Rates Of Enolization Research Articles

Enantiomerization study of some alpha-nitroketones by dynamic high-resolution gas chromatography.

The kinetics of the reversible enantiomer interconversion of 3-nitrobutan-2-one (1), 3-nitropentan-2-one (2), and 2-nitropentan-3-one (3) have been studied by dynamic high-resolution gas chromatography (DHRGC) by using a beta-cyclodextrin derivative chiral stationary phase; the process occurs via enolization of the keto forms. The DHRGC experiments involving the studied nitroketones and the chiral stationary phase show chromatographic profiles with a typical interconversion plateau in the temperature range between 130 and 160 degrees C. Computer simulation of the experimental chromatographic elution profiles was employed for the determination of rate constants and the corresponding enantiomerization barriers (k, DeltaG#(T), DeltaH#, and DeltaS#). The highly negative entropy of activation (DeltaS# values from -19 to -37 cal mol(-1) K(-1)) points to a transition state (TS) with large charge separation. The obtained results for 1-3 show the dramatic effect of an alpha-nitro-substituent on the rate of enolization of simple ketones, when compared with those for 3-chloro-2-butanone and 3-methyl-2-pentanone. To get some information on the separate contributions of the stationary liquid phase and the mobile gas phase on the studied process, some DFT ab initio calculations have been performed for the same compounds.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase: tetrahydrofolate-independent hydroxymethyltransferase and enolization reactions with alpha-keto acids.

The panB gene that encodes ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase has been cloned from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, expressed, and purified to homogeneity. 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the rate of (i) tetrahydrofolate-independent hydroxymethyltransferase chemistry between formaldehyde and alpha-ketoisovalerate and (ii) deuterium exchange in the methylenetetrahydrofolate-independent enolization of alpha-ketoisovalerate and other alpha-keto acids, catalyzed by PanB. These studies have demonstrated that substrate enolization by PanB is divalent metal-dependent with a preference of Mg2+ > Zn2+ > Co2+ > Ni2+ > Ca2+. The rate of enolization is pH-dependent with optimal activity in the range of 7.0-7.5. The pH profile was bell-shaped, depending on the ionization state of two ionizable groups with apparent pK values of 6.2 and 8.3. Enolization and isotope exchange occurs with some alpha-keto acids (e.g., pyruvate and alpha-ketobutyrate), resulting in the complete exchange of all beta-hydrogens. Enzyme-catalyzed enolization and isotope exchange occur with other long-chain and branched alpha-keto acids, resulting in the stereospecific exchange of only one of the beta-hydrogen atoms. These results are discussed in the context of steric restrictions present in the enzyme active site and the stereochemistry of base-catalyzed isotope exchange.

The mandelamide keto-enol system in aqueous solution. Generation of the enol by hydration of phenylcarbamoylcarbene.

Flash photolysis of diazophenylacetamide in aqueous solution produced phenylcarbamoylcarbene, whose hydration generated a transient species that was identified as the enol isomer of mandelamide. This assignment is based on product identification and the shape of the rate profile for decay of the enol transient, through ketonization to its carbonyl isomer, as well as by the form of acid-base catalysis of and solvent isotope effects on the decay reaction. Rates of enolization of mandelamide were also determined, by monitoring hydrogen exchange at its benzylic position, and these, in combination with the ketonization rate measurements, gave the keto-enol equilibrium constant pK(E) = 15.88, the acidity constant of the enol ionizing as an oxygen acid, pQ(E)(a)= 8.40, and the acidity constant of the amide ionizing as a carbon acid pQ(K)(a)= 24.29. (These acidity constants are concentration quotients applicable at ionic strength = 0.10 M.) These results show the enol content and carbon acid strength of mandelamide, like those of mandelic acid and methyl mandelate, to be orders of magnitude less than those of simple aldehydes and ketones; this difference can be attributed to resonance stabilization of the keto isomers of mandelic acid and its ester and amide derivatives, through electron delocalization into their carbonyl groups from the oxygen and nitrogen substituents adjacent to these groups. The enol of mandelamide, on the other hand, again like the enols of mandelic acid and methyl mandelate, is a substantially stronger acid than the enols of simple aldehydes and ketones. This difference can be attributed to the electronegative nature of the oxygen and nitrogen substituents geminal to the enol hydroxyl group in the enols of mandelic acid and its derivatives; in support of this, the acidity constants of these enols correlate well with field substituent constants of these geminal groups.

Ab initio analysis on metal ion catalysis in the enolization reactions of some acetylheterocycles: kinetics of the enolization reactions of 3‐acetyl‐5‐methylisoxazole, 5‐acetyl‐3‐methylisoxazole and 3(5)‐acetylpyrazole

AbstractKinetic data on the enolization reaction of 3‐acetyl‐5‐methylisoxazole, 5‐acetyl‐3‐methylisoxazole, 3(5)‐acetylpyrazole and some previously studied acetylheterocycles have been the object of a comprehensive ab initio analysis. Enolization rate constants were measured spectrophotometrically by the halogen trapping technique at 25 °C and ionic strength of 0.3 mol dm−3 in water, in acetate buffers, in dilute hydrochloric acid, in dilute sodium hydroxide and in the presence of some metal ion salts. In the spontaneous (water) and base (acetate) catalysed reactions the ketones investigated are generally more reactive than acetophenone, according to the electron‐withdrawing effect of the heterocyclic ring compared with the benzene ring. In particular, acetylisoxazoles, 3(5)‐acetylpyrazole and acetylthiazoles are more reactive than acetylfurans, 2‐acetylpyrrole and acetylthiophenes respectively, and this can be attributed to the additional effect of the second heteroatom in the heterocyclic moiety. On the other hand, the compounds investigated are generally less reactive than acetophenone in the H3O+‐catalysed reaction. Ab initio calculations on the relative stability of the protonated and unprotonated forms of the substrates investigated have been compared with the kinetic results obtained in acid solutions. As far as the metal ion catalysis is concerned, an approach in terms of ΔΔE can give an estimate of the combined contributions of charge densities and frontier orbitals to the interaction of the substrate with the metal ion catalyst. A comparison of experimental metal activating factor values and ab initio calculations outlines the importance of charge density on the carbonyl oxygen atom of acetylheterocycles with one heteroatom. An analogous comparison for acetylheterocycles with two heteroatoms suggests the formation of a chelate complex or transition state, in which the metal ion coordinates both the carbonyl oxygen and the aza nitrogen, whenever these two atoms are suitably placed within the molecular structure of the acetylheterocycle. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Keto-enol/enolate equilibria in the isochroman-4-one system. Effect of a beta-oxygen substituent.

The enol of 1-tetralone was generated flash photolytically, and rates of its ketonization were measured in aqueous HClO4 and NaOH solutions as well as in CH3CO2H, H2PO4(-), (CH2OH)3CNH3(+), and NH4(+) buffers. The enol of isochroman-4-one was also generated, by hydrolysis of its potassium salt and trimethylsilyl ether, and rates of its ketonization were measured in aqueous HClO4 and NaOH. Rates of enolization of the two ketones were measured as well. Combination of the enolization and ketonization data for isochroman-4-one gave the keto-enol equilibrium constant pK(E) = 5.26, the acidity constant of the enol ionizing as an oxygen acid p = 10.14, and the acidity constant of the ketone ionizing as a carbon acid p = 15.40. Comparison of these results with those for 1-tetralone shows that the beta-oxygen substituent in isochroman-4-one raises all three of these constants: K(E) by 2 orders of magnitude, by not quite 1 order of magnitude, and by nearly 3 orders of magnitude. The beta-oxygen substituent also retards the rate of hydronium-ion-catalyzed ketonization by more than 3 orders of magnitude. The origins of these substituent effects are discussed.

Keto-enol/enolate equilibria in the N-acetylamino-p-methylacetophenone system. Effect of a beta-nitrogen substituent.

The cis-enol of N-acetylamino-p-methylacetophenone was generated flash photolytically and its rates of ketonization in aqueous HClO(4) and NaOH solutions as well as in HCO(2)H, CH(3)CO(2)H, H(2)PO(4)(-), (CH(2)OH)(3)CNH(3)(+), and NH(4)(+) buffers were measured. Rates of enolization of N-acetylamino-p-methylacetophenone to the cis-enol were also measured by hydrogen exchange of its methylene protons, and combination of the enolization and ketonization data gave the keto-enol equilibrium constant pK(E) = 5.33, the acidity constant of the enol ionizing as an oxygen acid pQ(a)(E)= 9.12, and the acidity constant of the ketone ionizing as a carbon acid pQ(a)(K)= 14.45. Comparison of these results with corresponding values for p-methylacetophenone itself shows that the N-acetylamino substituent raises all three of these equilibrium constants: K(E) by 3 orders of magnitude, Q(a)(E) by 1 order of magnitude, and Q(a)(K)by 4 orders of magnitude. This substituent also retards the rate of H+ catalyzed enol ketonization by 4 orders of magnitude. The origins of these substituent effects are discussed.

ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐β‐Elemene by a Doubly Diastereodifferentiating Internal Alkylation: A Remarkable Difference in the Rate of Enolization Between syn and anti Esters.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Stereoselective synthesis of (±)-β-elemene by a doubly diastereodifferentiating internal alkylation: a remarkable difference in the rate of enolization between syn and anti esters

A total synthesis of the sesquiterpene (±)-β-elemene (1) has been achieved starting from a simple acyclic precursor 4. Key transformations include a ‘doubly diastereodifferentiating folding and allylic strain-controlled’ intramolecular ester enolate alkylation. In the course of the synthesis, we encountered remarkably different reactivity between syn and anti diastereomeric esters in the enolization step.

Stereoelectronic, torsional, and steric effects on rates of enolization of ketones.

The stereoselectivities of base-catalyzed enolizations of ketones have been studied by quantum mechanical methods. Transition structures of exo and endo deprotonation of camphor, norcamphor, and dehydronorcamphor have been located with two model bases. Stereoelectronic, torsional, and steric effects on activation energies were assessed. These calculations demonstrate the importance of torsional strain between partial bonds and vicinal bonds on the rates of deprotonation and on related reactions involving the formation of enolates or reactions of enols and enolates.

The 4,4,4-Trifluoroacetoacetic Acid Keto−Enol System in Aqueous Solution. Generation of the Enol by Hydration of Trifluoroacetylketene

Trifluoroacetylketene was generated in aqueous solution by flash photolysis of 2,2-dimethyl-6-trifluoromethyl-4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one and its spiro analogue, 4-trifluoromethyl-1,5-dioxaspiro[5.5]undec-3-en-2-one, and rates of hydration of the ketene to 4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetic acid enol as well as subsequent ketonization of the enol were measured in this solvent across the acidity range [H+] = 10-1−10-12 M. Analysis of the rate profile produced by these data provides the acidity constants pQa,E = 1.85 for the carboxylic acid group of the enol and p = 9.95 for its enolic hydroxyl group, which make these groups 2 and 3 orders of magnitude more acidic, respectively, than the corresponding groups in the parent unfluorinated acetoacetic acid enol. Rates of enolization of the keto group of 4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetic acid were also measured, by bromine scavenging, and these, together with a value of the equilibrium constant for hydration of the keto group to its gem-diol derivative based upon a free energy relatio...

Monitoring Carbonyl−Amine Reaction and Enolization of 1-Hydroxy-2-propanone (Acetol) by FTIR Spectroscopy

Infrared absorption bands characteristic of the aldehydo, keto, and enediol forms of 1-hydroxy-2-propanone (acetol) were identified and used to study the effect of solvent on the absorption frequencies and the effect of temperature and acid/base catalysis on the enolization reactions. The data indicated that, in addition to water, acids and bases can catalyze the enolization of 1-hydroxy-2-propanone and that the temperature inversely effects the rate of enolization under basic conditions. However, under acidic conditions, increasing the temperature favors the enolization process. In addition, the reaction of 1-hydroxy-2-propanone with a primary and a secondary amine was also monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The data indicated that at room temperature the rate of amine reaction was faster than the rate of its catalysis of enolization; however, below room temperature, the rate of base-catalyzed enolization became comparable with the rate of carbonyl-amine reaction forming both Heyns and Amadori adducts.

Ketonization of (Z)-2-methoxy-1,2-diphenylvinyl alcohol. Quantitative evaluation of the remarkable kinetic stability of this enol

Rates of ketonization of (Z)-2-methoxy-1,2-diphenylvinyl alcohol were measured in aqueous perchloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions as well as in formic acid and ammonium ion buffers, and the results were used to construct a rate profile for this reaction. These data show this substance to be a remarkably stable enol with a lifetime of 3.6 h at the bottom of its rate profile and a hydrogen ion catalytic coefficient 660 000 times less than that for the enol of acetophenone. Comparison with simple models allows partition of this rate factor into a 440-fold retardation for the β-phenyl substituent and a 1500-fold retardation for the β-methoxy substituent. A global rate of enolization of the keto isomer producing both Z and E enol isomers was also measured, and this leads to pKE > 5.4 as the lower limit of the keto-enol equilibrium constant for the Z enol. This result could be dissected into an enol-content enhancing effect of δ pKE = 3.2 for the β-phenyl group and a surprising enol-content diminishing effect of δ pKE > 0.6 for the β-methoxy group. Key words: enol ketonization, enol stability, keto-enol equilibrium, β-phenyl and β-methoxy substituent effects in keto-enol systems.

Enolization of Aldehydes and Ketones: Structural Effects on Concerted Acid−Base Catalysis

The third-order term (kAB) for the concerted acid−base catalyzed enolization of a selection of simple aldehydes and ketones has been measured in a series of substituted acetic acids at 25 °C at constant ionic strength 2.0 (NaNO3). While there is no direct correlation of the magnitude of the third-order term with either the rate constants for acid (kA) or base (kB) catalysis, a simple log−log relationship exists between the product of the consecutive rate constants (kA·kB) and the concerted (third order) rate constants (kAB). This implies that the concerted pathway is important only when both the general acid and the general base terms are significant; this will be useful in designing other systems which might show such concerted catalysis. In the case of aldehydes, a slope of 0.97 was found for this plot, which compares to the result for 4-substituted cyclohexanones (0.51) and other ketones (0.59), as measured in acetic acid buffers. The resultant Brønsted βAB value of 0.20 found for propanal (2) is consistent with the overall observation that concerted catalysis is largely independent of the buffering species, and that process is overall base catalyzed. The solvent isotope effect on the concerted acid−base catalyzed enolization rate term, kAB(H2O)/kAB(D2O) = 1.33, indicates that the transition state for proton transfer to the carbonyl is more advanced than in the case of ketones. In general we have found that carbonyl compounds with large measured (or estimated) enol contents show significant third-order terms.

The 2-Oxocyclopentanecarboxylic Acid Keto−Enol System in Aqueous Solution: Generation of the Enol by Hydration of an Acylketene

Flash photolysis of 2-diazocyclohexane-1,3-dione in aqueous solution produced 2-ketocyclopentylideneketene, which hydrated to the enol of 2-oxocyclopentanecarboxylic acid, and the enol then isomerized to the keto form of the acid. This ketene proved to be a remarkably reactive substance, with an uncatalyzed hydration rate constant of k = 1.4 × 106 s-1 and a hydroxide-ion-catalyzed rate constant of 7.5 × 107 M-1 s-1; no acid catalysis of hydration was found. Ketonization of the enol was a slower process with rate constants in the millisecond to second range. The reaction shows a complex rate profile that could be interpreted in terms of rate-determining proton transfer to the β-carbon atom of successively ionized forms of the enol in successively more basic solutions. In concentrated acid solutions, the carboxylic acid group of the enol also underwent equilibrium protonation of its carbonyl group, with pKSH = −3.86. Acidity constants of the carboxylic acid group of the enol, pQa,E = 4.16, and the hydroxyl group of the enol, pQaE = 12.41, were also determined. (These acidity constants are concentration quotients applicable at an ionic strength of 0.10 M.) Rates of enolization of the keto form of the substrate were also measured by bromine scavenging, and these, in combination with ketonization rates, gave the keto−enol equilibrium constants pKE = 2.51 for the system in the un-ionized carboxylic acid form and pK‘E = 3.00 for the ionized carboxylate form. The acidity constant of the carboxylic acid group of the keto form was determined as well: pQa,K = 3.67.

The Mandelic Acid Keto−Enol System in Aqueous Solution. Generation of the Enol by Hydration of Phenylhydroxyketene and Phenylcarboxycarbene

Flash photolysis of phenyldiazoacetic acid and the methyl, n-butyl, and isobutyl esters of benzoylformic acid in aqueous solution generated a transient species that was identified, through product determination and the form of acid−base catalysis plus solvent isotope effects on its decay, as the enol of mandelic acid, 1. When benzoylformate esters were the flash photolysis substrates, the enol was formed by hydration of phenylhydroxyketene, 5, itself generated by Norrish type II photoelimination of the esters, and when phenyldiazoacetic acid was the substrate, the enol was formed by hydration of phenylcarboxycarbene, 6, produced by dediazotization of the diazo acid. Rates of enolization of mandelic acid were also determined, by monitoring the incorporation of deuterium into its α-position from a D2O solvent, and combination of these with rates of ketonization gave the keto−enol equilibrium constant, pKE = 16.19. The acidity constant of the enol ionizing as an oxygen acid was determined as well, p = 6.39, ...

Flash Photolysis of 10-Diazo-9(10H)-phenanthrenone in Aqueous Solution. Hydration of Fluorenylideneketene and the Fluorene-9-carboxylic Acid Keto−Enol System

Flash photolysis of 10-diazo-9(10H)-phenanthrenone in aqueous solution was found to give two successively formed transient species and to produce fluorene-9-carboxylic acid as the major reaction product. These transients were identified, through solvent isotope effects and the form of acid−base catalysis, as fluorenylideneketene, formed by photo-Wolff reaction of the diazophenanthrenone, and fluorene-9-carboxylic acid enol, formed by hydration of this ketene. Analysis of the rate profile of the enol ketonization reaction produced the first and second ionization constants for the enol ionizing as an oxygen acid, = 2.01 and = 9.61, respectively. The rate of enolization of fluorene-9-carboxylic acid was also determined, by bromine scavenging, and that, coupled with a literature value of the acidity constant of this acid, allowed evaluation of the two keto−enol equilibrium constants (pKE = 9.67 for interconverting un-ionized carboxylic acid and enol and pK‘E = 8.24 for interconverting singly ionized acid and ...

Kinetics of Bromination of Some Aromatic Oxocarboxylic Acids

Rates of enolization, monitored by bromine scavenging, are determined for some aromatic carboxylic acids, ArCO[CH 2 ] n CO 2 H.

Solvent and substrate isotope effects on the enolization and carbon-acid ionization of isobutyrophenone

Bromine scavenging was used to measure rates of acid-catalyzed enolization of isobutyrophenone in H2O and in D2O solution and of isobutyrophenone-α-d in D2O solution. The results provide the solvent isotope effect kH +/kD + = 0.56 and the substrate isotope effect kH/kD = 6.2 on the enolization reaction, both of which are consistent with the generally accepted mechanism for this process. The present results in combination with literature information also provide the solvent isotope effect on the enolization equilibrium, KE(H2O)/KE(D2O) = 0.92, and the solvent isotope effect on the ionization of isobutyrophenone as a carbon acid, kaK(H2O)/kaK(D2O) = 5.4, as well as the product of isotopic fractionation factor and medium effect, [Formula: see text], for isobutyrophenone enol and the medium effect, Φ = 0.47, for its enolate ion. The isotope effect on KE is the first ever determined for the keto–enol equilibrium of a simple aldehyde or ketone; its near-unit value is consistent with expectation on the basis of fractionation factors for the species involved. Key words: isobutyrophenone, keto–enol equilibrium, carbon-acid ionization, solvent isotope effects, isotopic fractionation factors.

Isoxazoles. 10. 10. Degradation and Enolization Kinetics of 4-Aminoisoxazolyl-l,2-naphthoquinone in Basic Aqueous Solution

The kinetics of enolization and degradation ofN‐(5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolyl)‐4‐amino‐1,2‐naphthoquinone (1) was investigated in aqueous solutions over a pH range of 7.30 to 12.25, at 35 °C and at constant ionic strength (μ = 0.5) using reversed‐phase HPLC. Pseudo‐first‐order kinetics was observed throughout the pH range studied. The rate of enolization (ke), the keto–enol equilibrium constant (kt), and specific base catalysis rate constant (kOH) were determined. Good agreement between the theoretical pH–rate profile and the experimental data supports the proposed transformation process. The average recovery for1and its tautomerization product 2‐hydroxy‐N‐(5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolyl)‐1,4‐naphthoquinone 4‐imine (2) from mixtures of different composition was evaluated.

Characterization of the indan-1-one keto–enol system

3-Hydroxyindene was generated by Norrish type II photoelimination of 2-Methoxyindan-1-one, and its subsequent rate of ketonization was measured in dilute aqueous perhloric acid, sodium hydroxide, acetic acid buffer and ammonia beffer solutions. These data, when combined with acid-catalysed rates of enolization of indan-1-one determined by both bromine and iodine scavenging, give pKE= 7.48 for the keto–enol equilibrium constant, pKaE= 9.48 for the acidity constant of the enol ionizing as an oxygen acid, and pKaK= 16.96 for the acidity constant of the ketone ionzing as a carbon acid. These results are compared with corresponding values for the acetophenone keto–enol system, using the redetermined acetophenone enol acidity constant, pKaE= 10.40, obtained here from rates of ketonization of the enol in sodium hydroxide and ammonia buffer solutions. All present equilibrium constantss refer to wholly aqueous solution at 25 °C and ionic strength = 0.10 mol dm–3.