Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Profiles Research Articles

Growth, yield, genetic parameters and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) of five rice varieties treated with sodium azide and sown under different saline conditions

BackgroundRice is probably one of the most indispensable grain diets for the greater part of the world. It can be grown successfully under a wide range of climatic conditions; however, yields can be significantly diminished under moderate saline levels. Therefore, the employment of plant breeding techniques in enhancing plant survival and performance capacities under saline conditions becomes imperative. Mutation perhaps is one of the ultimate sources from which heritable variations could be selected from and hence are a useful tool to create raw materials for genetic improvement of rice. The effects of sodium azide (NaN3), as a chemical mutagen, on the growth, yield, genetic parameters, and RAPD profile of five rice varieties, FARO-44, FARO-52, FARO-57, NERICA L-34, and NERICA L-47, sown in soils maintained at a conductivity range of 4000 to 6000 μs/cm using sodium chloride solutions were investigated. The planting materials were treated with 0% NaN3 at pH 7 (control) and a concentration range of 0 to 0.032% NaN3 at pH 3 for 6 h.ResultsSodium azide treatment significantly reversed the negative effects associated with plant development under saline conditions. Consequently, NaN3 treatment significantly improved growth, yield, and genetic parameters of the rice varieties under high salinity compared with the controls. High heritability values were recorded for number of tillers per plant (78.06%), number of panicles per plant (78.74%), and 100-grain weight (98.15%) indicating the possibility of evolving higher yield variants through selection. Chlorophyll mutations observed were albino, viridis, and striata. The RAPD analyses with primers OPR 02 (5′–CAC AGC TGC C-3′), OPC 04 (5′-CCG CAT CTA C-3′), and OPC 05 (5′–GAT GAC CGC C-3′) revealed different DNA banding patterns between controls and NaN3-treated plants.ConclusionsThe study indicates that sodium azide is a potent mutagen, evident from information on genetic variability expressed by the DNA profiles of the rice varieties and their mutant counterparts as well as in the yield performances. The study thus indicated that the source of NaN3 induced variants among the treated progenies were genetic in nature and hence heritable. However, further screening on promising mutant plants from this research should be done through successive generations to identify stable traits and variant that can perform optimally under saline conditions.

DNA methylation and integrity in aged seeds and regenerated plants

AbstractSeed longevity is a complex process of key ecological and agronomic importance. DNA damage is a significant factor affecting seed ageing. Likewise, epigenetic changes can control gene expression and, therefore, seed response to ageing. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of ageing on nucleic acid stability and to identify reliable molecular markers that might help to monitor epigenetic changes within plant genetic resources during conservation. DNA profiles, evaluated by RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA), and methylation patterns, obtained by MSAP (methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism), were compared in non-aged and agedMentha aquaticaseeds and plants produced by them. Germination decreased to 50% by storing seeds at 35°C and 12% wc for 28 days. RAPD profiles were 99% similar in these aged seeds compared to non-aged seeds. However, seedlings produced from the aged seeds showed a 13% dissimilarity compared to seedlings produced from the non-aged seeds. About 8% difference in the MSAP epigenetic profile was detected in seeds after storage and 16% difference was detected in the seedlings produced from them. This indicates that stress from high temperature and humidity during storage induced changes on the methylation state of seeds, and that changes were also detectable in the regenerated plants. Our results suggest that DNA integrity was compromised in seeds during ageing, and on seedlings produced by aged seeds. Genotype screening techniques such as RAPD and MSAP have the potential as markers of nucleic acid stability during seed ageing.

Microbial characterization of an artisanal production of Robiola di Roccaverano cheese

Robiola di Roccaverano, from the Piedmont region of Italy, is a Protected Designation of Origin soft cheese made with raw goat milk. The peculiarity of this cheese is that during the manufacturing process, a natural starter culture (NC) is added to raw milk. This study examined the viable microorganisms of technological interest, including lactic acid bacteria and fungal populations, in samples of raw milk, NC, and fresh and ripened cheese collected from one dairy using culture-dependent techniques. First, the isolated colonies were analyzed using random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR, and strains with similar fingerprints were clustered together. Further, representative isolates of each group were subjected to 16S or 26S ribosomal DNA sequencing. Finally, species-specific PCR was conducted to distinguish the Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis and Lc. lactis ssp. cremoris. Among the studied lactic acid bacteria, 13 RAPD profiles were obtained, corresponding to 9 different bacterial species or subspecies. Concerning mold and yeast isolates, 5 species were found that coincided with 5 RAPD types. Observing the strains isolated in the study, Lc. lactis was the most prevalent species in raw milk and NC samples, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides was the predominant species identified in 5- and 15-d cheese isolates. Furthermore, whereas only these 2 species were detected in NC, Enterococcus and Lactobacillus genera were found in raw milk and cheese, respectively. Concerning the mold and yeast isolates, in NC Kluyveromyces spp. was mainly found, and in cheese samples the representative species were Geotrichum candidum and Yarrowia lipolytica. Finally, raw milk and cheese safety were evaluated, and the samples complied with the standard required by European Commission regulation number 2073/2005.

Changing epidemiology of candidaemia: Increase in fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis.

During the last decade a continuous increase in non-albicans species isolation has been observed with Candida parapsilosis being one of the leading species. Aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of candidemia, particularly of Cparapsilosis, its predictors and clinical outcome. Incidences of candidemia was evaluated analyzing data from both a prospective collection (2012-2016) and a retrospective one (2008-2011). Predictors and outcome were based only on the prospective phase. Cparapsilosis potential clusters were analysed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. 1240 episodes were identified. Incidences of candidemia increased from 1.97 episodes/10000 patient-days in 2008 to 4.59/10000 patient-days in 2016 (P<.001), mainly due to an increase of Cparapsilosis (incidence rate ratio, IRR: 1.04, P<.001). 33.0% of Cparapsilosis strains were resistant to fluconazole; no resistance to echinocandins was found. Independent predictors of Cparapsilosis candidemia were time of infection (P=.007), previous use of echinocandins (P<.0001) and year in which the episode was registered (P<.0001). 30 days mortality was 32.4% for Cparapsilosis, with a significant difference compared to Cnon-parapsilosis. Potential clonal Cparapsilosis strains were detected by genetic analyses, showing RAPD profile A as the most represented (72.6% of isolates). Cparapsilosis candidemia is an emerging issue in our center, possibly attributed to some extent to horizontal transmission of the pathogen, as confirmed by the analysis of isolates similarities. Further microbiological and epidemiological investigations are needed in order to identify the most effective measures to reduce the rate of this infection.

Investigation of the genetic variation of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) using RAPD and ISSR markers

Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) is an annual spice and medicinal plant belonging to the family Apiaceae. Only a limited number of anise breeding studies are available. Therefore, genetic variation among anise landraces has not been extensively examined with molecular markers. In this study, the molecular diversity of 15 Turkish anise landraces collected from different regions of Turkey and four foreign landraces obtained from Cyprus, Syria and France were analyzed using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The discriminatory power of these markers was assessed by calculating various marker parameters, namely percent polymorphism, polymorphism information content (PIC), resolving power (RP), and marker index (MI). The genomic DNA of 19 anise landraces was amplified with nine RAPD primers that generated 71 polymorphic bands and five ISSRs primers that produced 45 polymorphic bands. The percentage of polymorphic loci was 59.8% in RAPD profiling and 51.5% in ISSR profiling. The average PIC values obtained using RAPD and ISSR markers were 0.40 and 0.38, respectively. The mean RP (2.90 and 2.67) and MI values (1.23 and 1.05) of the RAPD assay were found to be somewhat higher than those of the ISSR assay, but ISSR was more favorable than the RAPD techniques in terms of presenting the phylogenetic relationships in anise landraces. A UPGMA cluster grouped the 19 anise landraces into two major clusters based on both markers. The RAPD and ISSR marker systems were found to be useful for determining genetic diversity in P. anisum L. and identifying variation among landraces.

Current Status of Soybean Anthracnose Associated with Colletotrichum truncatum in Brazil and Argentina.

Brazil and Argentina have a combined soybean area of 53.6 million hectares, which accounts for over half of the total global production. The soybean crop in South America extends from latitude 8–10° S to 32–36° S. Such a vast, almost contiguous area imposes a serious sanitary risk to the crop. Currently, the prevalence of anthracnose is increasing, with recurring reports of severe epidemics and expressive yield losses. Soybean anthracnose is mainly associated with Colletotrichum truncatum, although other Colletotrichum species have also been reported as causal agents of this disease. Knowledge about the morphological, cultural, and molecular variability of C. truncatum in South America is crucial for disease management. Here, we present data on the molecular, morphological, biological, cultural, and pathogenicity of C. truncatum isolates collected in Brazil and Argentina. Light microscopy and randomly-amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis were used for estimating the variability of isolates. Colletotrichum truncatum displayed three types of conidiogenesis, viz. conidial formation from conidiogenous cells on hyphal extremities, in conidiomas in acervuli, and directly from fertile setae (a mechanism yet-unreported for C. truncatum). RAPD profiling was effective in revealing the genetic diversity among C. truncatum isolates. The intra-group similarity was greater among the Argentinian isolates when compared to the Brazilian group. Furthermore, the results indicated a strong correlation between geographical origin and molecular grouping, with the exclusive or semi-exclusive assembling of Brazilian and Argentinian isolates in distinct clades. Finally, a preliminary account of the reaction of soybean accessions to C. truncatum is also included.

Diversity and guaiacol production of Alicyclobacillus spp. from fruit juice and fruit-based beverages

Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris is an acido-thermophilic, spore-forming bacterial species that can spoil acidic fruit juice and fruit-based beverages. The metabolism of taint compounds by this bacterial species has led to its status as a targeted microorganism in the fruit juice industry. This study aims to assess the genetic diversity of Alicyclobacillus spp. including A. acidoterrestris and its correlation to spoilage taint metabolism.Alicyclobacillus cultures, which were previously isolated from a wide range of domestic and international products including fruit juice, fruit drinks and fruit juice concentrates, were subjected to DNA fingerprint analysis by using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) – polymerase chain reaction. Isolates were classified on the basis of their RAPD profile and the results were used to select representative strains to undergo taint production assessment. The taint guaiacol produced by Alicyclobacillus spp. was measured by headspace gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.From produced RAPD profiles, two genotypic groups and two sub-groups were identified. The groups were independent of product types and geographical origins. A significant number of isolates were clustered in genotypic group I, including A. acidoterrestris ATCC 49025. These isolates produced significant levels of guaiacol, 8.7 mg/L on average. A smaller number of isolates was found in genotypic group II including A. acidocaldarius and they produced no guaiacol. Primer F-64 was useful to identify Alicyclobacillus at the species level, and permitted rapid identification of strains producing fruit juice taint compounds such as guaiacol.

Molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus from different sources by RAPD-PCR analysis

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic bacterium which is carried as a normal flora organism but has a major role in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of different staphylococcal infections in humans and animals. Fifty S. aureus isolated from banknotes, foods, human infections and bovine mastitis were subjected to DNA fingerprinting by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis to examine their genotypic polymorphism and investigate the amount of genetic relatedness among these various isolates. At 100% RAPD profile similarity level, isolates were classified into four, five and seven groups of the same clone, according to the RAPDPCR with OLP6, OLP11 and OLP13 primers, respectively. Amplification of the isolates resulted in several polymorphic bands ranged from >50 to >1500 bp in size. Maximum number of bands was obtained by primer OLP13 which produced seven bands in bovine mastitis isolates. Most polymorphisms were observed in isolates of bovine mastitis and the lowest were associated with human infections isolates. There was no relationship between the RAPD patterns and the sources of isolates, except the three clusters which showed host specificity and only included the strains from the same sources. The results confirm the wide genotypic diversity of the studied S. aureus strains. RAPD-PCR technique can be a valuable tool for assessing the genetic relationship, detection of polymorphism in S. aureus and tracing the sources and management of S. aureus infections.

DNA damage of the lichen Buellia frigida after 1.5 years in space using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique

As part of the ESA space experiment BIOMEX (Biology and Mars Experiment) the lichen Buellia frigida has been exposed to space and simulated Mars analogue conditions on the expose facility EXPOSE-R2 placed outside the Russian Zvezda module on the International Space Station (ISS) for 1.5 years. Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique has been carried out to study the effect of space conditions on the DNA integrity as well as to assess DNA damage. The RAPD profiles of the space exposed lichen samples demonstrate conspicuous changes compared to the control profiles. For the survival of cells and entire organisms the DNA integrity is an essential prerequisite. The results of the study presented indicate a minor resistance potential of the lichen Buellia frigida towards Low Earth Orbit and Mars analogue conditions effecting the survival potential and the resistance of the symbiotic organism.

Genetic Diversity among some Egyptian Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Cultivars Based on Protein and RAPD Markers

Genetic variability of seven Egyptian barley cultivars was analyzed utilizing sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) techniques. The results of SDS-PAGE produced 12 bands ranging from 135 to 11 KDa. Two polymorphic bands at molecular weight (MW) 13 and 12 KDs were detected with 16.6% polymorphism among barely cultivars. In the other hand, five RAPD primers were employed to assess the genetic diversity and relationships between the seven Egyptian barley cultivars. RAPD analysis exhibited 93 amplicons (86% polymorphism) with an average number of 18.6 amplicons per primer. Genetic similarity of RAPD and protein input ranged from 0.31 to 0.83. The dendrogram of combined data had clustered all the cultivars into two main clusters; the first one containing all barley cultivars except Giza 123 cultivar which formed a separate cluster indicating that the genetic background of this cultivar was distinct from all cultivars. The results obtained from RAPD and protein analysis exhibit different level of polymorphism. RAPD profile is more suitable technique than SDS-PAGE in assessing genetic variation among the seven barely cultivars. Moreover, the present results suggest that, the increasing number of primers and using more different markers could be more accurate to discriminate the genetic variance between barley cultivars. Subsequently, this could be useful to differentiate between barley cultivars in the breeding program.

Chromosome numbers, RAPD and ISSR profiles of six Zingiber species found in Manipur, India

Abstract. Bidyaleima L, Kishor R, Sharma GJ. 2019. Chromosome numbers, RAPD and ISSR profiles of six Zingiber species found in Manipur, India. Biodiversitas 20: 1389-1397. The present investigation was done to assess the cytological information and genetic relationships among six species of Zingiber, viz., Zingiber capitatum, Z. kangleipakense, Z. kerrii, Z. montanum, Z. officinale and Z. zerumbet found in Manipur, North-East India. The somatic chromosome numbers observed were 2n = 22 for Zingiber capitatum, Z. kerrii, Z. montanum, Z. officinale and Z. zerumbet, whereas Z. kangleipakense showed tetraploidy with 2n = 44. The somatic chromosome numbers of Zingiber kangleipakense and Z. kerrii are reported for the first time. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-specific sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers were employed to reveal the genetic relationships among the six species. The pair-wise Jaccard genetic similarity varied from 0.518 to 0.658 for RAPD and from 0.436 to 0.682 for ISSR data. Dendrogram derived from the combined data of RAPD and ISSR clustered the six members into two groups. The detected polymorphism level represents high genetic distance at the inter-species level, and introduces RAPD and ISSR as efficient markers for the assessment of genetic relatedness in Zingiber. Our results may provide useful information for application in breeding, conservation and utilization.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA-based molecular heterogeneity analysis of Salmonella enterica isolates from foods of animal origin.

Aim:This study aims to study the significance of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing in heterogeneity analysis of Salmonella serovars, isolated from foods of animal origin.Materials and Methods:Salmonella serovars isolated and identified from different foods of animal origin such as meat, milk, and egg by standard bacteriological methods. DNA isolated from all 10 isolates which are confirmed by biochemical and serotyping methods and then RAPD was performed using the primers OPB 10, primer 1290, NSC I, NSC II, and primer 3. Then, RAPD data were analyzed using the BioNumerics software, Belgium, Germany.Results:RAPD polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using five primers, namely OPB 10, primer 1290, NSC I, NSC II, and primer 3, classified the 10 isolates into 9, 10, 10, 7, and 10 RAPD-PCR types with discriminating powers of 0.1987, 0.423, 0.50889, 0.1842, and 0.2582, respectively. The phylogram constructed with NSC I profile classified isolates based on geographical origin. Primer 1290, NSC II, and primer 3 produced some uniform bands in all isolates indicating their binding ability in conserved genomic region. This study revealed that RAPD profile can be best used for finding out the heterogeneity at molecular level of Salmonella isolates in combination with other molecular and phenotypic typing techniques. Thus, our results support earlier observation of its significance by different workers on different Salmonella serotypes.Conclusion:Repeatability of RAPD-PCR is insufficient to distinguish genetic differences among Salmonella serovars.

Analysis of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi by Outer Membrane Protein (OMP) Profiling, Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)

A number of countries, including developed countries, still have typhoid fever as a major problem resulting in frequent outbreaks. The importance of controlling spread of typhoid fever is well known and necessitates periodic studies to delineate epidemiological relationships. Although phage typing remains to be the preferred conventional method for characterisation of typhoid bacilli, it is of limited use due to prevalence of few predominant phage types in the country like India. Therefore, an effort has been made to assess three molecular methods [Outer Membrane Protein (OMP) Profiling, Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)] for typing of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. 128 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates were identified using biotyping and serotyping followed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. These isolates were further subjected to OMP analysis, RAPD and PFGE. PFGE (114 unique clusters) was found to be the most discriminatory method followed by RAPD (94 unique clusters) and OMP profiling (50 unique clusters). Multidrug resistant strains were well discriminated by all three methods used in the study. PFGE still remains the most preferred method for detailed epidemiological investigations. However, random amplification of polymorphic DNA and outer membrane protein profiling can also be considered for molecular discrimination of the isolates in the laboratories lacking high-end facilities.

Analysis of selected medicinal plants used in the treatment of malaria and typhoid fever in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

The study was aimed at evaluating selected medicinal plants used in the treatment of malaria and typhoid fever. Materials used include medicinal plants used locally in treating malaria and typhoid fever sourced from different villages in Ebonyi State. The analysis of the medicinal plants was conducted using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and NTSYSpc software version 2.02. Different RAPD markers including OPB-1, OPB-2, OPB-3, OPB-5, OPB-12 and OPH-12 were used to amplify the DNA of these plants. These markers were found to be polymorphic except OPB-3 which did not produce any band. It was observed that RAPD markers can effectively amplify DNA sequences of different medicinal plants. The data matrix of RAPD profiles obtained from fragments of each amplicon were scored as 1 (presence of alleles) or 0 (absence of alleles). A dendrogram of the plants using unweighted pair group mean (UPGMA) clustered the genotypes into groups. The dissimilarity values were 0.26 and 1 as minimum and maximum with an edge length of 1.32. Principal component analysis of the generated amplicons resulted to clusters with unique genetic identity. The polymorphism detected among the plants genotypes will be useful in selecting genetically diverse species in future breeding programme. Keywords: Medicinal plants, Malaria/Typhoid, RAPD, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Genotoxicity assessment of pesticide profenofos in freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) using comet assay and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

The present study explored the induced genotoxicity (DNA damage) due to organophosphate pesticide profenofos (PFF) after in vivo exposure in freshwater fish Channa punctatus by the use of Comet assay and Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The fish specimens were exposed to sub-lethal concentration of 1.16 ppb (50% of LC50) in a semi-static system and the DNA damage was assessed in exposed and control fish. The DNA damage was measured in erythrocytes as the percentage of DNA damage in Comet tails and RAPD technique using oligonucleotide primers of fish specimens exposed to the sublethal concentrations of PFF. The most informative primers in terms of variation in RAPD profile were found to be OPA-01, OPA-03, OPB-02, OPB-01 and OPA-13. Appearance/disappearance of bands and increase/decrease in the band intensity were evident in the RAPD profile of fish specimens exposed to PFF as compared to the control. Findings from the present study suggest that the potential impacts of assessment of the genotoxic impact of pesticide on fish.

Detection of toxin genes and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA typing of Bacillus cereus isolates from infant milk formulas

AbstractBacillus cereus, a ubiquitous human foodborne pathogen, can persist in different environment, including dry conditions. In this study, we explored the genetic diversity of B. cereus isolates from infant milk formulas. Out of 83 samples, B. cereus was confirmed in 26 (31.3%). Isolates were resistant to penicillin G and ampicillin (100%), trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (84.6%), and erythromycin (3.8%). Ent, hbl, and cer genes were detected in 21 (80.8%), 2 (7.7%), and 11 (42.3%) isolates, respectively. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, using set of three primers, provided an overall genetic distance of 95% between B. cereus isolates. A group of seven emetic strains and another two enterotoxic strains were indistinguishable by RAPD, revealing their high clonality. In conclusion, we detected a high proportion of pathogenic B. cereus isolates in infant milk formulas. The majority of isolates harboring both cer and ent genes showed high clonality, pointing food processing environment as probable contamination source.Practical applicationsDetection of Bacillus cereus in powdered infant milk formulas, the prevalence of emetic and diarrhegenic genes, and especially the simultaneous presence of both types of genes in the same isolate, confirm the importance of B. cereus as foodborne pathogen. The consumption of contaminated formula may cause serious health problems in babies, which emphasizes the need to improve B. cereus monitoring and characterization. The clonal relationship between strains, revealed by RAPD analysis, may point to the source of infection and the corresponding prevention measures to improve food safety. Moreover, the identical RAPD profile of cer positive strains obtained with AG15 primer enables the application of this analysis in screening for emetic B. cereus isolates.

Alleviative Role of Β-Estradiol Against 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Genotoxicity on Common Bean Genome

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is one of the several herbicides that widely used to prevent development of Taraxacum officinale and broadleaf weeds on cereal crops culture. However, it is known that 2,4-D can cause genetic damage to plants at low concentrations as well as produce observable physiological effects. There is no report investigating the effect of mammalian hormones in crops against the applied 2,4-D. Therefore, the present study was aimed at investigating levels of DNA damage, changes in DNA methylation and DNA stability in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) exposed to 2,4-D and determine whether β-estradiol has any effect. RAPDs (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and CRED-RAs (Coupled Restriction Enzyme Digestion-Random Amplification) techniques were used to define the DNA damage levels and changes in the pattern of DNA methylation. The obtained data demonstrated that 2,4-D led to an increase in RAPDs profile changes (DNA damage), and a reduction in genomic template stability (GTS). The effects caused by 2,4-D were decreased after application with different concentrations of β-estradiol. The results of this study clearly show that β-estradiol could be used function effectively to prevented from the genetic and epigenetic changes caused by 2,4-D herbicide in common bean.

Identification of Bactrian camel cell lines using genetic markers

Iranian Bactrian camel population is less than 100 animals. Iranian biological resource center produced more than 50 Bactrian camel fibroblast cell lines as a somatic cell bank for conservation animal genetic resources. We compared two type markers performance, including 14 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) (dominant) and eight microsatellite (co-dominant) for cell line identification, individual identification and investigation genetic structure of these samples. Based on clarity, polymorphism, and repeatability, four RAPD primers were selected for future analysis. Four RAPD primers and eight microsatellite markers have generated a total of 21 fragments and 45 alleles, respectively. RAPD primers revealed fragment size between 150 to 2000bp and gene diversity since 0.27 (IBRD) to 0.46 (GC10), with an average of 0.37. Microsatellite markers generated number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 11, with an average of 5.62 alleles. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.359 (IBRC02) to 0.978 (YWLL08), and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.449 (IBRC02) to 0.879 (YWLL08). Bottleneck analysis and curve showed that Bactrian camel population did not experience a low diversity. RAPD profiles were especially suitable for investigation population genetics. All primers generated novel and polymorphic fragments. Briefly, our results show that a multiplex PCR based on these markers can still be valuable and suitable for authentication of cell lines, investigating gene diversity and conservation genetic resources in Bactrian camel, while new technologies are continuously developed.

Variabilities on DNA Level of Two Selected Potato Genotypes under Seawater Salinity

Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) banding patterns of selected potato (Cara) and (Lady Rosetta), under seawater salinity stress, on agarose gel showed (9 and 10) distinct RAPD profiles generated by five of different 10-mers oligonucleotides primers. The recorded RAPD data of both potato genotypes showed highly polymorphism and low levels of similarity between and inside the treated samples and the untreated control sample. The RAPD analysis of the treated plants of Lady Rosetta showed 363 amplified bands of the treated and control plants whereas the treated plants distributed as ~50.41% unique polymorphic bands, ~29.75% of repeated polymorphic bands and ~6.89% of monomorphic bands as compared with the control plants which showed ~8% unique polymorphic bands and ~4.95% monomorphic bands. However, with Cara, the RAPD analysis showed 227 amplified bands of the treated and control plants whereas the treated plants distributed as ~48.02% of unique polymorphic bands and ~31.28% of repeated polymorphic bands and ~4.4% of monomorphic bands as compared with the control plants which showed ~13.22% unique polymorphic bands and ~3.08% monomorphic bands as compared with the treated plants. There is no doubt that, the gain or the loss of parts of the DNA may consider as speculation the reason for salinity tolerance in the presented work. On the other hand, the exposure to the salinity stress leads to induce changes on the DNA level.

Corrigendum to "Association between Virulence Factors and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Compared to Nonproducing Isolates".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2017/7279830.].