Randomized Control Group Design Research Articles

Effects of Black Turmeric Ethanol Extract (Curcuma Caesia Roxb) on Blood Glucose Levels, SGOT, SGPT, Histopathology Pancreas: A Preliminary Study

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition that causes hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance. It can be caused by insulin deficiency, impaired insulin effectiveness, or both. Treatment of diabetes mellitus is long-term and certainly has unwanted side effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of black turmeric extract on blood glucose, SGOT, SGPT values and pancreatic beta cell histopathology. This study used a Randomized Control Group Design on 30 white rats by giving a high-fat diet and induced streptozotocin 35 mg/kgbw intraperitoneally. Experimental animals were divided into 6 treatment groups, namely negative control, positive control, black turmeric extract doses of 250 mg/kgbw, 500 mg/kgbw, and 750 mg/kgbw. Assessment of the decrease in blood glucose levels is seen from the percentage of blood sugar reduction for 21 days, the value of SGOT, SGPT and histopathology of pancreatic beta cells. Data were analyzed using ANOVA test to see differences between groups. Based on the results obtained, that there is a significant difference in the administration of 750 mg/kgbw dose extract reduces blood sugar levels best by 57.71% compared to the negative control group where there is an increase in blood sugar by 9.94%. Based on the value of SGOT and SGPT levels, it was found that the 750 mg/kgbw dose of extract gave the best value compared to other treatment groups. Based on the parameters of the histopathological picture of pancreatic beta cells, it was found that the administration of black turmeric extract at a dose of 250 mg/kgbw experienced the mildest degeneration compared to other treatment groups. Ethanol extract of black turmeric (Curcuma caesia Roxb) is able to reduce blood sugar levels, SGOT, SGPT values and repair damage to pancreatic beta cells.

Effectiveness of Local Wisdom-Based Independent Curriculum Teaching Modules in Improving Learning Outcomes Indonesia

The efficacy of independent curriculum teaching modules based on local wisdom in enhancing learning outcomes in Indonesia. The research method employed is an experiment with a randomized control group design. The sample consists of randomly selected schools in specific areas, with one group receiving instruction using the local wisdom-based Independent Curriculum teaching modules and another group serving as a control that continues to use the conventional curriculum—the efficacy of independent curriculum teaching modules based on local wisdom in enhancing learning outcomes in Indonesia. The results indicate that students who learned using the Independent Curriculum teaching modules significantly improved their understanding and academic achievement. The relevance and efficacy of learning can be increased by incorporating local wisdom into the classroom, as these data demonstrate. Future studies could involve long-term monitoring of their impact on students' learning outcomes over time, as well as factors influencing the success of implementation.

Tempe Gembus Intervention Decreased Total Cholesterol And Triglyceride In Obese Women

Obesity increases cardiovascular risk through dyslipidaemia. High fibre diet reduces risk factors of dyslipidaemia by up to 50%. Tempe gembus is a solid fermented food made from tofu waste product with rhyzopus-oligosporus, that contained high fibre. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the administration processed tempe gembus on lipid profiles in obese women. This study was pre-post randomized control group design. Forty-four pre-menopausal women with obesity, dyslipidaemia took part in this study, divided into 2 groups, includes the intervention group and the control group. The Intervention group received 150 gram of processed tempe gembus for 28 days. Statistical analysis independent sample test or Mann Witney were used to analyse differences pre and post-lipid profile between intervention and control group. Consumption of 150 g/day of processed tempe gembus for 28 days reduced total cholesterol levels by 13.4 mg/dl (p = 0.012), HDL cholesterol by 2.8 mg/dl (p = 0.082), LDL cholesterol by 17.6 mg/dl (p = 0.52) and triglyceride levels of 5.3 mg/dl (p = 0.05), respectively. There was significant effect of processed tempe gembus consumption to reduce total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Unfortunately, there were no effect on LDL and HDL cholesterol.

Increased Superoxide Dismuatase (SOD) In Mice Infected by Plasmodium Berghei ANKA Treated with Nanoparticle Extract of Beetroot (Beta Vulgaris L)

BACKGROUND: Malaria infection causes increased free radicals which leads to severity and decreases antioxidant activity, thus increasing the risk of severe malaria complications. Beetroot extract has active compounds that function as anti-inflammatory and antioxidants. Nanoparticles are a technology that can be used to improve drug delivery efficiency in smaller doses. AIMS: to prove the effectiveness of beetroot extract nanoparticles on SOD levels in mice infected with malaria and treated with artemisinin METHOD: An experimental study using a post-test-only randomized control group design. The research sample used 30 male Balb/c mice divided into 6 groups. Group 1 was the healthy group, group 2 was the infected group without treatment, group 3 was the infected group with artemisinin treatment, group 4 was the infected group with artemisinin treatment and 50 mg/kgBW/day beetroot extract nanoparticles, group 5 was the infected group with artemisinin treatment and 100 mg/kg BW/day beetroot extract nanoparticles, and group 6 was the infected group with artemisinin treatment and 200 mg/kg BW/day beetroot extract nanoparticles. Beetroot extract and artemisinin supplementation were given after parasitemia index > 1% and given for 4 days. On the 5th day after therapy, serum SOD levels were measured using ELISA. RESULT: The measurement of SOD levels in the artemisinin group supplemented with nanoparticle extracts of beetroot at doses 100-200 mg/KgBW were 21,48-21,59 ng/ml. Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney test showed that they are significantly higher serum SOD levels compared to the infected mice group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Supplementation of beetroot extract nanoparticles has an antioxidant effect by increasing SOD levels in mice infected with malaria and receiving artemisinin therapy.

Effects of indoor hockey intervention on motor proficiency and physical fitness in adolescents

This study aimed to determine the intervention of hockey games in improving motor skills and physical fitness in adolescents. The research method used in this study was an experiment involving a control group. This research uses a pre-test-post-test randomized control group design, with a total sampling of 30 adolescents divided into 2 groups, namely the experimental group and the control group, each comprising 15 people. The determination of group division is divided randomly, and all subjects involved are used. Instruments used Children's Psychomotricity and Aptitude Scales (MSCA, USA). Physical fitness using physical fitness test instruments, which have been adjusted to the characteristics of the research subjects. The results showed that the intervention for 12 weeks in indoor hockey activity, intervention, and gross motor intervention showed a significance value of 0.034. Because the significance value < 0.05, Ho was rejected, compared to the results of participants in the study who were given an independent intervention program. The physical fitness data shows that the pre-test standard deviation is 1.30440 compared to the post-test 1.61211, this means that there is an increase in adolescent physical fitness. Thus, indoor hockey intervention has a significant influence on the physical fitness of adolescents. These findings prove that interventions in the form of physically engaging activities focusing on floor hockey sports may be a viable option for improving Motor Proficiency and Physical Fitness in Adolescents.

Impact of stress coping strategy in modifying perceptions of school stress among adult learners enrolled in Home Economics and Indigenous Textiles Education in Nigerian Universities.

Studying some professions is so demanding that if not well managed it leads to severe stress, withdrawal, burnout, and other health-related problems. Hence, practical engagement and exhibition of catering, cooking, and home management are so tasking as they are time-consuming and very intensive. Many students in the specialties experience excess academic loads and internal and external demands. Given these, this study tested the impact of cognitive behavior coping strategy on school stress among adult learners enrolled in Home Economic and Indigenous Textile Education. A pretest-posttest randomized control group design was applied. Ninety-five students (43 [45.3%] males; 52 [54.7%] females) participated in the current study. Stress assessment was induced and then students were randomly allocated to the cognitive behavior coping strategy group and the waitlist conditions. Later, students on the waitlist received the cognitive behavior coping strategy contents. Data collected were analyzed using analysis of covariance. Results showed that at pretest, there was no significant difference among the participants in the 2 groups as measured by Educational Stress Scale and Perceived Stress Scale scores. However, the post-intervention test result showed a long-term impact of cognitive behavior coping strategy in improving the management of school stress among students. This study suggests that cognitive behavior coping strategy has a long-term impact on modifying the students' perception of school stress in a sample of adult learners enrolled in Home Economic and Indigenous Textile Education.

Effect of Giving Jamblang (Syzygium cumini) Leaf Extract on Testosterone Serum Level and Concentration of Spermatozoa in Male Rats Intoxicated with Lead Acetate

Lead is a source of free radicals in the environment. Lead accumulation in the blood generates increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body and various health problems, including male infertility. One effort that can be made to prevent this problem is to use antioxidants from natural sources such as jamblang (Syzygium cumini) leaf extract. This study is experimental with a randomised posttest-only control group design method. The object of this study was 30 white rats (Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar) which were divided into five groups (K-, K+, P1, P2, and P3). Lead acetate was given as much as 40 mg/kgBW in groups K+, P1, P2, P3 orally for 30 days. Jamblang (Syzygium cumini) leaf extract was given 50 mg/kgBW in the P1 group, 150 mg/kgBW in the P2 group, and 300 mg/kgBW in the P3 group orally for 30 days. Testosterone levels were examined using blood serum taken through the retro-orbital vein and examined using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Spermatozoa were taken from the vas deferens and counted using the Neubauer counting chamber. The average level of testosterone serum was at K-2.47 ± 0.59 nmol/ml, K+ 2.23 ± 0.45 nmol/ml, P1 2.35 ± 0.65 nmol/ml, P2 2.56 ± 0 .73 nmol/ml, P3 1.96 ± 0.59 nmol/ml, there was no significant difference statistically (p > 0.05). The average concentration of spermatozoa at K-32.06 ± 2.66 million/ml, K+ 19.45 ± 8.07 million/ml, P1 27.05 ± 1.89 million/ml, P2 28.65 ± 1.10 million/ml, P3 27.11 ± 5.64 million/ml, statistically there was a significant difference (p < 0.05). There was no effect of giving jamblang (Syzygium cumini) leaf extract on testosterone serum levels and there was an effect of giving jamblang (Syzygium cumini) leaf extract on the concentration of spermatozoa of male Rattus norvegicus rats intoxicated with lead acetate. Keywords: lead acetate, jamblang leaf extract, testosterone, spermatozoa

Comparison between Rapid and Standard procedure Pleurodesis outcome in Malignant Pleural Effusion

Background: The terminal stage of cancer with distant metastasis often concurrent with malignant pleural effusion (MPE), which is the complication in lung cancer cases. Pleurodesis was performed by inserting a sclerosing agent through the thoracal drain after the pleural fluid was evacuated. Objective: to determine whether rapid pleurodesis is more efficient and effective than the standard procedure pleurodesis in MPE patients. Methods: This experimental study using randomized posttest-only control group design and divided into two groups (standard procedure pleurodesis group and rapid pleurodesis group). All of the samples were inpatient with MPE requiring pleurodesis and eligible with the inclusion criteria as samples. Pleurodesis procedure was performed by inserting a sclerosing agent through the thoracic drain after fluid well evacuated using talc slurry, and evaluated 1 month after pleurodesis procedure. All data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: A total of 25 samples were included in this study. Our study suggests that standard procedure findings were the same as the rapid group (90.9% vs. 81.81%; p = 0.30). But the rapid group was had a shorter length of stay compared with the standard group (24.62 vs. 29.08 days; p = 0.42) and cheaper (USD 1,700 vs. USD 1,876; p = 0.98). Pain and fever were common complications in both groups. Conclusions: Rapid and standard pleurodesis groups showed the same efficiency and effectivity rates in treating MPE patients. However, the rapid pleurodesis group has a shorter length of stay and cheaper, but there was no statistically difference.

Pengaruh Ekstrak Metanol Buah Lakum (Cayratia trifolia L. Domin) terhadap Nilai SGOT dan SGPT Tikus Putih Diinduksi Parasetamol

Lakum fruit (Cayratia trifolia L. (Domin)) has secondary metabolite compounds that are beneficial to health, one of which is a hepatoprotector. This study was conducted to prove the potential of hepatoprotective activity of lakum fruit methanol extract based on the value of SGPT and SGOT enzyme. The research method used a pre-posttest randomized control group design with a sample of 35 male rats divided into five treatment groups: solvent control group (CMC 0.5%); positive control group (HEPA-Q®); treatment group extract (0,575; 1,15; 1,725 mg/g BW). The treatment of induction of paracetamol and methanol extract of Cayratia trifolia fruit was carried out for 7 days respectively. The results showed that the dose of 1,15 mg/g BW of Cayratia trifolia fruit methanol extract had the most effective deterioration of SGOT and SGPT values with a percentage reduction of SGOT of 49.3% and SGPT of 51.8% (p <0.05) which approached control positive (HEPA-Q®). Based on the research conducted, methanol extract of Cayratia trifolia fruit has the potential to be hepatoprotective.

AKTIVITAS PENURUNAN KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH TIKUS PADA EKSTRAK DAUN LIDAH MERTUA (Sansevieria trifasciata Prain)

Sansevieria trifasciata is one of the plants used as medicine, especially the leaves are used by the community as a lowering blood glucose. Flavonoid compounds contained in Sansevieria trifasciata’s leaves have antioxidant properties that protect pancreatic cells from free radicals. The purpose of this study was to determine the activity of the ethanol extract of Sansevieria trifasciata’s leaves in reducing blood glucose levels in rats. This research was conducted using the pre and post-test method with randomized control group design, using 5 treatment groups: negative control (CMC Na), positive control (Glibenclamide 0.09 mg/200 gBW) and 3 treatment groups with doses: 100, 150 and 200 mg/kgBB. All groups were induced with alloxan 150 mg/kgBW i.p for 3 consecutive days, then given treatment for 15 days. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA test with p <0.05 then followed by LSD test. The test results in this study showed that there was no significant difference between the positive controls at doses of 150 and 200 mg/kgBW with p>0.05. The highest activity was achieved by a dose of 200 mg/kgBW because it reduced blood glucose levels to the highest, namely 32.6 mg/dl on the 15th day.

THE EFFECT OF EDUCATIONAL GAME-BASED TEAM GAMES TOURNAMENT (TGT) LEARNING MODEL ON STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES OF CLASS X BUILDING MODELING AND INFORMATION DESIGN (DPIB) 3 PUBLIC VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL (SMK) 1 BALONGAN INDRAMAYU, WEST JAVA

This research is motivated by the low level of learning outcomes of students who do not meet the Minimum Completeness Criteria (KKM). The results of the pre-research found that students felt bored with expository learning techniques, had uneven motivation, interest, and enthusiasm for learning, tended to be passive during learning, and lacked the creation of mutually constructive relationships between high achieving students and those who did not. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on "The Influence of Educational Game-Based Team Games Tournament Learning Models on Learning Outcomes in the Basics of Modeling and Building Information Subjects". This study aims to determine the application of the Team Games Tournament learning model with Wordwall media and its effect on improving student learning outcomes in the Basics of Modeling and Building Information Design subjects. This research is useful for solving problems by applying appropriate learning models according to the learning objectives and characteristics of students. This research used an experimental method in the form of Quasi Experimental with Non Randomized Control Group Design conducted at SMKN 1 Balongan, Indramayu. The population used was all class X DPIB expertise program students. The sample was determined using purposive sampling techniques. The samples to be studied were class X DPIB 2 and X DPIB 3. The data collection technique used was test instruments and observation sheets. The results of this study showed an increase in learning outcomes in class X DPIB 3 by 47%, while the average increase in learning outcomes through the use of expository models in class X DPIB 2 was only 16%. Thus, it can be seen that the experimental class X DPIB 3 experienced an average increase in learning outcomes which was higher than the control class X DPIB 2.Keywords - Team Games Tournament, Wordwall, student learning outcomes.

Black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) bran ethanolic extract improved insulin levels and total antioxidant capacity in type 2 diabetic rats

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) showed a decrease in insulin levels and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC). Black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) bran contained a phytochemical constituent that could ameliorate insulin levels and TAC in T2DM. This study aimed to determine the effect of black rice bran ethanolic extract on insulin levels and TAC in T2DM rats. The black rice bran ethanolic extract was prepared using the maceration method. It was a true experimental study with pre-post-test randomized control group design using forty-two male Wistar rats which were divided into six groups: healthy control, T2DM control (C-), T2DM + Metformin (C+) and T2DM + black rice bran ethanolic extract at the doses of 15 mg/200 g BW (T1), 30 mg/200 g BW (T2) and 60 mg/200 g BW (T3). The treatment was given oral gavage for 21 days. The results showed that there was a significant increase in insulin levels and TAC in treatment groups compared with the T2DM control (p<0.05). The improvement in TAC from the treatment of black rice bran ethanolic extract was the same as metformin. It could be concluded that black rice bran ethanolic extract increased insulin levels and TAC in T2DM rats with the most effective dose of 60 mg/200 g BW. The result indicated that black rice bran ethanolic extract at a dose of 60 mg/200 g BW was as effective as metformin in increasing TAC.

Increased levels of IL-10 in the spleen after induction of pili protein 65.5 kDa Klebsiella pneumoniae

Background: One of the gram-negative bacteria often found as the cause of nosocomial infections is Klebsiella pneumoniae. This bacterium has a mortality rate of 28.3% due to ESBL strains that cause resistance to several antibiotics and the absence of a vaccine as a preventive measure. Objective: To determine the level of IL-10 in the spleen after induction of the protein pili K. pneumoniae 65.5 kDa in mice. Method: This study used mice spleen samples from 21 mice aged six to eight weeks in an experimental investigation with a randomised posttest-only control group design. There are three groups, K1 as a PBS-given control, 65.5 kDa antigen protein pills + Freund’s adjuvants are given to K2, and Freund's adjuvants are given to K3. Interleukin-10 concentrations were measured using the ELISA and analysed by a one-way ANOVA assay. Result: The research showed significant differences in each group at IL-10 levels after administration of the pili protein K. pneumoniae using one-way ANOVA (p = 0.036). The treatment group had the highest average levels of IL-10, so there was an increased association between exposure to pili protein and IL-10 levels in rats. A significant increase in IL-10 levels was found in the treatment group compared to the control and adjuvant groups. Conclusion: Induction of protein pili Klebsiella pneumoniae 65.5 kDa increases IL-10 levels in spleen mice.

Effectiveness of Digital and Analog Stress Management Interventions within Occupational Health Management in the Public Sector

Stress increases among the working population in Germany. Workplace stress management interventions are therefore becoming increasingly important, especially in the public sector, which has a higher structural risk for work-related stress than other organizations. Currently, face-to-face formats dominate, but promising digital offerings are being developed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a stress management intervention as a face-to-face and self-guided digital format, referring to the Job Demands-Resources Model. The preregistered study applied a randomized control group design in which N = 65 public service employees were assigned to face-to-face training, an online course, or waitlist control group. Participants completed online questionnaires before the intervention, shortly after the intervention, and six weeks later. Although trends for reductions in emotional exhaustion and perceived stress were evident among the intervention groups, mixed analyses of variance showed no interaction effects between the time and group on the outcomes. The main effects showed a significant decrease in stress levels regardless of the group and significant differences between intervention groups, with the online course reporting the lowest stress level. The results indicate that digital and analog stress management interventions can have desired effects within occupational health management. However, many unpredictable events (e.g., illness, vacation during the intervention) seem to influence the effectiveness in the workplace setting, and so further research is needed.

Integrating ideological and political education into music education on college students’ mania

BackgroundMania represents a prevalent psychological issue among college students. Both music education and ideological and political education have been recognized for their positive impacts on mental well-being. Nonetheless, there exists a gap in comprehensive research investigating the specific effects resulting from the integration of ideological and political education into music education as a means of addressing mania.Subjects and MethodsThe study was conducted in a university with a randomized control group design. The experimental group participated in music education courses with integrated ideological and political education components, whereas the control group underwent traditional ideological and political education. Evaluation of students’ mania symptoms was carried out using the Stanford Acute Stress Response Questionnaire (SASRQ) and the 3-min Confusion Assessment Scale (3D-CAM). Statistical analysis employing SPSS23.0 included calculations of mean, standard deviation, and T-test.ResultsThe experimental group exhibited a significantly lower mania score compared to the control group (P<0.001). The average score for the experimental group was 7.62, while that of the control group was 12.35. Furthermore, the anxiety level in the experimental group was notably lower than that of the control group (P<0.01), registering an average score of 15.42 and 20.18, respectively, for the two groups.ConclusionsThe amalgamation of music education and ideological and political education manifests a substantial reduction in both college students’ mania symptoms and anxiety levels, thereby enhancing their mental well-being. Universities are advised to fortify this integration, subsequently delivering more potent psychological support and intervention mechanisms. Further research is warranted to corroborate and enhance these findings.

Physics Workbook using Multimodal Representation on Simple Harmonic Motion Topic

This study aimed to produce teaching materials in workbooks using multimodal representations, which can effectively improve problem-solving and critical-thinking skills. The research method used is the research and development (R&D) method. Test the quality of the workbook developed through validation by three expert lecturers and ten teachers and test the legibility of the main ideas of the discourse by ten high school students. Meanwhile, to test the effectiveness of this research workbook using design randomized control group pretest-posttest design to 70 high school students, 35 each in the control class and 35 in the experimental class. The test results of students' problem-solving and critical-thinking skills were analyzed quantitatively using the N-gain and t-test with the help of SPSS. Based on the main idea's quality and understanding tests, the feasibility percentage of the workbook was 76.35% in the feasible category. Moreover, the effectiveness test results show that workbooks using multimodal representations significantly improve students' problem-solving skills and critical-thinking skills compared to worksheets that can be used in schools.

Effect of Aerobic Walking on Maximal Oxygen Consumption and Serum Vitamin D Levels in Patients with Mechanical Chronic Low Back Pain in Office Workers at Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya

Background: Sedentary behavior is a common risk factor for mechanical chronic low back pain. Functional capacity and serum vitamin D levels are associated with low back pain intensity. The aim to analyze the effect of aerobic exercise walking on maximal oxygen consumption and serum vitamin D levels in patients with mechanical chronic low back pain. Method: true experimental with pre and post-test randomized control group design. Each group consisted of 16 respondents. The treatment group received additional aerobic exercise walking 3x/week, intensity 40-50% HRR (weeks 1-3), 50-60% HRR (weeks 4-6) and 60-80% HRR (weeks 7-8), 30 minutes per session for 8 weeks. The control group only received conventional training 3x/week for 8 weeks. The parameters evaluated were VO2 max and 25(OH)D. Measurements were taken before and after 8 weeks of intervention. Results: The VO2 max values of both groups increased with a significant difference after the intervention (p < 0.001) and there was a difference in the difference (p < 0.001). 25(OH)D levels in both groups increased with no significant difference after the intervention (p = 0.720) and no significant difference in the difference after the intervention (p = 0.662) Conclusion: There is a difference in the addition of walking aerobic exercise to conventional exercise compared to conventional exercise alone on maximal oxygen consumption, but there is no difference on serum vitamin D levels in mechanical chronic low back pain patients.

The Effect of Valerian Root Extract on Reducing Dysmenorrhea Pain Levels and Endorphin Hormone Levels in Women of Childbearing Age

Dysmenorrhea is pain in the stomach that interferes with activities. The incidence of dysmenorrhea is 64.25% of the total number of fertile women. Dysmenorrhea causes complaints of weakness, to anxiety due to severe cramps. Dysmenorrhea treatment can be carried out non-pharmacologically with valerian root extract which can have a relaxing effect on the central nervous system, reduce stress and anxiety, and improve sleep quality. This study aimed to analyze the effect of valerian root extract on dysmenorrhea pain levels and endorphins levels in women of childbearing age. This study used an experimental design with a pretest posttest randomized control group design. Sampling using simple sampling technique was divided into 2 groups to measure the intensity of menstrual pain. The intervention group 18 people were given valerian root extract and the control group 18 people were given standard drugs for the treatment of dysmenorrhea. Giving valerian root extract 100 mg was effective in reducing the level of dysmenorrhea pain, p<0.05. Endorphin levels in the intervention group differed from the control group by, p <0.05. Giving valerian root extract is effective in reducing dysmenorrhea pain and increasing endorphins in women of childbearing age.

The effect of adding exergame boxing to balance functions of elderly women

Background: The average incidence of falls in elderly women exceeds that of elderly men in all age groups. Exercise had a consistent effect on reducing the risk of falls when prescribed correctly and was successful in reducing fall rates in the community, with an even greater effect seen in a balance-challenging exercise program. The exercise in question is a series of combined activities that maintain or increase flexibility, endurance, strength and balance. Compared to traditional sports, sports games are more interesting and challenging, are not affected by the weather, and being able to practice at home increases safety and comfort. Exergame boxing is considered a fun and competitive fighting video game, so it has an effect on psychological and social interactions in the elderly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding exergame boxing on the balance function of elderly women. Methods: This study is a true experimental research with pre and post-test randomized control group design. The research participants were 32 elderly women, with each group consisting of 16 elderly women. Participants in the treatment group received exergame boxing, which was carried out 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Participants in both groups are required to take part in conventional exercises programmed by Nursing Home 5x/week for ±15 minutes. The outputs were assessed at the beginning (initial value) and after 8 weeks of intervention (final value). Results: There were significantly significant differences in the One Leg Stance (OLS) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) values in the control and treatment group (p<0.005), but the effect size was higher in the treatment group. Conclusions: The addition of exercise boxing for 8 weeks can improve the static and dynamic balance function of elderly women as measured by OLS and TUG.

Oral mucoadhesive patch of green betle leaf, areca nut, and gambier can reduce the size of traumatic ulcer lesion

Background: Although topical corticosteroids and antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat traumatic ulcers, both medications have disadvantages. In addition, topical application of the drug is ineffective because it can be washed off by saliva. In order to speed up the healing of traumatic ulcers, it is believed that the oral mucoadhesive patches will adhere to the ulcer for a longer amount of time.
 Methods: This study was a pure laboratory experiment with a post-test only randomized control group design. The study samples were 32 white rats (Rattus norvegicus) of the Wistar strain with traumatic ulcers on the buccal mucosa. The sample was divided into 2 groups: (1) the control group, which was only given analgesics (5% EMLA); and (2) the treatment group, which was given analgesics (5% EMLA) and oral mucoadhesive patches (a combination of ethanol extracts of green betel leaf, areca nut, and gambier). Each group received treatment twice a day for 10 days. Then the diameter of the traumatic ulcer lesion was measured with a digital caliper on days 1–10 from the yellowish-white part. The data obtained were analyzed using an independent t-test.
 Results: There was a significant difference in the diameter reduction of traumatic ulcer lesions between the control group and the treatment group (p