Railway Communication Research Articles

ВПЛИВ ГЕОПОЛІТИКИ НА МІЖНАРОДНЕ ПАСАЖИРСЬКЕ ЗАЛІЗНИЧНЕ СПОЛУЧЕННЯ УКРАЇНИ

Geopolitics directly affects the state and level of development of the international railway communication of Ukraine. The evidence of this is the political and military events of recent years, which have led to fundamental changes in the direction and structure of passenger transportation in the international railway communication of the state. Thus, Ukrzaliznytsya is to direct its efforts to use the advantageous transport and geographical position of the state in Europe to ensure the growth of exports of services on railway passenger transportation. Keywords: geopolitics, railway communication, passenger transport.

5G Requirements and Key Performance Indicators

This paper presents an overview of 5G requirements as specified by 3GPP SA1. The main drivers for 5G were the requirement to provide more capacity and higher data rates and the requirement to support different ‘vertical’ sectors with ultra-reliable and low latency communication. The paper discusses basic requirements that are new for 5G and provides 5G performance requirements. The paper also discusses a number of vertical sectors that have influenced the 5G requirements work (V2X, mission critical, railway communication) and gives an overview of developments in 3GPP SA1 that will likely influence 5G specifications in the future.

A Framework for Vulnerability Detection in European Train Control Railway Communications

Railway systems have evolved considerably in the last years with the adoption of new communication technologies. Aiming to achieve a single European railway network, the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) emerged in Europe to substitute multiple and noninteroperable national railway communication systems. This system and its security strategies were designed in late 1990s. Recent works have identified vulnerabilities related to integrity, authenticity, availability, and confidentiality. In the context of defining effective countermeasures to mitigate potential vulnerabilities, these vulnerabilities have to be analysed. In this article we introduce a framework that attempts to challenge ERTMS security by evaluating the exploitability of these vulnerabilities.

The capital of Ukraine as a perspective market of inbound tourism

The article analyzes the inbound and domestic tourism market of the capital of Ukraine Kyiv as a priority target audience of consumers of the all-Ukrainian tourist product. The subject of research of the article is the capital of Ukraine as a perspective market of inbound tourism. The main goal of this article is to research the Kyiv tourist market in the context of the development and implementation of tourism strategies of Ukraine as a whole, as well as other Ukrainian cities. In addition, it is important to analyze the foreign visitors and their behavior for more systematic work on the development of the tourism industry in the country. Another part is to determine the preferences of internal Kyiv tourists, which must necessarily be taken into account when creating target tourism products for the citizens of Kyiv. The objectives are to analyze the features of railway and aviation communication between Kyiv and other countries, to research the dynamics of statistical indicators, as well as the results of economic activity of tourism industry subjects of the city of Kyiv, to represent the results of marketing research of the socio-demographic indicators of foreign and domestic visitors of the capital, their goals of travel, terms of stay, sources of information about Kyiv and the amount of travel expenses. The result of the research is the SWOT-analysis of Kyiv in terms of the tourist attractiveness, challenges and opportunities of the capital. The conclusions are the main recommendations for subject of tourism activity of Kyiv for increasing the tourist flows to Kyiv, namely: improving of the image of the capital and neutralizing the reputation of a dangerous city; clear targeting of the consumer market; creation of a competitive tourist product for certain categories of tourists; holding a large number of world-class events in the capital; training of Chinese-speaking guides as well as personnel of service facilities; promotion of accommodations to get official category; legalization of the casino as a significant factor in increasing of the tourist attractiveness of the destination; creation of convenient public transport logistics and navigation in three languages (Ukrainian, English, Chinese); improvement of amenities; establishment of infrastructure for active recreation, people with disabilities and for children.

A Dual-Link Soft Handover Scheme for C/U Plane Split Network in High-Speed Railway

The heterogeneous network architecture based on control/user (C/U) plane split is a research hot spot in the fifth generation (5G) communication system. This new architecture for the high-speed railway (HSR) communication system can provide high quality of service (QoS) for the passengers, such as higher system transmission capacity, better transmission reliability, and lower co-channel interference. The relatively critical C plane is expanded and maintained in a reliable low-frequency band to guarantee transmission reliability, and the U plane is supported by the available high-frequency band to meet the increasing system capacity demands. However, there are still many problems to be solved in the C/U plane split network to ensure reliable transmission. In the HSR communication system, the C plane and the U plane are supported by the macro evolved NodeBs (eNBs) and the small eNBs, respectively. The handover between the different macro eNBs involves two types of handovers, which directly reduces its applicability and reliability in HSR. Therefore, a dual-link soft handover scheme for C/U plane split network in HSR is proposed in this paper. By deploying a train relay station (TRS) and two antennas in the train, the handover outage probability will be reduced. Moreover, the bi-casting is adopted to decrease the communication interruption time and the signaling flows of the intra-macro eNB handover and inter-macro eNB handover are designed in detail. Simulation results show that the proposed handover scheme can significantly reduce the outage probability and improve the handover success probability in the inter-macro eNB handover.

Logistical organization of shipments in the context of interaction of various modes of transport

The paper represents researches in the field of logistical processes in the context of interaction of various transport modes. The characteristics of forms of shipments’ logistical organization in railroad and water communications were defined that differ from the existing ones by the performed functions and types of operators. This allows describing more precisely the organizational forms of interaction. The authors have developed an algorithm for managing operational activities in the logistics center, based on the interconnection of flows within it and coordination of the participant interaction in supply chains. The proposed methodological recommendations on the economic justification of the logistics center, which consist in the organizational support structure, allow providing a differentiated approach to the planning of operations for processing the flow according to the composition of the logistics chain.

Planning Optimization of the Distributed Antenna System in High-Speed Railway Communication Network Based on Improved Cuckoo Search

The network planning is a key factor that directly affects the performance of the wireless networks. Distributed antenna system (DAS) is an effective strategy for the network planning. This paper investigates the antenna deployment in a DAS for the high-speed railway communication networks and formulates an optimization problem which is NP-hard for achieving the optimal deployment of the antennas in the DAS. To solve this problem, a scheme based on an improved cuckoo search based on dimension cells (ICSDC) algorithm is proposed. ICSDC introduces the dimension cell mechanism to avoid the internal dimension interferences in order to improve the performance of the algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed ICSDC-based scheme obtains a lower network cost compared with the uniform network planning method. Moreover, ICSDC algorithm has better performance in terms of the convergence rate and accuracy compared with the conventional cuckoo search algorithm, the particle swarm optimization, and the firefly algorithm.

Multicarrier Downlink Transmission for High-speed Railway in Non-Gaussian Noise Channels

We consider a wireless wideband downlink transmission for high-speed railway. In this scenario, the wireless channel is double selective, i.e., multipath and highly time-varying, and involves non-Gaussian noise at the receiver side. Conventional receiver algorithms designed for Gaussian noise and time-invariant channels are inefficient especially for impulsive noise and time-varying multipath channels, which are the main challenges in high-speed railway. They may lead to communication outage and involve large carrier offsets, respectively. Regarding the challenges, a synthesis scheme is proposed to resolve these issues in this paper. First, in order to mitigate the impulsive noise, three impulsive noise detection algorithms are adopted to discriminate impulsive noise from the received signal. The blanking algorithm is used to suppress the discriminated noise. Then, the refined signal goes through a well-designed filtering, which transforms the received signal with varying frequency offsets into an angle domain. The advantage in the angle domain is that the frequency offset in each angle becomes nearly constant. Thus, the frequency offsets can be estimated within each angle to realize accurate estimation. In the simulation, three different impulsive noise models are considered to evaluate the communication reliability in this circumstance. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme significantly improves the reliable performance of the high-speed railway communication systems.

The Role of Railway Communication in Providing Russian Military Support for Austria in May 1849

The article, based on both published and archival sources, reconstructs the circumstances of the delivery of the Russian military division by railway from Krakow to Ungarisch Hradisch against the background of negotiations between the Russian and Austrian commandment, official documents, letters and memories of the campaigners about the events of May 1849.

Location-Fair Beamforming for High Speed Railway Communication Systems

In this paper, transmission scheme for the base station with a large number of antennas in the high-speed train (HST) networks in the presence of Doppler shift is considered. A location-fair transmission scheme based on sectorized beams, in which the received signal-to-noise ratio or signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) inside the beam range varies little, is first proposed to counter the effect of high Doppler shift. An optimization problem for the beam design is formulated to maximize the expected average power within the beam coverage range with limited variation in the instantaneous received power in different locations. Subsequently, the two HSTs encountering scenario is considered. An optimization problem to maximize the sum transmission rate with suppressed average interference and limited variation in the instantaneous received SINR for each HST is formulated, which is nonlinear and cannot be solved directly. Alternatively, the objective function is shifted to minimizing the power consumption, for which an iterative algorithm to derive the optimal solution is designed. Through numerical results, the tradeoff between fairness and cumulated mobile service is demonstrated. Overall, a location-fair solution for the HST networks in the presence of Doppler shift is provided.

Application of probability and statistics methods in arrangement of railway transportation

Complex economic and mathematical methods are becoming more widespread in training of specialists in the field of railroad communication arrangement. The purpose of this study is to develop an effective methodology for mathematical training of railway transportation specialists on the basis of active training methods. The article deals with application of probabilistic and statistical methods to problems in design of railway transportation, for example, fluctuations in loading of railway stations and distribution of the time interval between arrival of trains. Using the example of the flow of arriving trains, the technology of testing the hypothesis that the time between arrival of trains is distributed according to the exponential law and the hypothesis of independence of events in the flow is displayed in detail. When confirming each of these hypotheses, it must be concluded that the flow of trains arriving at the station is according to the simplest (Poisson’s) model. This conclusion allows using the apparatus of Markov chains to describe a random process.

A novel handover scheme using torch nodes and adaptive measurement aggregation mechanism to improve QoS in high-speed railway communication

Technological advancement in the field of transportation and communication is happening at a faster pace in the past few decades. As the demand for high-speed transportation increases, the need for an improved seamless communication system to handle higher data traffic in a highly mobile environment becomes imperative. This paper proposes a novel scheme to enhance the quality of service in high-speed railway (HSR) communication environment using the concept of torch nodes (TNs) and adaptive measurement aggregation (AMA). The system was modeled using an object-oriented discrete event simulator, and the performance was analyzed against the existing single-antenna scheme. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme with its minimal implementation overhead can efficiently perform seamless handover with reduced handover failure and communication interruption probability.

Reduced rank MIMO-OFDM channel estimation for high speed railway communication using 4D GDPS sequences

Abstract This paper presents a reduced rank channel estimator for multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) high speed railway (HSR) systems. Conventional interpolation based channel estimators require high pilot load for robust estimation of the rapidly time varying frequency-selective MIMO-OFDM HSR channel. To relax the high pilot overhead requirement, we take advantage of the channel’s restriction to low dimensional subspaces due to the time, frequency and spatial correlation and propose a low complexity linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) channel estimator. The channel estimator utilizes a four-dimensional (4D) basis expansion channel model obtained from band-limited generalized discrete prolate spheroidal (GDPS) sequences. Simulation results validate that the mean square estimation error of the proposed estimator is smaller than that of the conventional interpolation based least square (LS) estimator and the performance is robust to different delay, Doppler and angular spreads.

О перспективах развития высокоскоростных железнодорожных магистралей в России

Objective: To consider the prospects for the development of high-speed railway lines (VSM) in Russia. To analyze the fundamentals of “Updated program of high-speed railway communication on the territory of the Russian Federation” approved on November, 23rd 2015 by the decision of OAO “RZhD” board meeting and the social board on the issues of high-speed railway communication in Russia. To formulate the specificities of high-speed traffic organization: promising directions of high-speed headings realization before 2030, as well as the stages of their implementation in Russia. Methods: Multiple regression analysis, as well as the method of multi criterial decisions optimization was applied in the study. Results: The analysis of current and perspective headings was carried out, as well as such characteristics as speed and the running time of “Sapsan” high-speed trains and “Allegro”, “Strizh”, “Lastochka” rapid trains. Special attention was paid to the comparison of strategies given in “Updated program of high-speed railway communication on the territory of the Russian Federation” with the main scientific findings stated in VSM network formation part, obtained on the basis of complex approach to the solution of justification of VSM network formation stage-by-stage approach, taking into account multi criterial estimation of cities and regions’ potential and application of mathematical traffic flow model approach as part of basic regional socioeconomic indices of cities and regions, situated in the zones attractive for future VSM construction. Practical importance: The conclusion was made on the necessity to continue exploratory development in the sphere of topology specification research and stage-by-stage formation of the first VSM in Russia.

Repair and Protection of Small Railway Viaduct with Jammed Span at the Mining Influence

This paper is about the maintenance of bridge objects on mining areas. Based on several years of observation is shown as functional parameters and technical conditions were deteriorated. As a result of the mining area deformations appeared among others following damages: block of bearings, jam of span, cracks on the abutments. The article describes series of clever maintenance repairs (such as the restoration of displacement freedom on non-standard tangent bearings) which enabled the exploitation of the viaduct without interruptions of railway communication. The region of the bridge is planned to further mining activities, which prejudged, that a repair of the viaduct was necessary to realization. The article discusses the predicted mining area deformation and analyses their influence on the bridge structure. Repair of the viaduct is a comprehensive example of the mining facility protection with the restoration of the expansion joints, bearings replacement, widening benches under bearings, stitching cracks and strengthening abutments, recreating the isolation and the drainage system damaged by mining influences, performance strut in the foundation level. An important element in determining the durability of repair is the selection of appropriate materials and repair technology, which is analysed in the article. All of these tasks completed in less than four months. Article illustrates the photo documentation made before and after repairs and technical drawings that show the range of the repairs.

Position-Aided Large-Scale MIMO Channel Estimation for High-Speed Railway Communication Systems

We consider channel estimation for high-speed railway communication systems, where both the transmitter and the receiver are equipped with large-scale antenna arrays. It is known that the throughput of conventional training schemes monotonically decreases with the mobility. Assuming that the moving terminal employs a large linear antenna array, this paper proposes a position-aided channel estimation scheme whereby only a portion of the transmit antennas send pilot symbols and the full channel matrix can be well estimated by using these pilots together with the antenna position information based on the joint spatial-temporal correlation. The relationship between mobility and throughput/DoF is established. Furthermore, the optimal selections of transmit power and time interval partition between the training and data phases as well as the antenna size are presented accordingly. Both analytical and simulation results show that the system throughput with the position-aided channel estimator does not deteriorate appreciably as the mobility increases, which is sharply in contrast with the conventional one.

Optimal Multicell Coordinated Beamforming for Downlink High-Speed Railway Communications

This paper investigates the multicell coordinated beamforming (MCBF) design for high-speed railway communications, where a high-mobility train goes through a multicell multiuser system in urban areas. All passengers in the train are aggregated to be a high-mobility “big user.” In order to explore the downlink system performance limit, we formulate an optimization problem to maximize the information rate from the serving base station to the high-mobility train while guaranteeing the minimal required achievable information rates of all low-mobility users outside the train by optimizing MCBF vectors. The interchannel interference (caused by Doppler effect to the train), the intercell interference and the interuser interference are jointly considered. Since the problem is nonconvex and cannot be solved directly, we first introduce an auxiliary variable (AV), and for a given AV, we find the optimal MCBF vectors via solving a second-order cone programming. Then, by updating the AV with the bisection method, the corresponding global optimal MCBF vectors are numerically obtained. Simulation results show that our proposed MCBF design greatly enhances the information throughput of the high-mobility train without degrading the required data rates of low-mobility users.

RESTORATION OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT IN KUBAN DURING THE POSTOCCUPATIONAL PERIOD OF 1943

In article restoration of railway infrastructure after release of the territory of Krasnodar Krai from the German occupation is considered. The author determined scales of corruptings of a transport component, the reasons requiring the immediate organization of operations for restoration of railway transport are established. Exposures from the minutes of regional committee of the All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks), reports of the persons responsible for carrying out recovery work in which periods and the directions and actions for repair of railroad tracks, bridges, stations are marked are given in article; shortcomings are specified and the reasons of lowering of rates of operations are established. In article launch of the first trains in the territory of Krasnodar Krai, after release from the German invaders is chronologically considered. Importance and efficiency of reviewing of the questions connected to supplies of equipment and building materials, restoration of the Tikhoretsk locomotive-repair plant evacuated in Tbilisi is shown. The author showed heroic work of the population on restoration of railway communication in the territory of Kuban: in July, 1943 community work days in which families of railroad workers, collective farmers, citizens participated are organized. Dedicated work allowed branch to quit on the advanced boundaries on rates of restoration. In the documents provided in article difficult material living conditions in which there were railroad workers were marked. This problem was solved due to the brotherly help of the Transcaucasian federal republics (The Georgian SSR, the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Azerbaijani SSR). Deliveries of suits, linen, mittens, women’s and men’s shoes were realized.

OFDM 기반 고속주행 철도통신 시스템의 ICI 소거 기법 연구

OFDM 기반 고속주행 철도통신 시스템의 ICI 소거 기법 연구

Service Provisioning and User Association for Heterogeneous Wireless Railway Networks

In addition to comforting passengers’ journey, the modern railway system is responsible to support a variety of on-board Internet services to meet the passenger’s demands on seamless service provisioning. In order to provide wireless access to the train, one idea attracting increasing attention is to deploy a series of track-side access points (TAPs) with high-speed data rates along the rail lines dedicated to the broadband mobile service provisioning on board. Due to the heavy data traffic flushing into the base stations (BSs) of the cellular networks, TAPs act as a complement to the BSs in data delivery. In this paper, we focus on the TAP association problem for service provisioning in a heterogeneous wireless railway network, where the TAP and BS coexist by applying a queueing game theoretic approach. Specifically, we present comprehensive theoretical analysis of the delay performance on the circumstances of partially observed, totally unobserved, and totally observed state of the system. Moreover, based on the considered payoff model and the derived association delay time, the passenger’s equilibrium strategies on association behaviors, i.e., whether to associate with a TAP or not, are studied. Finally, performance evaluations and discussions are provided to illustrate our proposed passenger-TAP association scheme for the heterogeneous wireless railway communication system.