Range Of Flow Rates Research Articles

Convective heat transfer analysis of circular tube-annular tube systems with nanofluids: a comparative study

This study investigates the convective heat transfer performance of various fluid combinations within a circular tube-annular tube system, with a particular emphasis on the influence of nanofluids. The analysis evaluates four distinct fluid combinations: base fluid-base fluid (BW), base fluid-nanofluid (HN), nanofluid-base fluid (CN), and nanofluid-nanofluid (BN). Convective heat transfer coefficients were systematically measured across a range of mass flow rates, and the effects of varying nanoparticle concentrations (ϕ) on heat transfer efficiency were meticulously analyzed. The results indicate a general trend of increasing convective heat transfer coefficients with rising mass flow rates for most fluid combinations, particularly for BW, CN, and BN. Notably, however, a significant decrease in heat transfer efficiency is observed at higher mass flow rates in the HN combination, suggesting a potential saturation effect that may limit the effectiveness of this fluid pairing. This comparative analysis not only highlights the intricate interactions between different fluid types but also provides valuable insights into the potential of nanofluids to enhance thermal efficiency in heat exchanger applications, paving the way for future research and practical implementations in thermal management systems.

On Leakage Flows In A Liquid Hydrogen Multi-Stage Pump for Aircraft Engine Applications

Abstract A comprehensive operational characterisation of a representative, Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) aircraft engine pump is presented in this work. The implications of leakage flows are investigated in a 2-stage, high-pressure pump for a wide range of flow rates and rotational speeds, through 3D (U)RANS simulations. Two configurations are compared: a baseline model comprising the primary flow path components - inducers, impellers and volutes and a realisable pump hardware that includes hub, shroud and power unit cavities. Performance metrics, including head changes and efficiencies, are extracted both at a component and system level. Leakage flow rates of 27.6% and up to 92.9% of the overall pump flow rate are recorded at design and lowest flow points respectively. The head loss in the mid to low flow rates does not exceed 4.5%, but the efficiency diminishes by up to 13.5% at off-design operation. The component analysis indicates significant penalties in impeller efficiency. At high flow rates, the presence of leakage flows improves the overall pump performance by 43% and 27% in head rise and efficiency, due to reduced losses in volutes and connecting ducts. The characterisation of pump behaviour described in this work is crucial for developing and designing safe and predictable LH2 aircraft pumps. Contrary to LH2 pumps utilized in rocketry and for cooling in nuclear industry, aircraft pumps are required to operate with wider turn-down ratios and often at low specific speeds. Therefore, this study addresses design considerations for this enabling technology.

Research on fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in a three-dimensional condenser

The condenser plays a crucial role in nuclear power plants, impacting equipment economics and safety through shell-side two-phase flow and heat transfer. However, existing research has oversimplified the tube bundles, lacking comprehensive information for optimal performance. In this research, a three-dimensional method incorporating mixture and multiphase flow condensation models was used to investigate flow behavior and heat transfer characteristics without simplifying the internal structure. Calculation details were enhanced by omitting the porous medium approach. The numerical model achieved reasonable accuracy when compared to theoretical calculations for a range of steam mass flow rates. Analysis of numerical results, including pressure, velocity, temperature, air mass fraction, and heat transfer coefficient, revealed that steam flow rate and air mass fraction were key factors influencing heat transfer. This research demonstrates the method’s capability to capture intricate calculation details, providing valuable insights for optimization design considerations in condenser performance.

A bidirectional pedestrian macroscopic speed model construction based on pedestrian microscopic simulation experiments.

Studies of macroscopic speed modeling of bidirectional pedestrian cross-flows have relied heavily on scenario experiments, but the data itself may be deficient because large-scale scenario experiments are not easy to organize and subjects may not be walking under normal conditions. In order to explore the possibility of using microscopic pedestrian flow simulations for macroscopic speed modeling of pedestrian flows, a series of two-way pedestrian cross-flow simulation experiments were designed. Bidirectional pedestrian flows are defined as Peds1 and Peds2. The crossing angle and pedestrian flow rate are used as variables, and a bidirectional pedestrian flows simulation is designed as an orthogonal experiment. The crossing angles range from 15 to 165 degrees, and bidirectional pedestrian flow rate range from 1 ped/s to 8 ped/s. A series of simulations are built and performed on the GIS agent-based modeling architecture (GAMA) platform. By analyzing the flow data of bidirectional flows in the crossing area, it is found that when the Peds1 density falls below a threshold, Peds1 speed is determined by pedestrians themselves and mainly remains in a free flow state; otherwise, the Peds1 speed decreases with density. The clear effects such as Peds2 density on the Peds1 speed cannot be determined. A piecewise function combined with a linear function and an exponential function is constructed as the Peds1 speed model considering the influence of the crossing angle. The calibration results show that the piecewise function should be better than the non-piecewise function. Compared to the results of established studies, the results in this paper have some differences. Therefore, the simulation method cannot completely replace the scene experiments. However, this approach can provide suggestions for subsequent refinement of the experimental program, as well as a feasible direction for the construction of a speed relationship for bidirectional pedestrian flows.

Design and Performance study of Francis turbine for high head applications.

Abstract Francis Turbines are widely employed globally for their adaptability and operational versatility across a broad range of water flow rates and pressure heads. This study explores the design and optimization of a Francis turbine configured for exceptionally high heads, specifically targeting a design head of 700 m. Traditionally, Pelton turbines are favoured for such high heads, but this study investigates the viability of Francis turbines in this range. Through comprehensive testing, including the development of hill chart diagrams to evaluate performance under various conditions, the study demonstrates promising efficiency levels. Utilizing a simplified approach, the design process involves empirical relations and the Khoj program, resulting in turbine designs representing three different speed numbers: 0.32, 0.42, and 0.52. Efficiency and sediment erosion rates were computed for each and compared between the three designs. The comparison indicates that while the turbine with a speed number of 0.32 exhibits lower efficiency, it offers superior erosion resistivity. Conversely, turbines with speed numbers 0.42 or 0.52 show better efficiency, especially in handling fluctuations in operating conditions. The findings suggest a balance between efficiency and erosion resistivity, recommending the turbine designed for a speed number of 0.32 for superior erosion resistance, and the turbine with a speed number of 0.42 for greater efficiency and operational range. This study broadens the horizon for Francis turbines in high-head applications, offering insights into their potential and viability in extreme conditions.

A modular, low-field magnetic resonance design with pre-polarization for characterizing flows

We have recently demonstrated a magnetic resonance method using variable τ spin echoes to simultaneously determine both the average velocity and flow behavior index in a variety of pipe flows. In this work, we present a new, modular, low-field design built specifically for use with our methodology. The design is based on low-cost ceramic magnets. It consists of a sensor built using a pitched magnet arrangement in combination with several modular pre-polarizing units to facilitate a controlled pre-polarization length for measurements on flows that require a significant amount of time in a magnetic field to become polarized (e.g., aqueous solutions). Here, measurements made with this design are shown for a range of flow rates that span the laminar regime and into the turbulent regime.

Numerical analysis on the performance of sodium chloride solution evaporative crystallization system driven by high-temperature heat pump

In the context of sustainable development, heat pump technology is increasingly recognized as a key method for enhancing the efficiency of evaporative crystallization processes. In this study, we propose a high-temperature heat pump evaporative crystallization system to facilitate the recycling of waste heat from secondary steam in low-vacuum and low-temperature evaporative crystallization, thereby achieving the cyclic utilization of condensation heat from secondary steam. The primary objective of this research is to develop a comprehensive mathematical model for the HPC system that investigate its operating performance under varying conditions, with the aim of promoting its practical application. The results demonstrate that by adjusting operating pressures, the temperature of the secondary steam can be controlled, allowing for regulation of the main particle size of the product. Specially, when maintaining the flow rate of the raw material liquid at 90 % of design condition, it is possible to achieve a maximum main particle size of 2.8 mm. Additionally, fluctuations in the flow rate of the raw material liquid significantly impact the cycle rate, with the optimum operating flow rate range identified as 75 % to 110 % of the rated value. The coefficient of performance of the system can achieve 5.85 under design conditions with a concentration of 4 % and flow rate of 310 kg/h. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the practical operation and commissioning of the HPC units.

Effect of pin fins on heat transfer during condensation in minichannel heat exchanger

In this study, condensation heat transfer of water vapor in a minichannel heat exchanger on smooth and pin fins surfaces was investigated experimentally. The experimental study was carried out to evaluate heat transfer coefficient, overall heat transfer coefficient, and Nusselt number over different ranges of vapor mass flux from 0.0064 to 0.0368 kg m−2 s−1 and cold-water flow rate range between 0.0013 kg s−1 to 0.0057 kg s−1. The minichannel has a rectangular shape with a hydraulic diameter of 1.3 mm. The experimental testing is carried out on aluminum surface with a channel that has a length of 270, width of 30 mm, and height of 1.3 mm. The pin fins surface is on the bottom of the condensing channel and the fins are circular and have diameter, height, and spacing of 1 mm, and are in-inline arrangement. It is found that condensation heat transfer coefficient on pin fins surface is about 15% higher than that on smooth surface. It is found that the condensation heat transfer coefficient increases significantly with increasing the vapor mass flux. In addition, the effect of increasing the cold fluid flow rate is lower than that of the hot vapor flow rate, but it becomes more significant for higher vapor flux.

Characterization of pediatric extrathoracic aerosol deposition with air-jet dry powder inhalers

The use of air-jet dry powder inhalers (DPIs) offers a number of advantages for the administration of pharmaceutical aerosols, including the ability to achieve highly efficient and potentially targeted aerosol delivery to the lungs of children using the oral or trans-nasal routes of administration. To better plan targeted lung delivery of pharmaceutical aerosols with these inhalers, more information is needed on the extrathoracic (ET) depositional loss in pediatric subjects when using relatively small (e.g., 0.5–2 μm) particles and including oral or nasal device interfaces. The objective of this study was to implement validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models to characterize ET depositional loss during mouth-throat (MT) and nose-throat (NT) aerosol administration to pediatric subjects (2–10 years old) using an air-jet DPI platform across a range of initial small-particle aerosol sizes (0.41–13.65 μm) and inhalation flow rates (8–20 L/min).A new CFD model focused on small-particle aerosol depositional loss in existing pediatric airway models was developed and validated with existing in vitro data. The validated CFD model was then used to characterize depositional loss in the MT and NT regions of children using particle sizes, flow rates and interfaces consistent with air-jet DPIs.Successful validation of the CFD model for small-particle aerosol deposition was achieved through enhanced resolution of the near-wall transport conditions. Existing non-dimensional parameters were used to produce high quality single-curve deposition efficiency correlations with r2 values in the range of 0.95–0.97. A new method for predicting realistic polydisperse aerosol deposition using the developed correlations and an equivalent monodisperse particle diameter was also introduced. In conclusion, the newly developed correlations will be useful in planning the lung delivery of next-generation inhaled medications, where achieving both low ET loss and targeted airway deposition, perhaps with excipient enhanced growth technology, are critical factors.

Structural, morphological, and chemical composition of ternary ZrHfN thin films deposited by reactive co-magnetron sputtering

This study focuses on a deposited ternary zirconium hafnium nitride (ZrHfN) thin film prepared using the reactive co-magnetron sputtering technique. The effect of the nitrogen (N2) flow rate on the films' structural, morphological, and chemical composition was investigated. The gracing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) showed that all ZrHfN thin films exhibited a crystalline face-centered cubic structure with a strong (111) orientation. With increasing the N2 flow rate, the film's crystallography changed based on thermodynamic theory. The films demonstrated uniformity and homogeneity in their ternary nitride composition, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDS) mapping and electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA). Chemical state analysis using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated the presence of both nitride and oxynitride species in all samples. Notably, the atomic concentration of the main elements (Zr, Hf, and N) remained relatively stable over the controlled N2 flow rate range. However, the N2 flow rate played a crucial role in forming hafnium nitride and oxynitride chemical states, whereas it did not significantly influence the Zr phases, dominated by Zr oxides. Additionally, the hardness of the ternary ZrHfN thin films exhibited enhancement comparable to typical ternary nitrides.

Large Eddy Simulations of a Francis Turbine Operating at Ultra-Low Load to Overload Conditions

Due to the increasing global power demand, hydropower plants face the challenge of operating at flow rates far from their best efficiency point to comply with the electrical grid. Consequently, turbine units experience unstable high swirling flows under different load conditions, reducing the life of system components. Understanding the mechanisms behind the onset and sustenance of these instabilities in the swirling flow leaving the turbine runner is crucial for improving turbine performance. To achieve this, large-eddy simulations (LES) were conducted to characterize the unsteady flow inside an industrial-sized Francis turbine. The turbine was studied under a wide range of flow rates, 100, 80, 60, 40, and 120% of the design flow rate. A high swirl velocity was introduced as the flow rate deviated from 100% load, causing significant changes in the flow structure. An organized structure of vortex filaments in a helical pattern is seen inside the draft tube at 80 and 60% load, and the 40% load case showed an unorganized collection of small-scale vortices. A straight vortex cavity is seen in the draft tube center at 120% excess load. At the best design point, the magnitude of the swirl velocity was 0.1 times the tip speed. However, as the flow rate dropped to 40% of the design flow rate, the magnitude increased to 0.4 times the tip speed near the wall. In addition, the 40% load case had the highest magnitude of pressure fluctuations, over 25 times the peak design case near the runner. This showed a very unsteady flow field could damage the system or cause unstable operation at ultra-low partial loads. Generated power dropped dramatically as the flow rate decreased, and more noise was present in the power signal.

Controlled Flow in a Serpentine Diffuser with a Cowl Inlet

Total-pressure losses and distortion in a serpentine diffuser with a cowl inlet are investigated experimentally and computationally over a range of flow rates (Mach numbers at aerodynamic interface plane MAIP of up to 0.6). The present investigations show that, in the presence of the cowl, the diffuser flow is dominated by two pairs of counter-rotating streamwise vortices that are shed from the swept edges of the cowl lip. The subsequent evolution and unsteady interactions of these vortices result in significant total-pressure losses that are coupled with high dynamic distortion at the aerodynamic interface plane. These losses and distortions are strongly mitigated by deliberately drawing ambient air across the cowl surface to form jets that interact with the cowl flow along its inner surface. The jets are formed through spanwise slots across the surface of the cowl by exploiting the pressure difference effected by the cowl flow. The interaction of these jets with the cowl flow alters the formation and evolution of the streamwise vortices, suppressing their interactions and thereby significantly diminishing the losses and distortion across the full operating range of the diffuser. For example, at MAIP=0.5, the total-pressure recovery increases by 8% while the peak circumferential distortion decreases by 35%.

Energy performance improvement for a mixed flow pump based on advanced inlet guide vanes

The sharp decrease in the efficiency of a mixed flow pump within over-load flow rates presents a challenge for coastal drainage pumping stations. To address this issue, two different structures of advanced inlet guide vanes (AIGV), full-adjustable (FA) and half-adjustable (HA) structures, are designed to approach a better energy performance improvement strategy. Entropy production theory is applied into transient flow field to reveal their influence mechanism on the spatial distribution of energy dissipation. The primary findings are as follows: (1) AIGVs effectively solve the sharp decrease in the energy performance of mixed-flow pumps within the over-load flow rate range, broadening its efficient operation range. (2) The decrease in the axial velocity under the effect of AIGV explains the primary fluid physics of the increased efficiency. (3) The improvement in the match between the impeller inflow angle distribution and the impeller blades structure suppresses the generation and transmission of the flow separation on the pressure side, and reduce the near-wall energy dissipation. The novel HA-AIGV obtains a better flow control effect.

Determining hydraulic parameters using the free jet benches

The free jet bench, developed by Algetec for educational and teaching purposes, provides a controlled environment for analysing phenomena associated with fluid jets. It allows water dynamics to be explored using different types of nozzles, providing crucial data for advanced hydraulic analyses. To this end, the hydraulic efficiency of nozzles with different diameters was evaluated, measuring parameters such as flow velocity, flow rate and jet range. The experiment was carried out at the Hydraulic Irrigation and Hydrology Laboratory (LIHH) at the Agricultural Sciences Centre of the State University of the Tocantins Region of Maranhão (UEMASUL), using the free jet bench available in the laboratory. A completely randomised experimental design was adopted, with four treatments and five replications each, using nozzles with diameters of 4 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm and 10 mm. The results showed that the height of the water column directly influences outlet velocity and pressure. Nozzles with larger diameters had a significant impact on horizontal reach and flow, while smaller nozzles performed less well in these aspects. These findings are key to optimising the selection and design of nozzles in hydraulic systems, improving efficiency and performance in practical applications.

On the effect of wave amplitude and corrugation profile of certain types of corrugated channels on thermal performance and entropy generation

This study aims to examine experimentally and numerically the thermal-hydraulic performance and entropy generation of wavy channels: sinusoidal and triangular, and compare them with respect to the straight channel. Various wavy amplitudes and corrugation profiles are considered in a sinusoidal wavy channel and a triangular wavy channel and assessed with the straight channel. Experimental test rig is built and the experiments are carried out on laminar air flow and used to verify the simulation results. The main findings show that the HT rate, fluid flow, and entropy generation are affected by the corrugation profile and wave amplitude of the wavy channel. The maximum Nusselt number of 11.17 occurred in a sinusoidal wavy channel with a wave amplitude equal to 1.75, and high friction factor also happens in this model. It was found that the sinusoidal and triangular wavy channels with A = 0.75 and a flow rate range of 1–1.75 have the highest overall thermal performance factor. Also, the total entropy generation of the straight channel was lower than all corrugated channel models. In conclusion, it has been found that the best compromise between enhanced HT and the accompanying increase in both pressure drop and entropy generation is occurred in case of A = 0.75 at flow rate ranged from 1 to 1.67 LPM.

Validation of advanced hybrid SPECT/CT system using dynamic anthropomorphic cardiac phantom

ObjectiveMyocardial blood flow (MBF) assessment can provide incremental diagnostic and prognostic information and thus the validation of dynamic SPECT is of high importance. We recently developed a novel cardiac phantom for dynamic SPECT validation and compared its performance against the GE Discovery NM 530c. We now report its use for validation of a new hybrid SPECT/CT System featuring advanced cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) technology in a ring array detector design (StarGuide™, GE HealthCare).MethodsOur recently developed cardiac phantom with injected technetium-99m radiotracer was used to create physiological time activity curves (TACs) for the left ventricular (LV) cavity and the myocardium. The TACs allow the calculation of uptake rate (K1) and MBF. The StarGuide system was used to acquire and process the TACs, and these were compared to the TACs produced by the phantom and its mathematical model. Fifteen (15) experiments with different doses representing various MBF values were conducted, and a standard statistic tool was applied for significance.ResultsThe TACs produced by the StarGuide system had a significant correlation (p < 0.001) with the reference TACs generated by the phantom both for the LV (r = 0.94) and for the myocardium (r = 0.89). The calculated MBF difference between the system and the phantom was 0.14 ± 0.16 ml/min/g and the average relative absolute difference was 13.2 ± 8.1%. A coefficient of variance of ≤ 11% was observed for all MBF subranges. The regional uptake rate values were similar to the global one with a maximum difference of 5%.ConclusionsOur newly developed dynamic cardiac phantom was used for validation of the dynamic hybrid SPECT/CT CZT-based system (StarGuide™, GE). The accuracy and precision of the system for assessing MBF values were high. The new StarGuide system can reliably perform dynamic SPECT acquisitions over a wide range of myocardial perfusion flow rates.

Heat and Mass Transfer Study of a High-Pressure Membrane Dehumidifier Under Non-Isothermal and Humid Sweep Psychrometric Conditions

Abstract High-pressure membrane dehumidification is of interest for aircraft environmental control system applications. Typically, membrane dehumidifier modules are characterized by manufacturers over a range of mass flow rates, temperatures, and pressures at saturation conditions. However, to evaluate the suitability of high-pressure membrane dehumidification for aircraft applications, the performance must be characterized over the broader range of psychometric conditions that could be encountered. Moreover, the practical integration of a membrane dehumidifier into an environmental control system necessitates reconsideration of the traditional product sweep approach, where some of the dry air produced is removed and supplied to the other side of the membrane to enhance mass transfer. In an environmental control system, using product sweep would require excessive bleed air from the engine and cause unbalanced flow in the turbomachinery. To avoid this, alternate sources of sweep must be considered and their effects on dehumidification must be evaluated. This work conducts an experimental investigation of a membrane dehumidifier module using product sweep under a range of psychometric conditions, then compares product and humid sweep modes to understand the effects of sweep conditions on dehumidification performance. Concurrently, a numerical model of a membrane dehumidifier is implemented and validated - first against the module specification sheet, then against the empirical results that represent moderate altitude aircraft conditions. Ultimately, the feasibility of a hot and humid sweep source to maintain sufficient dehumidification performance under realistic altitude conditions is demonstrated.

Research on positioning control strategy of hydraulic support pushing system based on multistage speed control valve

The precise position control of the hydraulic support pushing system in the coal mining face is a key technical support for intelligent coal mining. At present, the hydraulic support pushing system uses the electro-hydraulic directional valve as the control element. However, the electro-hydraulic directional valve has problems such as discrete input values, low switching frequency, delay, inability to adjust flow, and large flow fluctuations during the switching process, which results in relatively low positioning control accuracy of the hydraulic support pushing system. Therefore, this study introduces a multi-stage speed control valve that is suitable for underground coal mine conditions and can achieve flow regulation. At the same time, a segmented control strategy combining Bang-Bang control and online predictive control is proposed. Bang-bang control is used for fast propulsion with large flow rate, large range, and short time. Online predictive control method is used to achieve precise positioning control with small flow rate and small range, thereby solving the problem of low positioning control accuracy caused by the imperfect characteristics of electro-hydraulic directional valves. Finally, this study verified the effectiveness of the proposed scheme through simulation and experiments. The results showed that compared with existing logic positioning control methods based on electro-hydraulic directional valves, the proposed scheme can improve the accuracy of single cylinder positioning control from 62 mm to within 10 mm.

Bubble Transport in Porous Media for Electrochemical Applications

Bubbles and their flow dynamics strongly impact the performance of gas-evolving electrochemical systems with porous electrode architectures. The presence of bubbles on the electrode surface reduces the number of active catalytic sites that are accessible for the liquid electrolyte, leading to limitations in mass transport and/or reaction kinetics. Additionally, bubbles can obstruct the flow of liquid electrolyte that is able to pass through the porous structure, leading to pressure buildup. Therefore, to mitigate bubble blockage, optimal electrolyzer performance requires understanding bubble dynamics within the porous electrode in the presence of an applied flow; an accurate and complete physical model of this setup is not yet available. Here, we present volume-of-fluid simulation results and a theoretical framework to describe the bubble/electrolyte/electrode interaction, i.e. the triple phase boundary, ultimately with an aim to predict whether the bubble does or does not break through the porous media. Informed by the numerical results, the constructed theory describes the interaction of buoyancy, surface tension, and pressure drop for the range of different porosities, bubble sizes, and electrolyte flow rates. Comparison of these results with experimental findings are discussed. This work serves as a first step in building the framework for the design and optimization of relevant porous media systems that aim towards the improved control of bubble dynamics.This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. LLNL release number: LLNL-ABS-857509.

New Electrochemical Channel Flow Cell Design for Electrochemical Studies at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures

Temperature exerts a considerable influence on the efficiency of chemical and electrochemical processes, and it is expected that studies under wide temperature and pressure (T and p) conditions can significantly impact fields of technological interest such as energy storage and conversion, water treatment, waste conversion, metal recovery, and electrosynthesis, among others.1 The electrochemical studies conducted by Bard’s group in near-critical and supercritical aqueous solutions,2 as well as the contributions made by MacDonald’s and Lvov’s3,4 groups on corrosion and pH determination in hydrothermal systems, offer valuable insights into the effects of temperature and pressure on electrochemical reactions under extreme conditions and construction materials and electrode designs. Other studies in the field, though they did not reach such harsh conditions, made valuable contributions by proposing innovative hydrodynamic electrode systems, from channel cells for studies up to 110 oC,5 a rotating disc electrode for temperatures up to 150 oC,6 and even an imping jet electrode able to reach 210 oC.7 Unfortunately, these studies were rarely expanded to more than one or two systems.In this work, various hydrodynamic electrode configurations have been examined to conclude that the channel flow cell design presents several advantages over other systems for high T and P applications. These cells can provide consistent and reproducible mass transport conditions across a broad range of flow rates and allow channel dimension adjustments to tackle diverse technological challenges. Furthermore, this configuration aligns well with spectroscopic techniques like Raman/SERS (surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy). COMSOL Multiphysics was used when designing the cell prototype, and validation of the model was carried out using data from previous studies.8 The high T,p cell uses disposable thin-film electrodes (TFEs) patterned onto sapphire wafers through nanofabrication methods; a significant amount of time has been invested in testing the performance of the TFEs up to at least 150°C. These results will also be presented along with experiments conducted with the new channel cell under ambient conditions. References (1) Giovanelli, D.; Lawrence, N. S.; Compton, R. G., Electroanalysis (New York, N.Y.) 2004, 16 (10), 789-810.(2) Liu, C.-y.; Snyder, S. R.; Bard, A. J. J. Phys. Chem.B 1997, 101 (7), 1180-1185.(3) Macdonald, D. D. Corrosion 2013, 34 (3), 75-84.(4) Balashov, V. N.; Fedkin, M. V.; Lvov, S. N., J. Electrochem. Soc. 2009, 156 (7), C209.(5) Wang, H.; Jusys, Z.; Behm, R. J.; Abruña, H. D., J. Electroanal. Chem. 2021, 896, 115251.(6) Fleige, M. J.; Wiberg, G. K.; Arenz, M., Rev Sci Instrum 2015, 86 (6), 064101.(7) Trevani, L. N.; Calvo, E.; Corti, H. R., Electrochem. Commun 2000, 2 (5), 312-316.(8) Moorcroft, M. J.; Lawrence, N. S.; Coles, B. A.; Compton, R. G.; Trevani, L. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2001, 506 (1), 28-33.