Relative Radius Research Articles

Designing optimal geometry of the radius die for broaching cases

The object of this study is the technological process of broaching cartridge cases through a radius die on a mandrel. The work is aimed at solving the actual scientific and technical task of improving the technological process of broaching on a mandrel through a die in the manufacture of cartridge-case type forgings, which provides an increase in the stability of broaching dies. The finite element method (FEM) was used to simulate the processes of broaching cartridge cases through the die. As a result, a rational geometry of the radius die has been established. Recommendations for designing new die structures have been devised, which involve determining the rational radius of rounding of the working part of the die. The established recommendations have been verified by experimental studies. The broaching of cartridge cases through a die with a working radius surface should be carried out at relative radius R/d=3.0. In this case, stress intensity decreased by 7...17 %, average compressive stresses decreased by 8...15 %, and normal pressure decreased by 10...15 % compared to smaller rounding radii. The resulting force on the working surface of the die decreased by 40...55 %, and the radial component of this force decreased by 50 %. It was found that the working surface of the die is heated to a temperature of 750...850 °C, but the rounding radius R/d=3.0 provides a reduction in the volume of this zone by 1.5...1.9 times. The resulting relative rounding radius of the die was tested under industrial conditions, which confirmed that the broaching force for this radius is lower by 15...20 %, and the stability of such a die increased by 20 %. It is recommended to use radius dies for broaching high cartridge cases. The results could also be applied at enterprises during the production of dual-purpose parts

KIC 7914906: An eclipsing heartbeat star with tidally excited oscillations and gamma Doradus/delta Scuti hybrid pulsations

Abstract We present the eclipsing heartbeat star KIC 9704906 with tidally excited oscillations (TEOs) and gamma Doradus/delta Scuti hybrid pulsations. The derived parameters show that it has an orbital period of $P = 8.7529108(1)$ d, a high eccentricity of $e = 0.467(3)$, and a high inclination of $i = 78.^{\!\!\!\circ }81(6)$. The mass ratio $q = 0.981(5)$ and relative radii (radius divided by the semi-major axis) $r_1 = 0.0639(2)$ and $r_2 = 0.0715(4)$ indicate that the secondary component has a smaller mass and a larger radius, and may have evolved off the main sequence. The eight derived TEO candidates, $n = 3$, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 40, and 44 harmonics, are consistent with or close to the dominant spherical harmonic $l=2$, $m=0$, or $\pm 2$, assuming that the spin and orbital axes are aligned, and the pulsations are adiabatic and standing waves. We also identify eight independent frequency candidates, but one of them, ${f_{7}}$, is more like a modulation of a quasi-periodic signal and the orbits. According to the g-mode frequencies, we find that the rotation period of one component is 11.52(29) d. Although the masses and radii cannot be further constrained due to the lack of sufficient high-precision spectra, fascinating phenomena in the Fourier spectra are evident and valuable in this system.

Study on vibration characteristics of anisotropic vehicle rubber bushings by conformal contact force analysis

For ride comfort and handling performance design of vehicles, anisotropic rubber bushings are used as the connection between lower arms and body frames. The nonlinear vibration performance with the deformation amplitude is advantageous to minimise vibration transmission at low magnitude responses and to reduce deformation at large excitations. During transient deformation, the area under the force-deformation curve serves as an indicator for evaluating vibration reduction and isolation performance. The elastomer geometric variables such as the relative radius between the inner and outer contact surfaces are effective design parameters for controlling bushing dynamic behaviour. This study presents a dynamic model to understand the nonlinear stiffness by the contact theory after addressing the actions between elastomer surfaces. The proposed model was confirmed by the measured dynamics stiffness and damping performance. Their influence on the vehicle ride comfort was investigated.

Artículo traducido] Ensayo clínico aleatorizado sobre la utilidad de la impresión 3D en las fracturas intraarticulares de radio distal.

We evaluated the utility of 3 D printing technology for preoperative planning in the treatment of intra-articular fractures of the distal radius in relation to the improvement of surgical technique, radiological and clinical results. A total of 30 patients with 2 B and C fractures of the AO classification were operated on by a single surgeon with a volar plate, randomly divided into two groups, 15 of them with conventional planning (Rx and CT) and 15 adding a 3 D model of the fracture and the previous simulation of the intervention. Simulation time, surgical time in minutes, radioscopy time in minutes, loss of material expressed in lost screws were recorded. Clinical evaluation based PRWE questionnaire and full radiographic analysis was done for all patients with a mean follow-up of 6 months by an independent, blinded observed. No statistically significant differences were observed in the PRWE questionnaire (p = 0.22), nor were we observed differences in the radiological values, except in relation to the articular step (p = 0.028), which represents statistical significance, but in both groups the median was of 0.0 (0.0-0.0). We also did not see statistically significant differences in surgical times (p = 0.745), radioscopy (p = 0.819) or in the loss of synthesis material (p = 0.779). 3 D printing has not improved the parameters studied in relation to routinely operated patients.

Effect of internal pressure and loading path on deformation behavior during low pressure tube hydro-pressing

To overcome the limitations of hydro-pressing process with either linear increasing pressure loading path or constant pressure loading path, a hydro-pressing process with two steps pressure loading path was proposed and an experiment was conducted on hydro-pressing process of DP590 steel tubular part with varied rectangular-section perimeters. The effects of internal pressure and loading path on cross-sectional shape and stress distribution were discussed. An analysis was conducted to give the critical punch stroke of the first step, and an optimal loading path was put forward. The pressure loading path was divided into two steps, the result indicates no buckling happens even no internal pressure adopted in the first step. The wall thickness distribution of the tubular part formed under two steps pressure loading path is more uniform than that with constant pressure loading path. Mechanical analysis proves that the flexural modulus of the tube wall in the earlier stage of deformation is high enough due to the short length of the straight side, which is no need for supporting pressure. Under a reasonable loading path, a rectangular-section tubular part with a compression ratio of 5 % was obtained with lower pressure 13.5 MPa. Its relative corner radius is only 1.5, which exceeds the limiting value of that formed by conventional tube hydroforming.

Plasticity tuning of thermal conductivity between nanoparticles

We study the effects of uniaxial pressure on the thermal conductivity between two nanoparticles using atomistic simulation. While the system is compressed, we analyze the evolution of contact area, the relative density, and the dislocation density. Lattice thermal conductivity is calculated by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations at several stages of the compression. Despite the increment of dislocation defects, thermal conductivity increases with pressure due to the increase in relative density and contact radius. The behavior of the contact radius is compared with the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) model. While there is good agreement at low strain, after significant plasticity, signaled by the emission of dislocations from the contact region, the discrepancy with JKR grows larger with the dislocation density. The results for thermal conductivity show good agreement with previous studies at zero strain, and a theoretical model is used to accurately explain its behavior vs strain-dependent contact radius. Both the Kapitza resistance and thermal resistance decrease with strain but with very different evolution. Simulations of a bulk sample under uniaxial strain were also carried out, allowing for a clear distinction between the role of compressive stress, which increases the conductivity, vs the role of dislocations, which decrease the conductivity. For the NP system, there is the additional role of contact area, which increases with stress and also modifies conductivity. An analytical model with a single free parameter allows for a description of all these effects and matches both our bulk and NP simulation results.

Unified elastoplastic solution for the stress and displacement of tunnel lining and surrounding rock in cold areas considering heterogeneous characteristics

The lining and surrounding rock around tunnels constructed in cold areas exhibit nonuniform material properties due to the existence of a temperature field. This study considered the effects of these properties on the integrity of tunnel structures. By establishing an elastoplastic mechanical model, analytical solutions to the stress and displacement under five different elastoplastic states were derived and compared based on distinct yield criteria. The findings showed that with increasing relative radius, the displacement in the lining elastic zone initially decreased before increasing, whereas the shift in the plastic zone continued to increase. The displacement in the elastic zone of the frozen surrounding rock intensified with increasing relative radius, whereas the shift in the plastic zone experienced a gradual decline. The displacement of the inner wall of the lining was always greater than that of the outer wall, and this phenomenon occurred only after the frozen surrounding rock exhibited a plastic zone. The maximum displacements of the liner in its elastically limited and plastically limited states were 1.39, 1.77, 2.28, and 2.37 ​mm and 15.93, 25.51, 44.28, and 48.58 ​mm based on the Drucker–Prager (DP), Mohr–Coulomb (MC), Tresca, and double-shear strength criteria, respectively; the maximum limit displacements of the frozen surrounding rock were 12.74, 20.41, 35.43, and 38.87 ​mm and 85.32, 103.38, 569.23, and 680.43 ​mm, respectively. With increasing relative radius, the radial stresses within both the lining and the frozen surrounding rock intensified; and the tangential stress in the elastic zone of the lining decreased whereas the opposite change rule was observed in the plastic zone. The tangential stresses in the frozen surrounding rock and lining exhibited the same variation trend. Based on calculations with four distinct strength criteria, the elastic and plastic ultimate bearing capacities of the lining were 1.81, 2.31, 2.95, and 3.07 ​MPa, and 3.31, 4.84, 7.48, and 8.05 ​MPa, while those of the frozen surrounding rock were 8.52, 13.24, 22.17, and 24.18 ​MPa, and 16.76, 32.46, 74.15, and 85.64 ​MPa. In addition, with the expansion of the plastic zone, the phenomenon of a sudden change in the tangential stress at location r2 became progressively attenuated. The study findings can provide some theoretical guidance for the design and construction of tunnels in cold areas.

Predicting a Wide Range of Fractal Dimensions of Salt-Induced Aggregates in Water Using a Random Forest Model.

Salt-induced colloidal aggregates can significantly influence contaminant fate and transport in natural and engineered systems. These aggregates' fractal dimensions (df), ranging from 1.4 to 2.2, depend on various system variables. However, the quantitative relationship between these variables and df of aggregates has not been fully explored, especially in predicting a wide range of df. Here, we developed a random forest model capable of predicting the complete range of aggregate df using just four simple physical and chemical parameters of the aggregating system as inputs. The model accurately predicts the df of aggregates formed by colloids of different sizes, ranging from nano to micro sizes, after being trained and tested on appropriate data sets. Ionic strength (IS) has the most significant influence on the df of aggregates formed by microsized particles followed by the relative hydrodynamic radius of aggregates (Rh/Rp), particle concentration (Cp), and primary particle radius (Rp). For aggregates formed by both nano- and microsized particles, IS still has a strong influence on the df, with the significance of Rp increasing. All four inputs are negatively correlated with predicting the df of aggregates. The predictions align well with the physical interpretations.

Effect of annealing time on bending performance and microstructure of C19400 alloy strip

Abstract The effect of annealing time on the bending properties and microstructure of cold-rolled C19400 alloy was studied by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and optical microscopy. With the increase in annealing time, the bending properties of the alloy first increased and then decreased, and the elongation increased from 8.33% in cold-rolled state to 11.58% after annealing for 60 min, which increased by 39.02%, and then decreased to 10.0% after annealing for 90 min. Within the experimental range, the bending performance is the best when the annealing time is 60 min. When the relative bending radius is 0.4, the outer surface of the bending part of the alloy changes from a large number of microfine cracks before annealing to the disappearance of cracks after annealing. The analysis shows that the decrease in the dislocation density, the ordering of the dislocation structure, and the refinement of the precipitated phase are the keys to improving the bending performance of the strip after annealing.

A Theoretical Solution for Interaction Between Lined Twin Tunnels at Great Depths by a New Alternating Procedure

In designing tunnels, rock-lining interactions are an important issue that needs to be accurately predicted and analyzed. For the closely located twin tunnels, the rock-lining interaction is more complex because of the interaction between tunnels. Based on the classical Schwarz alternating method, a new alternating procedure with fast convergence is presented, which can be used to solve the elastic problems of lined multiple holes. In consideration of the real interaction between tunnels and the interaction between rock and linings, an analytical model for the elastic mechanical responses of lined twin circular tunnels at great depths is proposed using the new analytical procedure. The solutions in all the alternating steps can be superposed to obtain the final solutions that satisfy all the boundary and continuity conditions and the solutions are efficiently calculated because of the analytical expressions. A good agreement between the analytical and numerical results indicates the correctness of the solutions. Based on the analytical model, the influences of the pillar width, relative tunnel radius, the lining stiffnesses and lateral pressure coefficient on the stress and displacement around the tunnels are obtained. The proposed method can be further applied to multiple-lined tunnel problems to quickly predict the supporting force.

Study on the mechanical behavior of microcapsules during the mixing process of asphalt mixture

To enhance the survival rate of microcapsules during the mixing process of asphalt mixture, the mechanical behavior of microcapsules during this process was investigated through simulation. Initially, the asphalt mixture containing microcapsules was divided into mesoscopic and microscopic scales. Utilizing composite material models, the stepwise inclusion method and high-temperature tensile tests, the equivalent mechanical parameters for the microcapsules, asphalt mastic and asphalt mortar at mixing temperature were estimated. Following this, the mixing process of the asphalt mixture incorporating microcapsules was simulated employing the discrete element method (DEM) coupled with multi-body dynamics (MBD). This simulation was instrumental in identifying optimal mixing parameters and enabled the analysis of force chain transmission across the multi-scale model. Furthermore, the finite element method (FEM) was employed to develop a monomer model of the microcapsules, facilitating the assessment of their mechanical behavior under optimal mixing conditions. Finally, a detailed sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the influence of various parameters on the mechanical behavior of microcapsules. The results indicated that, at the mixing temperature, the equivalent Young’s modulus and Poisson's ratio for urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin microcapsules, asphalt mastic, and asphalt mortar were determined to be 0.22 GPa and 0.478, 19.87 GPa and 0.4986, and 88.77 GPa and 0.468, respectively. The optimal mixing parameters for AC-16 asphalt mixture including mixing speed, filling rate and mixing duration were identified as 49 rpm, 50 % and 53 s, under which the most adverse load on the microcapsule is 80 mN. Under the most adverse load, microcapsules might rupture from the inside out, and their survival rate was not less than 68.9 %. Increasing the particle size of microcapsules and reducing the relative radius of the microcapsule core could potentially enhance the crack resistance of microcapsules during mixing.

Mathematical Analysis of Solid Particles Internal Support to Enhancing Pipe Bending

Airspace, aerospace launch vehicles, and a variety of electrical devices employ low thickness bent pipes with short bending radius as one of their essential components. Producing technology for seamless bends has become essential, as the traditional method of producing such bent pipes involves welding two stamped half bends, which is no longer able to meet the high dependability requirements. This work describes a novel approach of push bending low thickness pipes with modest relative bending radiuses using solid particles internal support. Using the DEM, the pressure distribution of the solid particles is examined (DEM). The main benefit of the solid particles in reducing pipe forming faults, particularly wrinkling, is the strengthening of bending deformation. Furthermore, the study explores how diameter of the particles, solid particles friction, & counter pressure affect distribution of pressure within the system. Solid particles plays a beneficial role in enhancing wrinkle resistance during bending, as demonstrated by the formation of pipes with a high diameter, low thickness, and short bending radius. All of these findings suggest that using solid particles internal support opens up new possibilities for the relative bending radius of low thickness pipes to be bent.

Prediction of cavity inception speed and underwater radiated noise of a full-scale marine propeller based on a cavitation tunnel model test

Propeller cavitation is a dominant source of underwater radiated noise (URN) from shipping, and the appropriate evaluation of propeller noise mitigation measures is important for ecological ship design. In this study, a model test procedure and scaling method to predict the full-scale URN level from hydrodynamic noise sources were introduced. The cavity size based on the empirical vortex model was considered in the proposed scaling method for a quiet cruise condition with isolated tip vortex cavitation. This relation provides information on the equivalent cavitation number for the model test to have the same relative radius as that of the full-scale tip vortex cavitation. The alternative test cavitation number can also be chosen as close as possible to the point that gives the equivalent tip vortex cavity size if sheet cavitation exists in the condition for the equivalent cavity size. In this case, additional noise scaling should be performed using the ratio of the tip vortex cavity radii. The new scaling exponent introduced in this study varies according to the distance from the cavitation inception condition and shows a decreasing trend from the value at the inception condition as the equivalent cavitation number for the model test decreases. The scaled URN levels based on the proposed method showed reasonable agreement with the measurement results of a full-scale ship. Finally, the noise reduction effect of the specially designed wake control fin and propeller was investigated through a comparative model test following the proposed scaling strategy, and significant noise reductions were observed with changes in the design configuration.

Given a wingspan, which windplane design maximizes power?

Windplanes (i.e. Fly-Gen airborne wind energy systems) harvest wind power via the turbines placed on the tethered wing, which flies crosswind trajectories. In this paper, the optimal design of windplanes is investigated with simplified models, enabling an intuitive understanding of their physical characteristics. The windplane is then idealized as a point mass flying circular fully crosswind trajectories. If the gravity is neglected, the dynamic problem is axial symmetric and the solution is steady. The generated power can be expressed in non-dimensional form by normalizing it with the wind power passing by a disk with radius the wingspan. Since the reference area is taken to be a function of just the wingspan, looking for the design which maximizes this power coefficient addresses the question ”Given a wingspan, which design maximizes power?”. This is different from the literature, where the design problem is formulated per wing area and not per wingspan. The optimal designs have a finite aspect ratio and operate at the maximum lift-to-drag ratio of the airfoil. Airfoils maximizing the lift-to-drag ratio are then optimal for windplanes. If gravity is included in the model, gravitational potential energy is being exchanged over one revolution. Since this exchange comes with an associated efficiency, the plane mass and the related trajectory radius are designed to reduce the potential energy fluctuating over the loop. However, for decreasing turning radii, the available wind power decreases because the windplane sweeps a lower area. For these two conflicting reasons, the optimal mass is finite.

Study on crack resistance of self-healing microcapsules in asphalt pavement by multi-scale method.

Self-healing microcapsules in the asphalt pavement must be kept intact under vehicle load to ensure there is enough rejuvenator in capsules when cracks appear in asphalt pavement. In this paper, the crack resistance of self-healing microcapsules in asphalt pavement was evaluated. Firstly, an expanding multi-scale analysis was conducted based on proposed mesoscopic mechanical models with the aim to determine the mechanical parameters for the following contracting multi-scale analysis. Secondly, the periodic boundary condition was introduced for the contracting multi-scale analysis and the stress field of the capsule wall was obtained. Finally, the effects of the design parameters of the microcapsule on its crack resistance in asphalt pavement were investigated. The results showed that the incorporation of microcapsules has almost no effect on the elastic constants of the asphalt mixture. The core could be simplified as an approximately incompressible solid with the elastic constants determined by the proposed mesoscopic mechanical model. With the increase of the modulus of the capsule wall, the mean maximum tensile stress of the capsule wall increased from 0.372 MPa to 0.465 MPa, while with the decrease of the relative radius of the capsule core, the mean maximum tensile stress of the capsule wall increased from 0.349 MPa to 0.461 MPa. The change in the mean maximum tensile stress of the capsule wall caused by the change of capsule diameter was within 5%. The relative radius of the capsule core and the elastic modulus of capsule wall were two key parameters in capsule design. Besides, the microcapsules with the wall made of resin would not crack under the vehicle load before microcracks occurred in asphalt pavement.

PUNCHING THIN DISCS. PART 4. INVESTIGATION OF THE DEFORMATION OF THE PROTRUSION WITH AN ANNULAR PUNCH

A mathematical description of the deformation by a peripheral annular punch of a protrusion formed as a result of the introduction of the central punch in the course of obtaining large disks or disks from hard-to-deform materials by plastic deformation is obtained. The maximum force of deformation by an annular punch at the moment of completion of the deformation process is found. The relative radius of the annular punch is determined, which ensures the equality of the forging forces of the central and annular punches.

On the Possibility of an Upper Limit on Magnetically Induced Radius Inflation in Low-mass Stars

The radii of low-mass stars are observed to be inflated above standard model predictions, especially in magnetically active stars. Typically, the empirical relative radius inflations ΔR/R are ≤10% but in (rare) cases may be ≥20%. Our magneto-convective stellar models have already replicated many empirical ΔR/R values. Here, we ask: is there any theoretical upper limit on the amount of such inflation? We use our magneto-convective model to compute ΔR/R using empirically plausible values of the surface field strength parameter δ. Inside each model, the maximum internal field is set to a particular value: B ceil = 10, or 100 kG, or 1 MG. When B ceil = 10 kG, peak inflation with ΔR/R ≈ 90% occurs in stars with masses of 0.7 M ⊙. With B ceil = 100 kG, peak inflation with ΔR/R ≈ 140% occurs in stars with M ≈ 0.5 M ⊙. But with B ceil = 1 MG, we find no peak in ΔR/R as a function of δ; instead, the larger δ is, the larger ΔR/R becomes, reaching 300%–350% in the case of the largest δ considered. Thus, magneto-convective modeling can accommodate ΔR/R values which are considerably larger than any reported empirical inflations. We find that a maximum occurs in ΔR/R as a function of δ only in model stars where the field reaches its maximum strength B ceil inside the convective envelope. Moreover, our models of completely convective stars undergo smaller amounts of relative radius inflation than models with radiative cores, a result consistent with some previous reports.

Preliminary study of dual annular multiple-beam cathode for V-band coaxial transit-time oscillator

Since the research toward high-power millimeter-wave generator becomes a tendency in high-power microwave, overmoded structure with the high-order mode has been a considerable interest because of its potential to increase power handling capacity (PHC). To expand the PHC of V-band transit-time oscillator and excite higher mode TM03, a dual annular multiple-beam cathode has been proposed. In the geometric structure of the dual annular multiple-beam diode, cathode rods around two concentric circles are uniformly placed on cathode base, and each circle has several graphite rods. Because of space charge shielding effect and fluctuation of electron beam, explosive emission current of inner and outer cathode circles is difficult to be balanced, and the electron beam transmission rate is not very high. To solve those two problems, the relative length (ΔL) and the relative radius (Δr) between the inner and outer cathode circles are optimized to obtain balanced currents of inner and outer beams and a good transmission rate. In this paper, the preliminary study of a dual annular multiple-beam cathode is carried out by optimizing the cathode structure. When ΔL and Δr are equal to 2.5 and 4 mm, respectively, the dual annular multiple-beams cathode can provide 2.71 kA uniform intense relativistic electron beams under 421 kV, and the magnetic field is 1.2T. As a simulation result, explosively emitted and the 95.2% of total beam current transmission rate can be reached.

The Distribution of Semidetached Binaries. I. An Efficient Pipeline

Semidetached binaries are in the stage of mass transfer and play a crucial role in studying the physics of mass transfer between interacting binaries. Large-scale time-domain surveys provide many light curves of binary systems, while Gaia offers high-precision astrometric data. In this paper, we develop, validate, and apply a pipeline that combines the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method with a forward model and DBSCAN clustering to search for semidetached binaries and estimate the inclination, relative radius, mass ratio, and temperature ratio of each using light curves. We train our model on the mock light curves from Physics of Eclipsing Binaries (PHOEBE), which provides broad coverage of light-curve simulations for semidetached binaries. Applying our pipeline to Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite sectors 1–26, we have identified 77 semidetached binary candidates. Utilizing the distance from Gaia, we determine their masses and radii with median fractional uncertainties of ∼26% and ∼7%, respectively. With the added 77 candidates, the catalog of semidetached binaries with orbital parameters has been expanded by approximately 20%. The comparison and statistical results show that our semidetached binary candidates align well with the compiled samples and the PARSEC model in T eff–L and M–R relations. Combined with the literature samples, comparative analysis with stability criteria for conserved mass transfer indicates that ∼97.4% of samples are undergoing nuclear-timescale mass transfer, and two samples (GO Cyg and TIC 454222105) are located within the limits of stability criteria for dynamical- and thermal-timescale mass transfer, and are currently undergoing thermal-timescale mass transfer. Additionally, one system (IR Lyn) is very close to the upper limit of delayed dynamical-timescale mass transfer.

Gaussian clustering and quantification of the sperm chromatin dispersion test using convolutional neural networks.

Sperm DNA fragmentation is a sign of sperm nuclear damage. The sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test is a reliable and economical method for the evaluation of DNA fragmentation. However, the cut-off value for differentiation of DNA fragmented sperms is fixed at 1/3 with limited statistical justification, making the SCD test a semi-quantitative method that gives user-dependent results. We construct a collection of deep neural networks to automate the evaluation of bright-field images for SCD tests. The model can detect valid sperm nuclei and their locations from the input images captured with a 20× objective and predict the geometric parameters of the halo ring. We construct an annotated dataset consisting of N = 3120 images. The ResNet 18 based network reaches an average precision (AP50) of 91.3%, a true positive rate of 96.67%, and a true negative rate of 96.72%. The distribution of relative halo radii is fit to the multi-peak Gaussian function (p > 0.99). DNA fragmentation is regarded as those with a relative halo radius 1.6 standard deviations smaller than the mean of a normal cluster. In conclusion, we have established a deep neural network based model for the automation and quantification of the SCD test that is ready for clinical application. The DNA fragmentation index is determined using Gaussian clustering, reflecting the natural distribution of halo geometry and is more tolerable to disturbances and sample conditions, which we believe will greatly improve the clinical significance of the SCD test.