest is carried out before complete physiological maturation is reached, the dry matter in the grains decreases, on average, 2.75% per day.

Effect of High-Mass Fraction of Aluminum on Catalytic Hybrid Rocket Motor

Catalytic hybrid rocket motors using hydrogen peroxide (HP) are easy and efficient to achieve multiple starts and stops, and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) grains are commonly used due to their excellent mechanical properties. The low regression rate of HTPB grains limits the application of hybrid rocket motors. Furthermore, the addition of solid aluminum particles can effectively improve the regression rate and performance of hybrid rocket motors. However, the experimental results of a high mass fraction of aluminum and hydrogen peroxide available at present are not sufficient. In this research, the impact of a high mass fraction of aluminum on the motor performance and ablation rate of nozzles is studied experimentally. A solution of 95% hydrogen peroxide and HTPB with an aluminum additive are adopted as propellants. The variation in the axial regression rate of the grains is obtained by computed tomography (CT) scans and pre-test parameter measurements. The instantaneous regression rate method is adopted to obtain the real-time regression rate of the motor. The surface appearance and composition of the front and the end of the grains after the tests are analyzed by electron microscopy. Carbon ceramic and tungsten-bronze nozzles are used to explore the effect of a high mass fraction of aluminum on nozzle ablation. The experimental results show that the addition of aluminum raises the specific impulse and decreases the optimal oxygen-to-fuel ratio of the propellant combination. The high mass fraction of the aluminum particles has a severe ablative effect on carbon ceramic nozzles, while the effect on tungsten-bronze nozzles is minimal for a hot test lasting four to five seconds. Our results can provide experimental guidance for the application of a high mass fraction of aluminum and hydrogen peroxide hybrid rocket motor.

Structural, dielectric, electrical, and optical properties of the Ca3CuTi4O12 ceramic

ABSTRACT In this communication, the synthesis of the Ca3CuTi4O12 (CCTO) ceramic by a conventional solid-state reaction method is reported. The XRD analysis confirms an orthorhombic structure with average crystallite size and lattice strain are about 96.5 nm and 0.116% respectively. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis confirms both weight and atomic percentage of all constituent elements and agglomeration rate of grains (DSEM /DSC = 7.4); which may be a possible reason for the observed elevated dielectric constant. No trace of phase transition is observed from the Raman lines; so, the observed giant dielectric constant may not be related to the displacement of Ti ions. The energy bandgap is about 3.72 eV, which may suitable for photovoltaic applications. The semiconducting nature is confirmed from the both Nyquist and Cole–Cole plots. Thermistor constant (β), sensitivity factor (α), and stability factor of the sample were calculated; which confirms the characteristics of the NTC thermistor.

Exogenous 6-benzylaminopurine enhances waterlogging and shading tolerance after anthesis by improving grain starch accumulation and grain filling.

Due to the frequent occurrence of extreme weather events, the area of wheat affected by continuous cloudy rainfall is increasing, with waterlogging becoming a major limiting factor of wheat yield. To alleviate the effect, spraying exogenous plant growth regulators is often used. In this study, two wheat cultivars, waterlogging-tolerant Yangmai 18 and waterlogging-sensitive Sumai 188, were selected for waterlogging and shading (WS) after anthesis for 7, 11, and 15 days respectively. Three concentrations of 6-benzylaminoadenine (6-BA) solution (15, 25, and 35 mg·L-1) were sprayed after WS treatment and water was sprayed as the control. Then, the effect of spraying 6-BA on photosynthetic characteristics, starch content, grain filling characteristics, and yield was explored under artificially stimulated continuous cloudy rainfall during anthesis. Compared with the control, the application of 6-BA caused a significant increase in grain plumpness throughout grain filling, as well as increases in the net photosynthetic rate (P n), stomatal conductance (G s), and transpiration rate (T r), and a significant decrease in the intercellular CO2 concentration (C i) of the flag leaves, all of which enhanced the photosynthetic capacity. The content of total starch, amylose, and amylopectin in the grains also increased significantly compared with the control. After WS for 15 days, the starch content increased by 3.81%-11.41% compared with the control. Spraying 6-BA also prolonged grain filling, increased the average grain filling rate, and significantly increased the 1000-grain weight and yield. The thousand-grain weight increased by 5.06%-43.28%, and wheat yield increased by 8.93%-64.27% after spraying 25 mg·L-1 of the 6-BA solution. These findings suggest that the application of 6-BA after WS stress could significantly improve the photosynthetic performance, which is propitious to the accumulation and transport of photosynthetic products after anthesis. Besides, spraying 6-BA can also increase the duration and rate of grain filling and starch accumulation content and improve grain weight, thereby alleviating the adverse effects of WS on wheat yield. Overall, spraying 25 mg·L-1 of the 6-BA solution had an optimal effect. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the exploration of cultivation techniques and measures aimed at alleviating damage caused by continuous rainfall during wheat anthesis.