Randomized Control Group Design Research Articles

Lactococcus Lactis D4 Starter Fermented Milk’s Effect on Liver Function of Obstructive Jaundice Model

Obstructive jaundice can cause liver function damage which exacerbates patient morbidity and mortality. Fermented milk starter Lactococcus Lactis D4 derived from dadih is a probiotic that has the potential to improve liver function through the enterohepatic pathway. The research would like to determine the effect of Lactococcus Lactis D4 starter fermented milk on liver function of obstructive jaundice. This study was an experimental study with a post test only randomized control group design in 3 groups of Rattus Novergicus strain Wistar rats with obstructive jaundice model which got ligation of biliary ducts and given Lactococcus lactis D4 starter fermented milk for 7 days. Liver function was assessed by looking at the levels of total bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and GGT in each treatment group. Administration of Lactococcus Lactis D4 starter fermented milk caused a decrease in SGOT levels (LDB + BAL vs LDB: 51.12 ± 1.77 U/L vs 64.63 ± 0.10 U/L, p<0.05) and SGPT (LDB + LAB vs LDB: 60.60±0.85 U/L vs 67.77±2.60 U/L, p<0.05) which was significant. However, there was no significant effect on total bilirubin levels (LDB + BAL vs LDB: 3.21±0.11 mg/dl vs 3.18±0.10 mg/dl, p>0.05), ALP (LDB + LAB vs LDB: 108.20 ± 2.78 U/L vs 115.38 ± 5.08 U/L, p>0.05), and GGT (LDB + LAB vs LDB: 12.57 ± 0.45 U/L vs 12.78±0.31 U/L, p>0.05). Lactococus Lactis D4 starter fermented milk can improve liver function which is indicated by a decrease in SGOT and SGPT levels in experimental animals.

The effect of low-intensity intradialytic aerobic exercise on heart rate variability in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Background: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing maintenance HD typically adopt a sedentary lifestyle which increases cardiometabolic risk and takes many years to be clinically detectable. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive method to assess cardiac autonomic modulation. Interventions to increase HRV, such as exercise therapy, have been examined, given the theoretical plausibility that improvements in HRV may lead to improved outcomes. This study aimed at assessing the effects of aerobic exercise during hemodialysis sessions on the HRV of patients with ESRD. Methods: This research is a quasi-experimental study with pre and post-test randomized control group design. From the total of 20 ESRD patients undergoing maintenance HD randomly assigned to either exercise or control group, 2 subjects dropped out, leaving 18 ESRD patients. The patients in the exercise group were submitted to a low intradialytic aerobic exercise, performed during the first two hours of HD, twice weekly, for 12 weeks. At baseline and after 12 weeks, all participants underwent short-(for 5 min) term measurements of HRV. The data were analyzed in the SPSS package program. Results: There is a significant difference in post-pre changes (Δ) SDNN between the exercise and control group, but there were no significant differences in ΔRMSSD (p = 0.157) and ΔLF/HF ratio (p = 0.859), with the large effect size for ΔSDNN (Cohen’s D 1.01), medium effect size for ΔRMSSD (Cohen’s D 0.70), and very small effect size for ΔLF/HF ratio (Cohen’s D 0.09). Conclusion: Twelve weeks of supervised low-intensity intradialytic aerobic exercise has modified heart rate variability in maintenance hemodialysis patients.

Effects of Personality Traits on Students’ Academic Performance in Business Studies in Public Junior Secondary Schools in Rivers State, Nigeria

This study examined effects of personality traits on students’ academic performance in Business Studies in Public junior Secondary Schools in Rivers State, two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study, the study employed quasi-experimental design. Specifically, the study adopted pretest-posttest non- randomized control group design. The target population of the study was 1,500 students of business studies in all Junior Secondary School II (JSS 2) in public secondary schools in Emohua Local Government Area of Rivers state. Purposive sampling technique was used to select six (6) public secondary schools. Simple random sampling techniques was used to select 20 JSS 2 students in each of the selected schools, making it a total number of one hundred and twenty (120) students in public secondary schools in Emohua Local Government Area of Rivers state. A self-structured questionnaire titled: Students Personality Trait Questionnaire (SPTQ) and Student Business Achiement Test (SBAT) were used for data collection. The instrument were validated by two expert’s judgment in measurement and evaluation in the department of educational foundations in Rivers State University. The reliability of the instruments was established using test- retest and a reliability coefficient of 0.78 was obtained. Mean and standard deviation were used in answering the research questions. Systematic sampling technique was used to select 10 students who scored within 0 – 59 (introverts) and 10 students’ who scored 60 and above (extroverts), while t-test statistics was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study in research question one revealed that Business Education Students given pretest did not perform better as of when posttest was administered to them, whereas research question two shows that Business Education students given posttest perform better as of when posttest was administered to them. Based on the findings it was recommended that business subject teachers should as a matter of importance not rely on pretest scores in judging students with extroversion traits because the students’ were not taught before administering the test to them.

The Effect of Edamame milk on Triglyceride Levels in Diabetes Wistar Rats

Type 2 diabetes is a hyperglycemic disease caused by cell insensitivity due to increasing blood glucose levels due to reduced insulin secretion. Hyperglycemia conditions have the risk to increase triglyceride levels in type 2 diabetes. Edamame milk contained isoflavones that had potential to reduce triglyceride level. To find out the effect of given edamame milk on triglyceride levels in type 2 diabetes wistar rats. A true experimental with pre-post randomized control group design towards 24 type 2 diabetes wistar rats in 4 groups. Groups K(+), P1 and P2 were induced Streptozotocin 45 mg/kgBW and Nicotinamide 110 mg/kgBW. P1 and P2 groups were given edamame milk at a dose of 1,8 ml/200grBW and 3,6 ml/200grBW for 28 days. Blood samples were taken through a retro-orbitalis plexus. Triglyceride levels were tested pre and post intervention using the GPO-PAP method. Data analysis had used Paired T test and One Way ANOVA test with Post hoc follow-up test. Triglyceride levels in P1 and P2 groups had significant differences (p<0,05) against the control groups. Edamame milk could reduce triglyceride levels of groups P1 and P2 at dose 1,8 ml/200grBW and 3,6 ml/200grBW. P2 was the highest group reduced in triglyceride levels up to 29,41±3,55 mg/dL. Edamame milk could reduced triglycerides levels in 28 days. Given an edamame milk at a dose 3,6 ml/200grBW more efficient to reduce triglyceride levels in type 2 diabestes rats significantly

Moderate-intensity Exercise Decreases Cortisol Response in Overweight Adolescent Women

The study purpose was to demonstrate the effect of moderate-intensity exercise on reducing cortisol levels in overweight adolescent women.
 Materials and methods. This study is an actual trial study with a pre-test randomized control group design involving 20 overweight adolescent women aged 19–22 as research subjects who were randomly divided into two groups, namely CNG (n = 10, control group) and EXG (n = 10, moderate-intensity exercise group). The moderate-intensity exercise intervention was performed for 40 minutes on a treadmill. Cortisol levels were measured using an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Data analysis technique used t-test of independent samples and correlation test using Pearson's correlation coefficient with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.
 Results. Cortisol levels were obtained as a result of the best means between CNG and EXG (222.57 ± 56.04 vs 225.56 ± 63.96 ng/mL, (p ≥ 0.05)), post-test cortisol levels between CNG and EXG (238, 27 ± 77.94 vs 118.13 ± 12.90 ng/mL, (p ≤ 0.001)) and cortisol Δ between CNG vs EXG (15.71 ± 13.14 vs -107.43 ± 21, 13 ng/mL, (p ≤ 0.001)). Cortisol levels also showed a positive relationship with markers of overweight (p ≤ 0.05).
 Conclusions. Based on the study results, it was concluded that the cortisol response decreased after moderate-intensity exercise and found a positive relationship between cortisol levels and markers of overweight. These results could be used as a long-term approach to modifying an active lifestyle to reduce stress levels.

Improving Biology Learning Outcomes through Guided Inquiry with Video Media

Lack of student participation during discussions causes students to become inactive when learning, and difficulty in answering teacher questions because the information the teacher conveys is not understood by students. This results in student scores still below the KKM in Global warming is one of them. The minimum completeness criteria set at SMPN 2 Lembah Gumanti is 65. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of the application of the guided inquiry model with video media on the biology learning outcomes of seventh-grade students of SMPN 2 Lembah Gumanti, Solok Regency. The type of research is an experiment with a research design Randomized Control Group Posttest Only Design. The use of t-test is used in the affective domain as a data analysis technique and the t-test was used in the cognitive and psychomotor domains for data analysis techniques. 1 the experimental class has an average score of 62.38 with a predicate of C (Enough) while the control class has an average value of 53.22 with a predicate of D (Less). Hypothesis test 0.05 obtained t-count 2.90 > t-table 1.67, meaning that H1 is accepted. The guided inquiry learning model accompanied by video media can improve the biology learning outcomes of class VII students of SMPN 2 Lembah Gumanti, Solok Regency.

Using digital interventions to reduce digitalization-related stress: does it work?

Digitalization entails positive and negative consequences for employees. In a longitudinal, randomized control group design over 14 days (N = 95 participants), we piloted and expected each of three app-based interventions to positively influence general well-being, well-being related to information and communication technology (ICT) and recovery compared to the control group with no intervention. The meditation intervention significantly increased general well-being (satisfaction) and recovery (detachment) compared to the control group but did not reduce general stress. The cognitive-behavioural intervention significantly increased general well-being (less stress). The informational intervention, however, increased the general stress level. No intervention changed the level of ICT-specific well-being. Thus, classic stress interventions conveyed via ICTs (app-based) may be effective for addressing classic stress symptoms, but not yet for new forms of stress. Future research should investigate structural differences between classic stressors and new kinds of ICT-related stressors to identify starting points for new types of interventions.

The Effectiveness of Aloe-Based Drink in Reducing Glycated Albumin and Insulin Resistance of Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Insulin resistance (IR) has an important role in the pathology that forms the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Glycated Albumin (GA) has a role as an index of glycemic control associated with MetS. Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) is a plant that has anti-diabetic and anti-hypercholesterolemic function. This study aims to investigate the effect of Aloe-based drink on GA and IR in MetS. This study was a true experimental using pre-post randomized control group design. Thirty-eight MetS subjects were divided into two groups: treatment group (n=19) which was provided by 165 g/d of Aloe-based drink for 4 weeks; and the control group (n=19). Both groups were given education regarding of management of MetS. GA was measured by using an ELISA method and IR calculated by HOMA-IR of both groups and statistically analyzed at baseline and the end of treatment. The data were analyzed using paired t-test and independent t-test. At the end of the study, the treatment group showed reduction of GA and HOMA-IR statistically significant (∆GA=-4.3±2.35%; p<0.001; ∆HOMA-IR=-1.6 ±1.87; p=0.001). Compared to control group, the change of GA and HOMA-IR in intervention group were also significantly different (p<0.001; p<0.001). Aloe-based drink was proven to reduce GA and IR in the MetS.

Effect of Tuak Dayak on Testicular Organ Performance: In Vivo Study

Tuak Dayak is an alcoholic drink that is often consumed by the people of West Kalimantan. Infertility is related to ROS levels as a result of alcohol oxidative stress. This study aims to determine the effect of tuak dayak on the 8-OHdG levels of semen and testicular weight. This research is an experimental study using experimental methods with a post-test-only randomized control group design. The research subjects were 25 rats, randomly divided into 5 groups. Group K0 was only given 3.6 mL/kgBW/day of distilled water, groups K1 and K2 were given Tuak Aren at doses of 1.8 and 3.6 mL/kgBW/day, and groups K3 and K4 were given Tuak Dayak at doses of 1.8 and 3.6 mL/kgBW/day. Treatment for 4 weeks. On day 29, semen and testes were taken. The testes are weighed with an electric weigher. Analysis of semen in the testes was performed to check the levels of 8-OHdG. The results of the Mann-Whitney test on K4 and K3 had no effect on the 8-OHdG content of cement. The average result in K4 was the number of Leydig cells 3.68±0.18, the thickness of the tubular tissue was 2.13±0.14µg, and the testicular weight was 0.91±0.09 g, the lowest. The average 8-OHdG content of cement was 0.22±0.01 ng/mL, the lowest was K2, and the highest was at K0 1.14±0.05 g/mL. In conclusion, Tuak Dayak had the effect of lowering testicular weight but did not show any effect on the activity of 8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the semen of rats.

Randomized controlled trial of modified traditional Javanese dance on cardiorespiratory fitness in elderly

The aim of this study is to determine changes of cardiorespiratory fitness in elderly after giving modified Javanese traditional dance for 12 weeks. This study is a experimental study with pre and post-test randomized control group design. The subjects were the elderly woman over 60 years old in the Hargodedali nursing home, Surabaya, Indonesia. Subjects in the treatment group participated in the modified Javanese traditional dance for 12 weeks, 3 times per week with a duration of 35 minutes per session. The control group subjects did not attend the dance session. Six minutes walking test (6MWT) and VO2 max were measured before before treatment and 12 weeks after treatment was finished. There was a statistically significant increase in VO2 max value of the treatment group (p = 0.01). While in the control group there was a decrease in vo2 max, but not significant (p = 0.221). The effect size of the treatment group is 0.93. There is a significant difference in delta vo2max between the treatment and control groups (p=0.004). The effect size after treatment between groups is 1.4. The adherence of subject in this study is 95.3%. Thus, modified traditional Javanese dance increase VO2 max for elderly.

Positive thinking training in reducing stress for people with hypertension

One of the causes of hypertension is stress, and non-pharmacological interventions can be given to decrease stress levels so that blood pressure could also be reduced. The intervention provided in this study was positive thinking training. This study aimed to find out the influence of positive thinking training in reducing the stress levels of people with hypertension, by using a pretest-posttest randomized control group design with three meausurement points. The subjects of the study consisted of 10 people with hypertension who are in moderate to severe scores (based on the Indonesian version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales), and analyzed with the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test. The results indicated a significant difference (p0.05) in positive thinking training in reducing stress between the experimental group and control group. Next, a non-parametric Wilcoxon signed rank test was applied. Results indicated a significant difference Z = -2,032 (p0,050) in the stress levels of people with hypertension before and after positive thinking training. This study has implications for positive thinking training applications in reducing the stress of people with hypertension. It was concluded that positive thinking training can reduce the stress of people with hypertension.

Effect of Phylantus ninuri leaf extract on kidney and liver histopathological features in formaldehyde-exposed rats

Formaldehyde (FA) metabolism in the body reduces glutathione levels, resulting in liver and kidney damage. Phylantus ninuri (meniran) has been demontrated to have hepatoprotective properties. However, the effect of meniran administration on the histological features of the liver and kidney in in formaldehyde-exposed rats has not been adequately studied. The study was aimed to determine the effect of meniran on the histopathological feature of liver and kidney cell. This was a posttest randomized control group design. A total of 24 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 was a control group that received only oral formaldehyde. Group 2, Group 3, Group 4 was administered oral formaldehyde together with meniran extract at dose of 100 mg/kg BW, 200 mg/kg BW, and 300 mg /kg BW respectively for 14 days. The histopathological changes of the kidneys and liver were assesed using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The mean of kidney and liver damage in the meniran group at various doses was lower than that of control group. There was a significant difference in the mean of kidney damage between the control group and the meniran group at various doses (p<0.05). The mean histopathological score of liver damage showed a significant difference between the control group and various treatments (p<0.05). Ethanolic extract of meniran leaves ameliorates liver and kidney damage in formaldehyde-exposed rats.

Assess the Knowledge and Health Behavior on Osteoporosis among the Older Adult in Selected Community Bhubaneswar

Introduction: This study was done to assess the knowledge and health behaviour regarding osteoporosis in khandagiribari. And to find out the association between knowledge and health behaviour with selected socio- demographic variables. Methods and material: quantitative experimental approach and non randomized control group design was adopted. 200 people were selected by purposive sampling technique, who were met the inclusion criteria . Self structured interview schedule was used to collect the demographic data and self structured osteoporosis knowledge assessment scale was used to asses the level of knowledge regarding osteoporosis among the age group above age group above 60 of khandagiribari. Health behaviour assessment scale is used to assess the health behaviour . The reliability of Tool II self structured knowledge scale was computed by using cronbachs alpha formula which was found 0.85 which is acceptable. Reliability of Tool III of health behaviour was 0.90 which is acceptable. Result: The findings showed that majority of samples was 60-70year It was found that there were need to create awareness programme among the people regarding osteoporosis . The chi square value revealed that there was valid association between the level of knowledge and health behaviour with gender, education, occupation. Conclusion: study concluded that the level of knowledge regarding osteoporosis is good and also positive health behaviour regarding osteoporosis.

The Effects of Javanese Turmeric (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb) on Fibroblasts, Granulation, Blood Vessel Density, and Contraction in Wound Healing of STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats

Diabetic ulcers usually occur in the lower extremities of diabetic patients. One in 20 diabetic patients will develop an ulcer, and 10% of those cases lead to amputation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb.) extract on the number of fibroblasts, granulation, blood vessel, and the rate of wound contraction in a Wistar rat model of the diabetic ulcer. This was an experimental study with post-test observations only and randomized control group design. Rats were divided into five groups: (1) negative control (KN); (2) positive control (KP); (3) P1; (4) P2; and (5) P3. Every rat was assessed for fibroblast number, granulation, blood vessel density, and wound contraction percentage. Javanese turmeric extract had a significant effect on histological parameters (fibroblast, blood vessels and tissue granulation) (p < 0.05) and wound contraction (p < 0.05). The double linear test revealed a significant relationship between fibroblasts, granulation, blood vessel quantity, and wound contraction (p < 0.05). Correlation and regression tests showed that Javanese turmeric extract explained 91% of the effects on fibroblasts, blood vessels, and granulation. Treatment with Javanese turmeric extract increased the number of fibroblasts, tissue granulation, blood vessel density and wound contraction in male diabetic Wistar rats.

The Effect of S.A.Q Training Style on a Number of Basic Skills for Futsal players

The research aims to reveal the following: - The differences in a number of basic skills for the experimental group players between the pre and post-tests. - The differences in a number of basic skills for the control group players between the pre and post-tests. - The differences in a number of basic skills between the experimental and control groups in the post-test. To verify the objectives of the research, the researcher put the following hypotheses: - The presence of significant differences in a number of physical and skill variables for the experimental group between the pre and post-test, for the post test. - The presence of significant differences in a number of physical and skill variables for the control group between the pre and post-test. - The presence of significant differences in a number physical and skill variables in the post tests between the experimental and control groups, for the experimental group. The researchers used the experimental method for its convenience to the research nature, and the experiment was carried out on a sample of (20) players from Andalusia Youth Forum with ages (under 19) years, they are divided in to two groups experimental and control with & player for each group, (4) players were excluded from the research sample , (2) players were excluded because they didn’t complete the test. and (2) players were excluded for being goalkeepers, Homogeneity was achieved in the variables (age, height, weight, and training age), and parity between the two research groups in the physical and skill variables that were determined by the specialists. An experimental design called the pre- and post-test randomized control group design was adopted. The research procedures included designing (SAQ) exercises that were applied to the experimental group, as well as conducting a number of exploratory experiments to determine the used exercises as well as the appropriate ( intensities , repetitions and rest times) for these exercises, after that the physical and skill pre-tests were implemented, then training style exercises were carried out. Then the training method exercises were implemented, the experimental group implemented (SAQ) style exercises, while the control group implemented the curriculum prepared by the team coach. The implementation of the experiment took (9) weeks during three intermediate cycles with (9) small cycles and with a wave movement of (2: 1) in each intermediate session and with (3) training units per week. After that, the researchers conducted the skills tests with the same procedures and steps that were followed in the pre-tests, The researchers used the following statistical methods: (the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, skew coefficient, coefficient of variation, percentage, (T) test for related samples .T-test for independent samples). The data were statistically handled using the (SPSS) program to obtain (the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, skew coefficient , T-test for related samples and T-test for independent samples ). The researchers concluded: (S.A.Q) style exercises carried out by the experimental group achieved an improvement in all the physical and skill variables by comparing the results of all the pre and post variables of the experimental group players

Effectiveness of Hyaluronic Acid Nasal Drops in Post Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) is commonly performed on patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) that has not improved through medical treatment. Hyaluronic acid (HA) has a vital role in wound healing and mucosa repair. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of nasal drops using HA on clinical symptom scores, quality of life, and endoscopic features in post-FESS patients. This study was conducted with a pre- and post-test randomized control group design in 50 CRS patients undergoing FESS (25 males, 25 females, aged 18 to 55 years) at Dr. Kariadi General Hospital Medical Center Semarang from May to November 2019. The treatment group received additional HA therapy, while the control group only received standard therapy. Subjects were assessed with clinical symptom scores, quality of life, and endoscopic features before and after treatment. The statistical analysis was performed between the control and treatment groups using the Mann-Whitney test. There were significant differences between the control and treatment groups on clinical symptom scores (nasal congestion p = 0.001, runny nose p = 0.027) and endoscopic features (edema p = 0.001, secret p = 0.001, crusts p = 0.001). The therapy in post-FESS patients was using nasal drops, the treatment group was given HA, and the control group was given a placebo. Nasal drops using HA in the treatment group show improvement in clinical symptom scores of nasal congestion and runny nose, as well as the endoscopic appearance of edema, secret, and crusts.

The Effect of Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy on Anxiety and Resilience of the School Going Early Adolescents with Anxiety

Background: The increasing mental health problems of Indian adolescents are of great concern but child-health mental service is in a nascent stage. Anxiety is the most common psychological problem found in school-going children. The psychological intervention for this high-risk population at an early stage of adolescence can prevent mental health problems. Aim: The study aimed to assess the applicability and effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on resilience and anxiety of early school-going adolescents with anxiety. Method: This study used pre, post, and follow-up with a randomized control group design. Out of 200 samples screened by Preliminary Identification Performa and Clinical Interview Schedule (PI&CI), General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS), and Brief Psychiatry Rating Scale (BPRS-C), 72 samples aged between 10 to 14 were included in the final study and grouped into two equal groups through a simple randomized method. Psychological intervention based on mindfulness (PIBM) group with N = 36 received 12 sessions of mindfulness-based intervention (MBCT-C) but only 33 completed up to follow-up. Only N = 32 in Treatment Waiting List (TWL) group completed three assessments who received parental counseling about anxiety. The outcome measures were Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM), SCAS, Bharathiar University Resilience Scale (BURS). Result: The findings suggested that the PIBM group significantly improved in mindfulness and resilience, and anxiety symptoms were reduced. The effect size observed is strong and the post hoc t-test showed significant change in variables in every assessment duration. The TWL group did not have significant change. Thus MBCT-C is an applicable and effective intervention for a early school-going adolescent with anxiety.

Newborn care

A neonate is also called a newborn. Aim: To assess the effectiveness of simulation training on knowledge and practice regarding newborn care among staff nurses. Research design: A quasi experimental non randomized control group design was used. Sampling and sampling technique: Sixty staff nurses each in experimental and control group a were selected by non probability purposive sampling for the study in Rohilkhand Medical college hospital and Varunarjun Medical College Hospital. Knowledge and practice was assessed by using structured knowledge questionnaire and practice checklist.. The intervention included the simulation training of neonatal resuscitation and teaching on immediate and routine newborn care. Results and findings: The study findings revealed that the mean post-test knowledge score was higher i.e. (31.66±1.71) than the mean pretest knowledge score i.e. (20.68 ±4.68) in the experimental group. It revealed that the mean post-test practice score was higher i.e.( 24.71±0.45) than the mean pretest practice score i.e. (21.03 ±1.30) in the experimental group. Data revealed that the mean experimental group knowledge score was higher (31.66±1.17) than the mean control group knowledge score (26.03 ± 3.66). The difference was found to be statistically significant at p=0.05 level of significance.

The Effect of S.A.Q Training on a Number of Physical Picks for Futsal Players' Youth

The research aims to reveal the differences in a number of physical variables for the experimental group players between the pre and post-tests. Also, it shows the differences in a number of physical variables for the control group players between the pre and post-tests. Moreover, the differences in a number of physical variables between the experimental and control groups in the post-test. The researchers used the experimental method for its convenience to the research nature, and the experiment was carried out on a sample of (20) players from Andalusia Youth Forum with ages (under 19) years, (4) players were excluded from the research sample, (2) players for the exploratory experience and (2) players were excluded for being goalkeepers. Homogeneity was achieved in the variables: age, height, weight and training age; and parity between the two research groups in the physical and skill variables that were determined by the specialists. An experimental design called the pre- and post-test randomized control group design was adopted. The researchers used the following statistical methods: the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, skew coefficient, coefficient of variation, percentage, T test for related samples, and T-test for independent samples. The data were statistically handled using the (SPSS) program to obtain the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, skew coefficient, T-test for related samples and T-test for independent samples. The researchers concluded that the (S.A.Q) style exercises carried out by the experimental group achieved an improvement in all the physical and skill variables by comparing the results of all the pre and post variables of the experimental group players. In addition, the experimental group that carried out the S.A.Q style exercises achieved better progress than the control group in all physical and skill variables by comparing the results of

Occupational health intervention for work-life balance and burnout management amongteachers in rural communities.

This study examined the efficacy of the occupational health model of rational emotive behavioral on work-life balance (WLB) and burnout management (BOM) amongpublic school teachers. The study was a pretest-posttest randomized control group design. The participants were 141 teachers in rural communities in Enugu state Nigeria drawn with emphasis on inclusion criteria. Two instruments were used for the data. Data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of variance. The result showed that rational emotive occupational health coaching (REOHC) led to a significant increase in the management of WLBand burnout among teachers compared to their counterparts in the control group. At the follow-up stage, REOHC proved to be effective over a period of 3 months. REOHC is a therapeutic intervention strategy that is valid and reliable over time in the management of WLB and BOM amongteachers. The researchers are optimistic that the extension of REOHC to other related social and psychological-based self-defeating belief by social workers, psychologists, counselors, and employers of labors can enhance their productivity and emotionality in the home and workplace.