Radio Frequency Identification Applications Research Articles

Frequency Reconfigurable Smart Antenna With Integrated Electroactive Polymer for Far-Field Communication

For the first time, the ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) actuator is integrated with a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag antenna for achieving frequency reconfiguration in the ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) band. Here, the IPMC movable flap serves as an actuator that can effectively tune the tag resonant frequency. By applying a two-layer-crenelated structure and employing a surface patterned electrode for restraining back relaxation, the deflection of the IPMC actuator can be significantly improved. The IPMC actuator can move in two directions, enabling two-degree frequency tuning. Numerical and experimental data confirm that the tip displacement of the IPMC actuator can be enhanced up to 266% with the use of the two-layer-crenelated structure. The IPMC actuator allows the resonant frequency of the tag antenna to be tuned back by as much as 35 MHz, after deviating due to placing on an unintended object. UHF RFID application is also performed using a portable commercial RFID reader. Good frequency reconfiguration and broad tuning range, along with far read distances, have been achieved with our tunable UHF RFID tag antenna.

Application of RFID Technology in Olusegun Oke Library, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso: Challenges and Future Prospects

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) offers tracking capability to locate equipment, supplies and people in real time, and provides efficient and accurate access to library transactions such as book search, security, inventory, borrowing and book return. The paper studied many aspects of the RFID application such as budgeting, purchase process, advantages and limitation of RFID technology, documentation and financial implication, challenges faced in initial stage and remedies. A structured questionnaire using descriptive survey method was designed to collect data. The study employed the method of quantitative research to gather an in-depth understanding of the nature of usage of RFID system among users of Olusegun Oke Library. The findings of the study revealed that RFID is functional and useful in such areas as speedy circulation, easy book identification, security of library materials and other value added services while the major problem to implementation include technological limitations, interference concerns, prohibitive costs and lack of global standards. The study concluded that orientation programme for all users for the RFID enabled is very much important.

An Efficient Method for Hyperbolic-Based Localization in SAR RFID Systems

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is one of the major wireless communication technologies and has been applied in the supply chain and retail network for a long time. By contrast, the application of RFID in localization emerges in recent years. Besides, neither precision nor real time of existing RFID localization methods is satisfactory enough. In this article, we propose a novel method called HyLoc for localization of RFID tags based on the hyperbolic model. The problem to locate RFID tags is modeled as the solution of hyperbolic equations formed by synthetic aperture radar (SAR). To solve the equations quickly, the linear least-squares (LLS) algorithm is first used to find the approximate solution, and then, the estimation error is corrected by the Taylor series method for higher accuracy. Comparisons of performance with the state-of-the-art methods in SAR RFID localization are carried out through simulations and experiments. The results show that the proposed method is closer to the Cramér–Rao lower bound than the holography method at high noise level and more efficient than the ordinary nonlinear least-squares (NLS) method without loss of accuracy.

Implementation of rfid in university library: An advanced research at Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak

RFID is a cutting-edge integrated library management system that enables the instantaneous detection and recognition of library materials. RFID applications vary from book monitoring and stock management to security in general and completely automated book classifying at the moment. Shortly, RFID systems will play an important role in data collection, recognition, and analysis required for specific library operations. An RFID-enabled automated library might be a “self-service station” that involves reducing the amount of interference from staff members. Efforts are being made to implement self-service “check-in” and “checkout” to prevent long delays in the delivery of library collection and to improve operational efficiency. Considering the significance of library security, this paper focuses on the use of Radio frequency identification (RFID) in libraries, including its elements, advantages, and the role of the librarian. The researcher collected the data of 50 users from Maharshi Dayanand University library, Rohtak, to find out the status of RFID implementation and the satisfaction level of users with the system. Most of the users are satisfied with the component and its benefits of it.

CONDITIONS AND FEATURES OF APPLICATION OF RFID TECHNOLOGY IN SUPPLY CHAINS

The subject of this article is the use of radio frequency identification in production and logistics processes, as well as in the processes of wholesale and retail sales. This article analyzes the advantages and limitations of using existing types of RFID tags. Various types of materials and media are considered, the physical properties of which affect the efficiency and applicability of RF marking. Examples of practical application of RFID tags are given. The analysis carried out allows determining the field of application of radio frequency identification, as well as the types of goods that are advisable to be labelled by radio frequency tags. The challenges addressed by RFID reflect their practical relevance in manufacturing, supply and trade.

Two-Feedback Loop Shunt Regulator Based on PWM RF Power Detector Aiming RFID Applications

The paper presents a novel shunt voltage regulation architecture that uses an RF power detector, based on Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique, aiming at magnetic coupled Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) transponders. The proposed regulator architecture implements two feedback loops: a voltage clamping circuit that composes a fast correction loop and a slow but accurate power detector loop. The first clamping loop guarantees fast over-voltage protection, mainly in high RF power condition (short reading distance), but degrades power efficiency when in low power condition (large reading distance). The second loop corrects the imprecision of the first loop according to the detected RF input power. Therefore, it increases power efficiency and reading distance when in low RF power condition. The RF power detector architecture, based on a PWM technique, and the shunt regulator design are presented and discussed in detail. RFID power regulation issues are also discussed, followed by a brief review of RF power detector circuits. The complete regulator architecture was implemented in a 180nm CMOS low cost process and prototyped as part of a commercial low-frequency (134 kHz) RFID transponder. The complete transponder area is 870 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 870 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , being 130 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 230 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> related to the regulator circuit only. Both resonant and supply capacitors are implemented on chip. The analog and digital functional blocks of the RFID system consume 4.5 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . Performance of the transponder is measured with the shunt regulator enabled and compared with the power limiting approach using only clamping diodes. Measured results show an improvement of 16.7% in the maximum communication distance between the transponder and the reader because of the proposed regulation strategy.

A RFID-Integrated Framework for Tag Anti-Collision in UAV-Aided VANETs

In this paper, we investigate tags in anti-collision applications of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-aided vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). The integration of RFID technology in UAV-aided VANETs can provide reliable traffic-related services for vehicles. However, multiple tags’ simultaneous responses to a reader mounted on a UAV, denoted as tag collision, gravely affect the correct tag detection on each vehicle. Therefore, in order to decrease the collision probability and improve the throughput, we propose a multi-frequency tag identification method. In the proposed scheme, we devise a tag grouping method based on adaptive power control to make the reader dynamically match the optimal frame length. Based on the above matching results, we introduce a tag estimation method using the optimal weight to improve the accuracy of tag estimation. We theoretically analyze the closed-form expression of the security outage probability expression. Finally, our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed tag anti-collision scheme achieved significant performance superiority in terms of the throughput and identification time slots.

MPSK Orthogonal Coset Identification for Massive RFID Network

Efficient tag identification is critically important for the application of radio frequency identification (RFID). The recently proposed orthogonal coset identification (OCSID) achieves orthogonal tag ID scanning without spectrum spreading so that the tag IDs can be recovered from collision. In the OCSID, the IDs are generated from binary vector set $\{-1, +1\}^{B}$ , which is only available for binary modulation. In this letter, we show that $B$ dimensional $M$ order vector set $\left\{{1, e^{\mathrm {i}\frac {2\pi }{M}}, {\dots }, e^{\mathrm {i}\frac {2\pi (M-1)}{M}}}\right\}^{B}$ can be decomposed to $\frac {M^{B}}{B}$ disjoint orthogonal subsets, where $M$ is the modulation order, $B$ is a positive integer power of 2. Based on this, we generalize the OCSID from binary to arbitrary order and propose $M$ -ary phase shift keying (MPSK) OCSID. We show a possible way to adopt the MPSK OCSID into EPC global C1 Gen2 standard, and with the consideration of the synchronization error, we also present a hybrid of the MPSK OCSID and the Aloha. Numerical results show that the MPSK OCSID based protocol can considerably improve the efficiency, even for the non-perfect synchronization cases.

Investigation of external quality factor and coupling coefficient for a novel SIR based microstrip tri-band bandpass filter.

In this article, a new method is developed to design a three-band miniaturized bandpass filter (BPF) that uses two asymmetrically coupled resonators with one step discontinuity and open-circuited uniform impedance resonator (UIR) to achieve Global Interoperability with Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) applications. First, a pair of asymmetrical step impedance resonators (ASIR) is used to implement a dual band filter, then a half wavelength uniform impedance resonator is added below to the transmission line to achieve a triple band response. The proposed filter resonates at frequencies of 3.7 GHz, 6.6 GHz, and 9 GHz with the fractional bandwidth of 7.52%, 5.1%, and 4.44%, respectively. By adjusting the physical length ratio (α) and the impedance ratio (R) of the asymmetric SIR, the proposed fundamental frequencies of the triple BPF are obtained. Moreover, the coupling coefficient (Ke) and external quality factor (Qe) are investigated between the resonators and the input/output ports of the transmission line and are calculated using full-wave EM simulator HFSS. In addition, five transmission zeros are introduced near the passbands to increase the filter selectivity. Finally, the proposed filter is designed and fabricated with a size of 13.69 × 25 mm (0.02 λg × 0.03 λg), where λg represents the guiding wavelength in the first passband. The simulated and measured results have a good correspondence, thus confirming the design concept.

Prototype of New Efficient System to Extremely Reduce Banks Losses

Due to increasing the number of vehicles loans defaulters, the banks subsequently experience more financial risks. Where each day of delay in paying installments they incur massive losses. Although there are several research works have been conducted in this field, the financial banks' concerns have not been addressed thoroughly. Therefore, in this paper we propose the Improved Vehicular Tracking System (IVTS) in order to provide an optimal solution in terms of efficiency, accuracy and reducing banks losses compared with the research works found in the literature. A prototype system based on the proposed design is successfully implemented and tested using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and website application.

High Rectification Ratio in Polymer Diode Rectifier through Interface Engineering with Self-Assembled Monolayer

In this work, we demonstrate P3HT (poly 3-hexylthiophene) organic rectifier diode both in rigid and flexible substrate with a rectification ratio up to 106. This performance has been achieved through tuning the work function of gold with a self-assembled monolayer of 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzenethiol (PFBT). The diode fabricated on flexible paper substrate shows a very good electrical stability under bending tests and the frequency response is estimated at more than 20 MHz which is sufficient for radio frequency identification (RFID) applications. It is also shown that the low operating voltage of this diode can be a real advantage for use in a rectenna for energy harvesting systems. Simulations of the diode structure show that it can be used at GSM and Wi-Fi frequencies if the diode capacitance is reduced to a few pF and its series resistance to a few hundred ohms. Under these conditions, the DC voltages generated by the rectenna can reach a value up to 1 V.

Compact Tri-band Bandpass Filter Based on Asymmetric Step Impedance Resonators for WiMAX and RFID Systems

In this article, a simple method is developed to design a highly miniaturized tri-band bandpass filter (BPF) utilizing two asymmetric coupled resonators with one step discontinuity and one uniform impedance resonator (UIR) for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and radio frequency identification (RFID) applications. The first and second passbands located at 3.7 GHz and 6.6 GHz are achieved through two asymmetric coupled step impedance resonators (SIRs), while the third passband, centered at 9 GHz, is achieved using a half-wavelength UIR, respectively. The fundamental frequencies of this BPF are implemented by tuning the physical length ratio (α) and impedance ratio (R) of the asymmetric SIRs. The proposed filter is designed and fabricated with a circuit dimension of 13.69 mm × 25 mm (0.02 λ&lt;sub&gt;g&lt;/sub&gt; × 0.03 λ&lt;sub&gt;g&lt;/sub&gt;), where λ&lt;sub&gt;g&lt;/sub&gt; represents the guided wavelength at the first passband. The experimental and measured results are provided with good matching.

Low power ASK modulator based on direct injection‐locked current reuse VCO in 130‐nm CMOS technology for high data rate RFID applications

AbstractA low power consumption Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulator employing current reuse cross‐coupled (CRC) LC‐VCO topology and direct injection locking (IL) technique at 10.5‐GHz frequency is presented in this paper. The modulator consumes 864 μW with a DC supply of 1.2 V drawing an average current of 720 μA. The differential VCO is composed of a PMOS‐NMOS pair in stacked series cross‐coupled connection enabling current reuse which results in reduction of the average current drawn from the power source. For comparison, the ASK modulator is also realized with conventional cross‐coupled (CC) topology using NMOS pair. Both circuit approaches are carried out in GF 130‐nm CMOS technology and the post‐layout simulation results of 0.5 × 0.5 mm2 integrated circuits (ICs) show that the CRC topology consumes less power and half of the average current compared to CC topology. Owing to low power requirements, the CRC ASK modulator can be used in self‐powered active Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag transmitters for higher data rates.

Knowledge Development Trajectories of the Radio Frequency Identification Domain: An Academic Study Based on Citation and Main Paths Analysis

The study collected papers on radio frequency identification (RFID) applications from an academic database to explore the topic’s development trajectory and predict future development trends. Overall, 3820 papers were collected, and citation networks were established on the basis of the literature references. Main path analysis was performed on the networks to determine the development trajectory of RFID applications. After clustering into groups, the results are twenty clusters, and six clusters with citation counts of more than 200 were obtained. Cluster and word cloud analyses were conducted, and the main research themes were identified: RFID applications in supply chain management, antenna design, collision prevention protocols, privacy and safety, tag sensors, and localization systems. Text mining was performed on the titles and abstracts of the papers to identify frequent keywords and topics of interest to researchers. Finally, statistical analysis of papers published in the previous 4 years revealed RFID applications in construction, aquaculture, and experimentation are less frequently discussed themes. This study provides planning directions for industry, and the findings serve as a reference for business domain. The integrated analysis successfully determined the trajectory of RFID-based technological development and applications as well as forecast the direction of future research.

An Efficient Information Sampling Method for Multi-Category RFID Systems

In Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) applications, multiple tags may be deployed on the same object or area for security or precision purposes. These tags carry similar information and so can be grouped into a category. To collect such information, most existing works have to query all tags in each category, which is time-consuming. However, sampling a subset of tags from each category is sufficient. In this letter, we propose a new solution called arithmetic coding based sampling (ACS) protocol. Specifically, we construct a sparse vector to sample only a subset of tags from each category, which can not only avoid repetitive information collection but also reduce interference from unsampled tags. Moreover, we compress the sparse vector through arithmetic coding, which significantly reduces its transmission time. Both theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that ACS outperforms existing solutions in time efficiency.

RFID Technology in Real Time Attendance Register System

RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification which provides the ability to identify, locate and sense the conditions of animate and inanimate entities. Radio frequency identification or RFID is a generic term for technologies that are used for auto identification of people or object using radio waves. In this technology a unique serial number is stored to identify a person or an object and other related information, on a microchip of silicon that is attached to an antenna which in turn is attached to a RFID reader. The antenna enables the chip to transmit the identification information to a reader then the reader converts the radio waves reflected back from the RFID tag into digital information that can then passed on to computers running RFID application middleware, that can make use of it. The system stores the absent and present student’s attendance details in electronic format so that management of attendance becomes easy. Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) is a technology that uses radio waves to transfer data from an electronic tag, called RFID tag or label, attached to an object, through a reader for the purpose of identifying and tracking the object. RFID technology which is a matured technology that has been widely deployed by various organizations as part of their automation systems. In this study, an RFID based system has been built in order to produce a time-attendance management system. This system consists of two main parts which include: the hardware and the software. The hardware consists of the motor unit and the RFID reader. The RFID reader, which is a low-frequency reader (125 kHz), is connected to the host computer via a serial to USB converter cable. The Time-Attendance System GUI was developed using visual basic.Net. The Time-Attendance Management System provides the functionalities of the overall system such as displaying live ID tags transactions, registering ID, deleting ID, recording attendance and other minor functions. This interface was installed in the host computer. Keywords: Systems, RFID, Technology, Attendance, Register, DOI: 10.7176/CEIS/12-2-06 Publication date: September 30 th 2021

Survey: Vulnerability Analysis of Low-Cost ECC-Based RFID Protocols against Wireless and Side-Channel Attacks.

The radio frequency identification (RFID) system is one of the most important technologies of the Internet of Things (IoT) that tracks single or multiple objects. This technology is extensively used and attracts the attention of many researchers in various fields, including healthcare, supply chains, logistics, asset tracking, and so on. To reach the required security and confidentiality requirements for data transfer, elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is a powerful solution, which ensures a tag/reader mutual authentication and guarantees data integrity. In this paper, we first review the most relevant ECC-based RFID authentication protocols, focusing on their security analysis and operational performances. We compare the various lightweight ECC primitive implementations designed for RFID applications in terms of occupied area and power consumption. Then, we highlight the security threats that can be encountered considering both network attacks and side-channel attacks and analyze the security effectiveness of RFID authentication protocols against such types of attacks. For this purpose, we classify the different threats that can target an ECC-based RFID system. After that, we present the most promising ECC-based protocols released during 2014–2021 by underlining their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we perform a comparative study between the different protocols mentioned regarding network and side-channel attacks, as well as their implementation costs to find the optimal one to use in future works.

Elliptic-Curve Crypto Processor for RFID Applications

This work presents an Elliptic-curve Point Multiplication (ECP) architecture with a focus on low latency and low area for radio-frequency-identification (RFID) applications over GF(2163). To achieve low latency, we have reduced the clock cycles by using: (i) three-shift buffers in the datapath to load Elliptic-curve parameters as well as an initial point, (ii) the identical size of input/output interfaces in all building blocks of the architecture. The low area is preserved by using the same hardware resources of squaring and multiplication for inversion computation. Finally, an efficient controller is used to control the inferred logic. The proposed ECP architecture is modeled in Verilog and the synthesis results are given on three different 7-series FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) devices, i.e., Kintex-7, Artix-7, and Virtex-7. The performance of the architecture is provided with the integration of a schoolbook multiplier (implemented with two different logic styles, i.e., combinational and sequential). On Kintex-7, the combinational implementation style of a schoolbook multiplier results in power-optimized, i.e., 161 μW, values with an expense of (i) hardware resources, i.e., 3561 look-up-tables and 1527 flip-flops, (ii) clock frequency, i.e., 227 MHz, and (iii) latency, i.e., 11.57 μs. On the same Kintex-7 device, the sequential implementation style of a schoolbook multiplier provides, (i) 2.88 μs latency, (ii) 1786 look-up-tables and 1855 flip-flops, (iii) 647 μW power, and (iv) 909 MHz clock frequency. Therefore, the reported area, latency and power results make the proposed ECP architecture well-suited for RFID applications.

Software Defined Radio in Radio Frequency Identification Applications

RFID is an important aspect of today's age because it boosts efficiency and convenience. It is used for a lot of applications that prevent thefts of automobiles and merchandise. In current times there have been continuous transitions from analog to digital systems where software is being used to define the waveforms and analog signal processing is being replaced with digital signal processing. In this paper, we have done a thorough literature survey and understood the working of how software-defined radio is implemented in radio frequency identification for a better BER performance.

A Modified Design of Class-E Power Amplifier with Balanced FETs and High Output Power for RFID Applications

In Radio Frequency (RF) communication, a Power Amplifier (PA) is used to amplify the signal at the required power level with less utilization of Direct Current (DC) power. The main characteristic of class-E PA is sturdy nonlinearity due to the switching mode action. In this study, a modified design of class-E PA with balanced Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) and high output power for Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) application is presented. MOSFETs are adjusted to have high output performance of about 80% for RFID-based EAS system. A matching network is also proposed for accurate matching because there are differences in the behavior between RF waves and low frequency waves. The design of a matching network is a tradeoff among the complexity, adjustability, implementation, and bandwidth for the required output power and frequency. The implemented PA is capable of providing 44.8 dBm output power with Power-Added Efficiency (PAE) of 78.5% at 7.7 MHz to 8.7 MHz.