Enzymes In Rats Research Articles

Effect of Turmeric and Arabic Gum Supplementation on Liver Enzymes and Liver Antioxidant Enzymes in Rats Suffering from Glycerol Toxicity

Effect of Turmeric and Arabic Gum Supplementation on Liver Enzymes and Liver Antioxidant Enzymes in Rats Suffering from Glycerol Toxicity

The Effect of Red Onion Peel and Fortified Bread with These Peels on Kidney Function, Liver Enzymes, and Antioxidant Enzymes in Diabetic Rats

The Effect of Red Onion Peel and Fortified Bread with These Peels on Kidney Function, Liver Enzymes, and Antioxidant Enzymes in Diabetic Rats

Long-term exposure to arsenic in drinking water leads to myocardial damage by oxidative stress and reduction in NO

Chronic arsenic exposure causes myocardial damage. The aim of this study is to investigate if oxidative stress and reduction in NO is involved in the myocardial damage induced by arsenic in drinking water. Rats were divided into a control group and different doses of sodium arsenite. With increasing sodium arsenite concentrations in drinking water, localised inflammatory foci and necrotic myocardial tissues were gradually observed. Compared to the control group, the activities and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in arsenic-exposed rats decreased. NO content and the NOS activity as well as the expression of NOS mRNA in the myocardial tissue of exposed rats, decreased, and the extracellular NO content of cardiomyocytes treated with sodium arsenite also decreased. The rate of cell apoptosis induced by sodium arsenite decreased after treatment with sodium nitroprusside (an NO donor). In conclusion, arsenic exposure in drinking water can lead to myocardial injury and cardiomyocyte apoptosis through oxidative stress and a reduction in NO content.

Effects of 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one on serum levels of antioxidant enzymes in hyperlipidemic rats

Hyperlipidemia triggers oxidative stress caused by an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant levels due to the excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The increase of ROS can decrease antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). 7-OH-2-(4-OH-3-Methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one is exogenous antioxidants isolated from mahogany seeds (Swietenia macrophylla King). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the 7-OH-2-(4-OH-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one on serum levels of SOD, CAT, and GPx in hyperglycemic rats. Thirty-six male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into the following six groups: (N) normal group, (HL) hyperlipidemia group, (P) hyperlipidemia group with simvastatin, F10, F30, and F90 hyperlipidemia group with 7-OH-2-(4-OH-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one 10, 30 and 90 mg/200g body weight (BW), respectively. Hyperlipidemia was induced by feed enriched with cholesterol and cholic acid. Treatments were administered orally by gavages. After 4 weeks of treatments, blood sample was drawn and serum levels of SOD, CAT, and GPx enzymes were analyzed using a spectrophotometric method. Serum levels of SOD, CAT, and GPx in hyperlipidemic rats treated with 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one at dose 10, 30 and 90 mg/200g BW were higher than HL group. In addition, no significantly different on serum SOD and CAT between group F90 and group P was observed (p>0.05)

Level of lipid profile and liver enzyme of diabetic male rats induced by streptozotocin treated with forxiga

The present study including study Level of lipid profile and liver enzyme of diabetic male rats induced by streptozotocin The study was carried out in the animal house of the Biology Department, College of Science, University of Thi-Qar ,Iraq. Thirty lab male rats were used in this study, and divided into five groups (6 rats for each group). Thirty male rats (190-210 gm) were randomly divided into five groups and placed in cages according to the groups, containing 6 rats per group as following. Group1, considered as the negative control group, given food and water for a period of 30 days. Group 2, served as the diabetic positive control, given streptozotocin were injected I.P. 60 mg/kg b.w. as a single dose with food and water for 15 days. Group 3, received streptozotocin were injected I.P (60 mg/kg) with food and water for 15 days, then treated with forxiga 1mg/kg administrated orally every day for a period of 15 days. Group 4, given were injected I.P streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) with s food and Water for 30 days. Group 5, received streptozotocin were injected I.P (60 mg/kg) with food and water. Then treated with forxiga1mg/kg administrated orally every day for a period of 15 day. At the end of experimental, all rats were euthanized, blood sample were obtained for bio chemical parameters.

The effect of eight weeks of spirulina supplementation and resistance and interval aerobic training on skeletal muscle CXCL1 gene expression and liver enzymes in male rats

زمینه و هدف: کم‌تحرکی و در مقابل آن تمرین جزء عوامل مرتبط با شاخص‌های آسیب کبدی به‌شمار می‌روند. با وجود این هنوز نقش بسیاری از تمرین‌های ورزشی به‌ویژه تمرینات تناوبی و مقاومتی و مصرف برخی مکمل‌های غذایی از جمله اسپیرولینا بر عوامل ایمنی و التهابی کاملاٌ شناخته نشده است؛ بنابراین هدف از این پژوهش تعیین اثر هشت هفته مکمل‌دهی اسپیرولینا و تمرین مقاومتی و تناوبی هوازی بر فعالیت بافت کبد و بیان ژن CXCL1 در بافت عضلة موش‌های صحرایی نر بود.مواد و روش‌ها: در این پژوهش نیمه‌تجربی، 60 سر موش صحرایی نر نژاد ویستار با سن پنج هفته و میانگین وزن 6/24 ± 4/246 گرم به‌طور تصادفی به شش گروه تمرین تناوبی + مکمل اسپیرولینا، تمرین مقاومتی+ مکمل اسپیرولینا، کنترل+ مکمل اسپیرولینا، تمرین تناوبی+ سالین، تمرین مقاومتی+ سالین، کنترل+ سالین تقسیم‌ شدند. بر این اساس، مقدار مکمل اسپیرولینا در گروه‌های مصرفی مکمل اسپیرولینا 500 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم وزن بدن بود. گروه تمرین تناوبی به مدت هشت هفته و هر هفته پنج جلسه تمرین کردند. همچنین گروه تمرین مقاومتی با بار فزاینده سه جلسه در هفته فعالیت را اجرا کردند. 48 ساعت پس از آخرین جلسة تمرین، حیوانات در گروه‌های مورد آزمایش با ترکیب کتامین زایلازین بی‌هوش شدند و نمونة خون از ورید تحتانی گرفته شد و به‌سرعت بافت عضلة چهارسررانی نمونه‌برداری شد. میزان بیان ژن CXCL1در عضلة چهارسررانی و آنزیم‌های کبدی به‌عنوان شاخص عملکرد کبد در سرم اندازه‌گیری شد. تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌های آماری با استفاده از تحلیل واریانس یکسویه انجام گرفت (05/0P£).نتایج: یافته‌ها نشان داد که پس از هشت هفته تمرین تناوبی و مقاومتی با بار فزاینده، در عضلة چهارسر رانی میزان بیان ژن CXCL1 گروه کنترل بیشتر بود، ولی تفاوت معناداری مشاهده نشد. همچنین، میزان آنزیم‌های کبدی به‌طور معناداری نسبت به گروه کنترل بیشتر بود. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که مصرف اسپیرولینا به‌همراه تمرینات هوازی تناوبی و مقاومتی می‌تواند شاخص‌های عملکرد کبدی را در مقایسه با گروه کنترل به‌طور معناداری تغییر دهد. با این همه بیان ژن CXCL1 در گروه‌های مصرف‌کنندة اسپیرولینا و تمرینات هوازی و مقاومتی در بخشی با گروه کنترل تغییر معناداری نشان نداد.نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که مصرف اسپیرولینا و انجام تمرینات هوازی تناوبی و مقاومتی می‌تواند شاخص‌های عملکردی کبد و بیان ژن CXCL1 در بافت عضلة چهارسررانی را تا حدی تعدیل کند. این نتایج نشان می‌دهد که مصرف اسپیرولینا می‌تواند در بروز پاسخ‌های سازگاری مرتبط با آسیب‌های متابولیکی درگیر باشد.

Exercise Down-Regulates Hepatic Lipogenic Enzymes in Food-Deprived and Refed Rats

The effects of an acute bout of prolonged exercise on the activities of several hepatic lipogenic enzymes and the abundance of fatty acid synthase (FAS) mRNA were evaluated using a food deprivation-refeeding protocol in which diets contained 50% of the energy from either fructose or cornstarch. Food was withheld from male rats for 48 h and refed for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24 or 48 h. At each time point, half of each dietary group was subjected to a single bout of treadmill running until exhaustion and killed immediately. The other half of each group rested without food for the same amount of time before being killed. Exercise significantly decreased FAS activity by 57, 46, 10, 26 and 70% at 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h of refeeding, respectively, in the fructose-fed rats; and by 70 and 63% at 24 and 48 h of refeeding, respectively, in the cornstarch-fed rats. Activities of L-type pyruvate kinase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase were significantly decreased after exercise in the fructose-fed, but not cornstarch-fed rats. In rested rats, FAS mRNA abundance increased ∼fourfold above the unfed levels after 8 and 12 h of refeeding. Exercise attenuated the diet-induced increases in FAS mRNA abundance. At 8 h of refeeding, both cornstarch- and fructose-fed exercised rats had 71% (P < 0.05) of the FAS mRNA levels of their rested counterparts; at 12 h, these exercised rats showed only 46 and 27% (P < 0.05) of FAS mRNA levels compared with rested rats fed the same diet. We conclude that dietary induction of FAS activity and mRNA abundance can be inhibited by prolonged exercise, suggesting that exercise may influence FAS transcription and/or mRNA stability.

Effects of Spirulina maxima on a Model of Sexual Dysfunction in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Rats

Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima (SM) is a cyanobacterium that has a long history of being used as human food. In recent years, several investigations have shown its beneficial biological effects, among which its antioxidant capacity has been highlighted. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of SM on body weight, glycemia, sexual behavior, sperm quality, testosterone levels, sex organ weights, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in diabetic male rats (a disease characterized by an increase in reactive oxygen species). The experiment consisted of six groups of sexually expert adult males (n = 6): (1) control (vehicle); (2) streptozotocin (STZ)-65 mg/kg; (3) SM-400 mg/kg; (4) STZ + SM-100 mg/kg; (5) STZ + SM-200 mg/kg; and (6) STZ + SM-400 mg/kg. Sexual behavior tests were performed during the first 3 h of the dark period under dim red illumination. Our results showed that SM significantly improved sexual behavior and sperm quality vs. diabetic animals. Likewise, while the enzymatic activities of SOD and GPx increased, TBARS lipoperoxidation decreased and testosterone levels increased. In view of the findings, it is suggested that SM may potentially be used as a nutraceutical for the treatment of diabetic male sexual dysfunction due to its antioxidant property.

Methoxol's Impact on the Hepatic Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System Induced by Phenobarbital and Pyrene in Rats

Insecticides like methomyl (Lannate) are commonly used to keep pests at bay in vineyards. The mixed-function oxidase system undergoes dramatic change after being exposed to methomyl. This research set out to determine if methomyl inhibits phenobarbital-induced CYP 2B1, 2B2, and 3A, as well as benzo[a]pyrene-induced CYP 2D6 (CYP 1A1). There were a total of eight groups, each including six adult male rats. Calcium precipitation was used to separate the microsomes. Extinction coefficients were used to quantify the amounts of the electron transport components cytochrome P450, cytochrome B5, and cytochrome c-reductase. Drug metabolizing enzymes were tested for their efficacy. Mixed function oxidase was significantly elevated in rats when exposed to inducers like phenobarbital and benzo[a]pyrene. Inducer-(Phenobarbital, benzop [a] pyrene) pretreated rats given 4mg/kg methomyl had significantly lower levels of electron transport components and drug-metabolizing enzyme activity compared to inducer treatment alone. The enzymes involved in mixed-function oxidation were likewise affected by methomyl's influence on the induction of phenobarbital. The levels of electron transport components and drug metabolizing enzymes in methomyl-pretreated rats treated with benzo[a]pyrene were much lower than in rats treated with benzo[a]pyrene alone. These findings show that phenobarbital and benzo[a]pyrene increased cytochrome P450 isoform susceptibility to methomyl (CYP 2B1, 2B2, 3A; and CYP 1A1) and the induction pattern of some inducers with respect to CYP 450 isoforms are both modified by methomyl

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil alleviates testis failure induced by Etoposide in male rats

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a shrub used to treat hepatic, intestinal, renal, respiratory, and reproductive failures. Etoposide a plant-based compound derived from Podophyllum pelltatum, has been used for human malignancies treatment. However, it induces testis, and hepatic failures. In the present study, impact of rosemary essential oil against testis failure, lipid parameters, and hepatic enzymes in male rats has been studied. Forty male Wistar albino rats were grouped in a completely randomized design with Etoposide injection (ETO), rosemary supplementation (ROS), with Etoposide injection and rosemary supplement (ETO+ROS), and control rats with no Etoposide injection and no rosemary (CON). The experiment lasted for seven consecutive weeks including one week as acclimatization time. At the end of the experiment, rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and blood samples were analyzed for serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), total Protein (TP), glucose (GLU) and testosterone. The left testis was harvested for histological examination. Results showed that rats with Etoposide injection had higher ALT, AST, and ALP the control rats. No significant difference was found among treatments in terms of glucose concentration in blood. Rosemary supplemntaion decreased cholesterol and TG concentration and increased HDL concentration in male rats. Furthermore, administration of rosemary essential oil increased blood testosterone but decreased ALT and AST. The epithelial height of seminiferous tubules was decreased significantly in ET as compared with CON. Rosemary essential oil lessened the adverse effect of Etopside on epithelial height in rat testis as it is shown in ET+ROS. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of rosemary essential oil alleviated liver toxicity and functional testis damage induced by Etopside.

Treatment with Interleukin-25 Suppresses Short-Term High-Fructose Diet-Induced Hepatic Gene Expression and Activities of Fatty Acid Synthesis Enzymes in Rats.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of interleukin-25, which belongs to the interleukin-17 family, on short-term high-fructose diet-induced hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation. Rats were fed a high-starch (control) or high-fructose diet for 7 d, with or without intraperitoneal administration of recombinant interleukin-25 from days 3-7. Treatment with interleukin-25 significantly reduced the mRNA levels and activity of fatty acid synthesis enzymes and caused a nominal reduction in hepatic triacylglycerol levels in rats fed a high-fructose diet but not in those fed a control diet. Interleukin-25 treatment did not affect the mRNA levels of β-oxidation enzymes in either the control or fructose-fed rats. These results suggest that treatment with interleukin-25 suppresses short-term high-fructose diet-induced fatty acid synthesis and leads to the alleviation of triacylglycerol accumulation in the liver.

The effect of phytoprotectors on the functioning of liver NAD⁺- and NADP⁺-maliс enzymes in rats with alloxan diabetes.

The development of experimental alloxan diabetes in rats was accompanied by the increase the activity of liver NAD⁺- and NADP⁺-dependent malic enzymes (ME; NAD⁺-ME, EC 1.1.1.39 and NADP⁺-ME, 1.1.1.40) associated with an increase in the rate of transcription of genes encoding these enzymes. Oral administration of aqueous extracts of Jerusalem artichoke and olive to diabetic rats caused a noticeable decrease in blood glucose, a decrease in the rate of transcription of the studied genes; and a decrease in ME activity towards normal values. Thus, extracts of Jerusalem artichoke and olive can be used as additives to the standard therapy of diabetes mellitus.

A systematic review of the inhibitory effect of extracts from edible parts of nuts on α-glucosidase activity.

An elevated postprandial glycaemic response is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Inhibition of digestive enzymes, including membrane-bound brush-border α-glucosidases, leads to slowed carbohydrate digestion and absorption, and reduced postprandial glycaemia. Nuts are eaten widely around the world, and have the potential to inhibit α-glucosidases through their content of polyphenols and other bioactive compounds. We set out to conduct a systematic literature review exploring the inhibitory effect of extracts from edible parts of various nuts on α-glucosidase activity in vitro to ensure, as far as possible, that no papers were missed. After an initial screening, 38 studies were reviewed in full, of which 15 were suitable for the present systematic review. Notably, no studies were found which tested the inhibitory potential of nut extracts against human α-glucosidases. Two studies showed that extracts from almonds and hazelnuts inhibited rat α-glucosidase activity, but the remaining papers reported data on the yeast α-glucosidase enzyme. Where yeast and rat enzymes can be compared, it is clear that nut extracts inhibit yeast α-glucosidase more strongly than mammalian α-glucosidase, which may lead to over-estimation when predicting effects in vivo when using data from the yeast enzyme. In contrast, acarbose is a stronger inhibitor of mammalian α-glucosidase compared to the yeast enzyme. Thus, although the present review indicates that extracts from nuts inhibit yeast α-glucosidase, this cannot be extrapolated to humans in vivo. There is some evidence that extracts from almonds and hazelnuts inhibit rat α-glucosidase, but no information on human enzyme sources. Since most work has been published on the yeast enzyme, future work in vitro must utilise mammalian, and preferably human, α-glucosidases in order to be relevant to human health and disease. This systematic review was registered at INPLASY as INPLASY202280061.

Administration of Solo Garlic Extract (Allium sativum Var. Solo Garlic) Reduced Low Density Lipoprotein and Increased Superoxide Dismutase than Control in Male Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Fed with High Fat Diet

Introduction: Obesity increases the release of ROS and cause oxidative stress. Solo Garlic Extract (Allium sativum Var. Solo Garlic) has secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, ajoene, organosulfur, allicin, phenol tannins and other compounds which are known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity and can improve blood lipid profiles. This study aims to prove the effect of solo garlic extract on LDL and SOD level in male Wistar rats fed with high-fat diet. Methods: This was true experimental research using post-test only control group design. The subjects were 30 male Wistar rats aged 2-3 months, weighing 150-200 grams that were randomly divided into 3 groups. The normal group (N) was given standard diet, the control group (C) was given high-fat diet and 1 cc of placebo, and the treatment group (T) was given high-fat diet and 0.2 gram in 1 cc of solo garlic extract, given once each day for 28 days. The blood was taken to examine LDL and SOD level after 28 days. Data was analyzed using One Way Anova. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in LDL: The N group (20.45 ug/mL), the C group (37.32 ug/mL) and The T group (24.44 ug/mL). The LDL in the T group was lower than that of the C group (p&lt;0.001) and the LDL in the T group was higher than the N group (p&lt;0.001). There was a significant difference in SOD between the N group (0.88 ng/mL), the C group (0, 89 ng/mL) and the T group (1.99 ng/mL). The SOD of the T group was higher than that of the C group (p&lt;0.001) and the N group (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Administration of 0.20 gram in 1cc/day of solo garlic extract reduced LDL level and increased SOD enzyme in male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) fed with high-fat diet.

PS-B05-12: ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AND CARDIO-PROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF O. SANCTUM LEAVES EXTRACT IN L-NAME INDUCED HYPERTENSIVE RATS

Objective: There are approximately 26% of adults in the world who suffer from hypertension, which is the most common cardiovascular disease. Essential hypertension is mainly caused by endothelial dysfunction which results from nitric oxide (NO) deficiency. The present study sought to determine the impact of O. sanctum leaf extract (OS) in protecting against L-NAME induced hypertension and oxidative stress in wistar rats. Design and method: A non-specific nitric oxide inhibitor, L-NAME, (40 mg/kg/day), was administered to male Wistar rats to induce hypertension. CoQ10 was used as a standard anti-hypertensive compound. All of the other groups received L-NAME combined with OS extract (200 mg/kg/day) orally for three weeks. Following the treatment, hemodynamic parameters were measured using direct cannulation. The lipid profile, kidney and cardiac functions, as well as markers of oxidative stress were evaluated. The results were expressed as mean ± SD. Results: L-NAME was found to cause high blood pressure, NO depletion, oxidative imbalance and damage in cardiac and kidney function in animals. The Cardiac markers enzyme level were significantly increased in L-NAME only group whereas, the CO-treatment group had lower lower of Cardiac markers as compared to control as well as L-NAME group. In hypertensive rats, OS treatment significantly lowers the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and mineralocorticoid receptor expression in hypertensive rats. Concurrent treatment with L-NAME and OS extract prevented the all injuries without affecting the heart rate or raising blood pressure. Conclusions: The results confirm O. Sanctum leaves extract antihypertensive action and indicate its protective properties in the L-NAME induced hypertension model of rats, likely due to the presence of rich antioxidant potential and by inhibiting the inflammation.

STUDY OF FLAVONOIDS IN CAMEL THORN AND THEIR ACTIVITY IN ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME REDUCTION

The article is dedicated to the study of polyphenolic compounds in extracts of camel thorn (Alhagi pseudoalhagi). Using UV spectroscopy and HPLC-MS/MS, the composition and content of flavonoids in camel thorn extracts were determined. Characteristic absorption bands for flavonoids were identified through optical spectroscopy. Data on the substance composition in the extract were obtained using the HPLC-MS/MS method. Semi-quantitative analysis of flavonoids was performed using the internal standard addition method with rutin. More than twenty flavonoids were detected in the 70% ethanolic extract. Rhamnetin 3-neohesperidoside and Isorhamnetin 3-neohesperidoside were the major components. The results could be applied in the production of antioxidant pharmaceuticals in the pharmaceutical industry. Comparison of the effects of camel thorn extract with the flavonoid taxifolin showed that the extract is equally effective in preventing early stages of atherosclerosis in the aorta caused by increased angiotensin-converting enzyme activity. At an extract concentration of 0.2%, the activity of the angiotensin converting enzyme in elderly rats and an imals treated with a NO-synthase inhibitor decreases to the values of young control rats.

Influence of anti-hyperlipidemic activity by co-administration of polyamines and rutin with simvastatin

Introduction: Natural polyphenols, rutin, endogenous polycations, and polyamines (spermine and spermidine) are reported to have beneficial effects on hyperlipidemia, obesity, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The present study attempts to evaluate the combined effects of polyamines or rutin and simvastatin on hyperlipidemic rats. Methods: Wistar rats were maintained on a high-fat diet (HFD) for 60 days. The HFD rats were administered from the 31st day onward with polyamines (PAs), rutin, and simvastatin for the next 30 days. The body weight, serum lipid profile, biomarkers, liver cholesterol, triglycerides, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase activity, antioxidants, and marker enzymes in HFD rats were estimated along with the liver histoarchitecture of the rats. Results: The experimental findings demonstrated abnormal alterations in body weight, serum lipid profile, hepatic lipid, and HMG-CoA reductase activity, hepatic antioxidants, serum marker enzymes, blood glucose, total protein, and histoarchitecture of the liver in HFD rats. The aforementioned treatment elicited a significant reduction in the biochemical parameters, biomarkers, and the evaluated enzymes in the present study. Furthermore, an improvement in the histoarchitecture of the liver was observed. Conclusion: The experimental results point out the positive role of antioxidant polyamines along with rutin on different parameters in HFD rats. Thus the combinatorial effect of polyamines and rutin with simvastatin (5 mg/kg) was found to be greater than simvastatin (10 mg/kg) alone. The enhancement in the anti-hyperlipidemic effect of simvastatin may be due to the intrinsic antioxidant property of polyamines and rutin.

Therapeutic role of kaempferol and myricetin in streptozotocin-induced diabetes synergistically via modulation in pancreatic amylase, glycogen storage and insulin secretion.

Kaempferol and Myricetin alone have promising benefits on diabetes and related complications, yet the effectiveness of cotreating the two compounds on diabetes have not been studied. The existing investigation was to study the combined anti-diabetic effect of kaempferol and myricetin in Streptozotocin (STZ)-activated diabetes in rats. To evaluate the anti-diabetic activity, 36 Wistar rats were segregated into six groups; Normal, 50mg/kg STZ-induced diabetes, and four (50mg/kg kaempferol, 50mg/kg myricetin, 25mg/kg kaempferol + myricetin, and 5mg/kg glibenclamide) compound-treated diabetic groups.The effects of co-treatment on parameters, glucose, insulin, lipid profile, liver enzymes, antioxidant biomarkers, and inflammatory cytokines were measured. The study revealed that combined treatment restored the assessed parameters including glucose levels, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative markers, and lipid and liver enzymes in diabetic rats. The results indicate that cotreatment of kaempferol and myricetin has a beneficial role against diabetes suggesting that cotreatment of these compounds can be used therapeutically in treating diabetes.

The Effect of Resistance Training with Tribulus terrestris on Liver Enzymes in Rats Exposed to Stanozolol

Introduction: Today, anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and growth hormone are widely used in men and women to increase strength and muscle mass in athletes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of resistance training (R) and Tribulus terrestris (TT) on aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in rats exposed to stanozolol (S). Methods: In this experimental study, 49 male Sprague Dawley rats with an age range of 8-10 weeks and an approximate weight of 180-200 g were randomly divided into 7 groups of seven animals, including: (1) sham, (2) stanozolol (5 mg/kg/day) (S), (3) 50 mg/kg T. terrestris extract (TT50), (4) 100 mg/kg T. terrestris extract (TT100), (5) resistance training (RT), (6) RT+TT50, and (7) RT+TT100. Resistance training was performed for eight weeks, three sessions per week. Data analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test in SPSS version 22.0 (P≥0.05). Results: AST, ALT, and ALP levels in the RT, TT50, TT100, RT+TT50, and RT+TT100 groups were significantly lower compared to the S group (P≥0.05). AST and ALP levels in the TT100 group were lower compared to the TT50 group (P≥0.05). Moreover, ALT and ALP levels in the RT+TT100 group were lower compared to the RT+TT50 group (P≥0.05). Conclusion: It seems that resistance training together with TT consumption synergistically improves liver enzymes in rats exposed to stanozolol. In addition, the effect of resistance training+100 mg/kg T. terrestris extract (RT+TT100) is much more favorable than RT+TT50, TT50, and TT100.

Effect of High-intensity Intermittent Swimming Training on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-αand Liver Enzymes in Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis Male Rats

Introduction: Accumulation of fat in the liver tissue is known as the most important cause of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which is associated with a decrease in the protein of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-α). This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIST) on PPAR-α and liver enzymes in high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis rats.&#x0D; Methods: The current research was semi-experimental. 40 Spraguedauli male rats (age: 6 to 8 weeks and weight: 230 ± 20 grams) were selected and divided into two equal groups, healthy and high-fat diet (HFD). The HFD group was subjected to gavage for eight weeks with the aim of inducing the disease. Rats were divided into four groups: control-healthy (n=9), healthy-swimming (n=9), control- disease (n=9) and disease -swimming (n=9). The training groups performed HIST for eight weeks (three sessions per week, each session lasting 30 minutes). In the end, liver PPAR-α was measured by western blot analysis; and ALT, AST and GGT enzymes in serum level were measured by photometric method. One-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to analyze the data. Significant level (P≥0.05) and all statistical methods were performed using SPSS16 software.&#x0D; Results: HIST controlled the weight gain caused by HFD and there was a significant decrease in serum ALT and AST in the healthy-swimming and sick-swimming groups compared to the control-patient group and a significant decrease in serum GGT in the healthy-swimming group compared to the control-patient (P≤0.001) and patient-swimming (P≤0.044) were observed. A significant increase in hepatic PPAR-α was observed in healthy-swimming patients compared to the control-patients (P≤0.002).&#x0D; Conclusion: HIST can control body weight and reduce liver enzymes. However, more research is needed to obtain definitive results.