Radiation Protection Measures Research Articles

OCCUPATIONAL DOSES TO RADIOGRAPHY INTERNSHIP STUDENTS IN SAUDI ARABIA USING OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE DOSIMETRY.

This study aimed to estimate a baseline for the effective doses received by radiography internship students in Saudi Arabia. A retrospective study was conducted from 2015 to 2018 to discern the effective dose measurements for a total of 206 students using optically stimulated luminescence dosemeters. Readings were performed using the OSLR-250 Automatic Reader. Data analysis was carried out on 813 readouts. The annual mean effective dose averaged over a period of 4y was found to be 0.55mSv, with a standard deviation of 0.34mSv and a range of 0.14-1.58mSv. The results show that 92% ($\frac{190}{206}$) of the students received annual effective doses of <1mSv. No annual dose record exceeded the limits recommended by authorities (20mSv/y). The study concluded that the applied radiation protection measures along with education and training help create a safe work environment for radiography internship students.

Preliminary assessment of genotoxic effects induced by radiation from EAST using Vicia faba micronucleus assay

During long-pulse deuterium plasma operations in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), a mixed radiation field is generated, which is mainly composed of fusion neutrons, gamma rays, and x-rays. More accurate and effective dose monitoring methods have been developed and established to determine the ionizing radiation intensity both for the stable operation of the device and for the radiation safety of personnel. As far as we know, there are few reports about the biological effects of radiation induced by fusion neutrons and γ radiation, which are of vital importance for the assessment of radiation hazards presented by fusion devices, such as EAST, to human beings and the environment. In this study, three positions in the EAST hall were selected to detect genotoxic effects induced by nuclear fusion radiation using a Vicia faba micronucleus (MN) test for the first time. The doses of neutrons and gamma rays at these places were measured by thermoluminescence dosimeters four times between June 2019 and May 2020. The radiation doses decreased as the distances from the EAST device shell gradually increased from S1 to S3. The radiation in the EAST hall resulted in a significant induction of MN in the Vicia faba root tip cells compared to a negative control, which was different from the MN frequency induced by fission neutrons, γ-rays and other kinds of radiation in previous studies. These results indicate the existence of potential genotoxic effects induced by radiation from EAST which is different from other radiation and suggest that personnel should not be permitted to enter the experimental hall during the discharge process, and that radiation protection measures should be taken during necessary maintenance to avoid radiation damage. These newly acquired results will certainly increase our knowledge about the biological effects induced by radiation from nuclear fusion and provide good data support for developing more effective environmental and personnel fusion radiation protection.

Lifetime Risk of Radiation Induced Severe Hereditary Stochastic (SHS) Effects in Medical Radiation Personnel

Background: Hereditary risk assessments in medical radiation workers must be accentuated as a precaution against genetic diseases. Ionizing radiations can induce hereditary or genetic radiation effects. Aim: To evaluate the lifetime risk of severe hereditary stochastic (SHS) effects in INMOL’s medical radiation personnel. Methods: The determination of the ‘whole-body’ effective doses was performed by ‘dose assessment algorithm’. We adopted the procedure described by ICRP for the assessment of lifetime severe hereditary annual risks by using ‘nominal probability coefficient’. Results: The AAEDs were between 1.41-1.79 mSv (in NM), 1.07-1.43 mSv (in RT) and 1.21-1.70 mSv (in RD) during 2014-2018. A declining trend is observed in AAED values in five consecutive years, due to improvements in radiation protection and safety measures. The risks of severe hereditary effects were also decreased from 2014-2018. The SHS risk was decreased from 5.012×10-4 to 3.948 ×10-4 in NM, 4.004×10-4 to 2.996×10-4 in RT and 4.76×10-4 to 3.388×10-4 in DR department. Conclusion: This study is emphasizing towards evaluating risks of hereditary effects from chronic exposure of radiations in occupational workers to avoid further late genetic complications. Such quantitative indicators would be useful in comparing other lifetime death risks from other harmful substances. Keywords: Hereditary Stochastic Effects; Annual Average Effective Doses; Nominal Probability Coefficient; Medical Radiation; Occupational Radiation Risk Assessments

Protected and unprotected radiation exposure to the eye lens of vascular surgeons during endovascular procedures in hybrid operating rooms

Abstract Objective Radiation induced cataract has been observed at lower threshold doses than expected. Therefore, the annual limit for equivalent dose to the eye lens has been reduced from 150 to 20 mSv. We aimed to evaluate radiation exposure to the eye lens of vascular surgeons working in a hybrid operating room before and after a dose reduction program was established. Methods Prospective non-randomized trial with a historic control group. From April – October 2019, radiation exposure to the operator was measured during all endovascular procedures performed in the hybrid operating room using BeOSL Hp(3) eye lens dosimeters placed outside the 0.75mm lead equivalent glasses on the side of the radiation source and behind the lead glasses. Measured values were compared to data from a prospective study performed at the same center in the years of 2012 and 2013 before a dose reduction program had been implemented. Results A total of 181 consecutive patients underwent an endovascular procedure in the hybrid operating room. The mean unprotected eye lens dose of the main operator was 0.119 mSv for EVAR (n = 30), 0.118 mSv for TEVAR (n = 23), 0.312 mSv for more complex aortic procedures (F/BrEVAR; n = 15) and 0.046 mSv for peripheral interventions. Compared to the control period, EVAR had 75% lower, TEVAR 79% lower and more complex aortic procedures 55% lower radiation exposure unprotected eye lens of the operator. The 0.75 mm lead equivalent glasses led to a median reduction of the exposure to the eye lens by the factor 3.43. Behind the lead glasses at the level of the eye lens, radiation exposure exceeding the detection limit of 0.042 mSv was measured only in 22 of 181 cases. There was a significant correlation between DAP between both protected and unprotected eye lens dose (p &amp;lt; 0.0001, r2 = 0.512 and 0.282). DAP correlated significantly with patients’ body mass index, operating time, fluoroscopy time and digital subtraction angiography time. Conclusion The dose reduction program at our institution has led to a relevant reduction of the radiation dose to the head and the eye lens of the main operator in endovascular procedures. With optimum radiation protection measures including a ceiling-mounted shield and 0.75 mm lead equivalent glasses, more than 440 EVARs, 280 TEVARs or 128 FEVARs could be performed per year until the dose limit for the eye lens of 20 mSv would be reached.

Health-related quality of life among radiology technicians in Turkish hospitals: a cross sectional study.

Health related quality of life (HRQoL), despite its potential bi-directional interaction with occupational risks, has not been extensively addressed among radiology technicians. To evaluate HRQoL among radiology technicians in relation to sociodemographic and occupational factors. A total of 115 radiology technicians who were employed in three big hospitals located in Istanbul province were included on a voluntary basis in this cross sectional questionnaire-based study conducted between June 2019 and August 2019. The questionnaire form elicited items on socio-demographic characteristics, occupational characteristics and the 36-item Short-form Health Survey (SF-36), respectively. Overall, 94.8% of technicians confirmed previous training on radiation protection and safety, while 92.2% noted distrust in their knowledge on radiation protection and patient dosage. In addition, 47.8% of technicians noted seldom use of radiation protection measures and 55.7% noted distrust in reliability of radiation exposure measurements. The multiple regression analysis revealed that older age, female gender, working at a university hospital and seldom use of protection significantly predicted poor HRQoL (p = 0.042 to 0.001), while working in interventional radiology and having trust in radiation exposure measurements predicted better HRQoL (p = 0.006 to 0.001) in terms of certain domains. In conclusion, our findings revealed lack of trust in current self-knowledge on radiation protection and safety by majority of radiology technicians and seldom use of radiation protection measures by half of them, despite previously trained on radiation protection and safety. Certain occupational factors and factors related to radiation protection and safety were also amongst the significant determinants of poor HRQoL.

Multicentric evaluation of conventional dosimetry vs bio-dosimetry over a period of two years for a three-point contact

BackgroundDental radiology represents the best model for evaluating the effects of low-dose ionizing radiation. Therefore, this study evaluated the awareness on radiation hygiene among dental ancillary personnel through a questionnaire and their absorbed doses by physical and biologic dosimetry. MethodsThe multicentric study included two groups. Group I (N = 30) consisted of dental staff involved in dental radiology. An equal number of personnel who were not related to radiology formed the control group. Knowledge (K), attitude (A), and practice (P) of participants were assessed using a KAP questionnaire. Radiation exposure was evaluated by physical dosimetry at 3 time periods: at the beginning of the study (T1), after 10 months (T2), and at the end after 20 months (T3). Similarly, biologic dosimetry was also carried out at 3 time points by dicentric chromosome aberration assay. The data were compared using percentage analysis, analysis of variance (one-way analysis of variance), and Student's t- test. ResultsThe KAP survey demonstrated enhanced understanding of radiation protection measures and its sound practice by the participants. Physical dosimetry showed a significant increase in absorbed dose at 3 time points: T1, T2, and T3. However, no chromosomal aberrations were observed in blood lymphocytes for any of the participants in the optimized 4-day biodosimetry protocol. ConclusionGood radiation protection protocols—safe distance from the radiation source and wear of lead aprons and thyroid collars—ensured low absorbed doses. The 4-day protocol is an important step toward developing biodosimetry laboratories in the Armed Forces Medical Services for clinical and national radiation countermeasure strategies.

Radiation protection measures to reduce the eye lens dose in spinal surgery

The annual limit value for the eye lens dose for occupationally exposed personnel has recently been considerably reduced from 150mSv to 20mSv. We have therefore re-evaluated the effectiveness of radiation protection measures (lead glass goggles, mobile radiation shielding wall and distance to the radiation source) in an experimental setting to provide spinal surgeons with clearly understandable radiation dose data for their daily work.

Biochemical and hematological study of the effects of annual exposure radiation doses on the operators of X-ray and CT-scan in some Erbil hospitals

The effects of annual exposure radiation doses on the some biochemical {alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and uric acid (UAC)} and hematological parameters (white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), and plate count (PLT)) of radiographer's blood samples from some Erbil Hospitals have been investigated. Biochemical and hematological tests have been done for both of the radiographers performing X-ray and CT-scans (cases) and the unexposed operators (control). Results of the biochemical and hematological tests proved a significant association between the levels of radiation exposure (effective dose) concerning radiographers of X-ray and CT-scan and the rate of radiation leakage (P < 0.01). Maximum and minimum average leakage radiation doses for the radiographers were found in the Hawler Education hospital (HEH) (3.84 ± 0.03 mSv/year) and CMC hospital (CMCH) (0.28 ± 0.02 mSv/year), respectively. High and low biochemical and hematological effects were found in the HEH and CMCH, respectively. Most of the radiographers (regarding the time of exposure) at risk of exposure to X-ray and CT-scan radiation exposure and the levels are exceeding the standard guidelines. Therefore, immediate radiation protection measures need to be initiated to the employees (technicians, attendants, and maintenance staff) at the X-ray and CT-scan departments.

Occupational doses to the eye lens in pediatric and adult noncardiac interventional radiology procedures.

To assess occupational lens exposure in a mixed interventional radiology department, comparing pediatric and adult procedures. To analyze the correlation between the lens dose and the doses measured at the chest and collar level and the kerma-area product (PKA ). For 17months, three radiologists performing both pediatric and adult interventions were monitored by means of 14 dosimeters per worker: 12 single-point optically stimulated luminescent (OSL) dosimeters calibrated in terms of Hp (0.07) were placed on the inside and outside of two pairs of lead glasses, one for pediatric procedures and one for adult interventions; another whole-body OSL dosimeter calibrated in terms of Hp (10) was placed over the thyroid shield; finally, an additional active solid-state dosimeter, also calibrated for Hp (10), was worn on the chest, over the apron. Furthermore, a database was created to register the demographic and dosimetric data of the procedures, as well as the name of the radiologist acting as first operator. For the three radiologists, who performed 276-338 procedures/year (20% pediatric), cumulative annual doses to the left bare eye exceeded 20mSv (21-61mSv). Considering the glasses' protection, annual doses exceeded 6mSv (13-48mSv) for both eyes. No important differences were observed in lens dose per procedure between pediatric and adult interventions (0.16 vs 0.18, 0.12 vs 0.09, and 0.07 vs 0.07mSv), although lens dose per PKA was 4.1-4.5 times higher in pediatrics (5.8 vs 1.3, 3.3 vs 0.8, and 2.6 vs 0.6µSv/Gy·cm2 ) despite a similar use of the ceiling-suspended screen. Lens doses were highly correlated with collar readings (with Pearson coefficients [r] ranging from 0.86 to 0.98) and with chest readings (with r ranging from 0.75 to 0.93). However, slopes of the linear regressions varied greatly among radiologists. There is real risk of exceeding the occupational dose limit to the eye lens in mixed interventional radiology rooms if radiation protection tools are not used properly. Regular monitoring of the lens dose is recommended, given lens exposure might easily exceed 6mSv/yr. Using a collar dosimeter for this purpose might be suitable if it is preceded by an individualized regression analysis. The same radiation protection measures should be applied to interventional radiologists regardless of whether they are treating pediatric or adult patients.

The visualization of 3D radiation dose field in virtual environment

Avoiding the harm caused by nuclear radiation is an important topic in the field of nuclear physics. For nuclear radiation protection, it is necessary to show the distribution of radiation dose in the power plants. In this paper, we propose the methods combining ray-casting volume rendering and geometry model fusion to visualize the 3D nuclear radiation dose field. We implement a nuclear radiation dose field virtual simulation system based on Unity3D, combined with virtual reality to help workers conduct nuclear radiation operations and training. Moreover, we plan the maintenance path of the workers based on the NEAT algorithm, thus providing necessary radiation protection measures. The experimental results and evaluation show the efficiency of our virtual radiation dose visualization and simulation system.

Integrating motion capture in a virtual reality intervention planning platform to study radiation protection measures for the ATLAS inner detector decommissioning

An intervention planning and evaluation platform has been developed to enable dose estimation and personnel training for the ATLAS inner detector decommissioning. The present paper describes the integration of motion capture into the system, including the dose estimation results for the recorded decommissioning steps.

The ESTE Decision Support System for Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies: Atmospheric Dispersion Models

The ESTE system is running in nuclear crisis centers at various levels of emergency preparedness and response in Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Austria, Bulgaria, and Iran (at the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant, monitored by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)). ESTE is a decision-support system that runs 24/7 and serves the crisis staff to propose actions to protect inhabitants against radiation in case of a nuclear accident. ESTE is also applicable as a decision-support system in case of a malicious act with a radioactive dispersal device in an urban or industrial environment. The dispersion models implemented in ESTE are the Lagrangian particle model (LPM) and the Puff trajectory model (PTM). We describe model approaches as implemented in ESTE. The PTM is applied in ESTE for the dispersion calculation near the point of release, up to 100 km from the point of a nuclear accident. The LPM for general atmospheric transport is applied for short-range, meso-scale and large-scale dispersion, up to dispersion on the global scale. Additionally, a specific micro-scale implementation of the LPM is applied for urban scale dispersion modeling. The dispersion models of ESTE are joined with radiological-consequences models to calculate a complete spectrum of radiological parameters—effective doses, committed doses, and dose rates by various irradiation pathways and by various radionuclides. Finally, radiation protective measures, like sheltering, iodine prophylaxis, or evacuation, evaluated on the base of predicted radiological impacts, are proposed. The dispersion and radiological models of the state-of-the-art ESTE systems are described. The results of specific analyses, like the number of particles applied, the initial spatial distribution of the source, and the height of the bottom reference layer, are presented and discussed.

Evaluation of the radiological hazard in electron beam welding

In electron beam welding a very intense pencil beam of electrons is driven onto the base metal, to melt it and produce the welding. In the interaction of the beam with the metal, strong bremsstrahlung emission of X-ray is generated. Here the generation is evaluated, and the KERMA in air at 1 m is predicted. Results show that a significant radiation hazard is present and serious radiation protection measures are needed.

An Anatolian study on the current knowledge and attitudes of urology operating room staff on ionizing radiation

BackgroundTo evaluate current approaches to ionizing radiation by personnel working in urology operating room at all levels of health service in Anatolia, Turkey.MethodsA questionnaire was e-mailed to urology operating room personnel including MDs at different academic levels, between August and September 2020 in Anatolia, Turkey. The questionnaire included demographic questions and questions about ionizing radiation, exposure and protection.ResultsOf the 173 (11.9%) respondents, 44.5% were doctors, 24.9% were nurses, 20.8% were radiology technicians, and 9.8% were other operating room personnel. While most participants (73.4%) had some knowledge of radiation, only 42.2% stated they had received radiation-specific training. The two most commonly used personal protective equipments (PPEs) among respondents (79.8%) were lead aprons and thyroid protectors. Interestingly, both types of PPE were preferred among those who had not received radiation safety training. Conversely, besides lead aprons and thyroid protectors; gonadal protection, goggles and gloves were the preferred PPEs among respondents who had received radiation training (p < 0.001). Radiology technicians exhibited the highest compliance rate for dosimeter usage (100%), followed by faculty members (37.5%), urology specialists (36.7%) nurses (27.9%), operating room staff (17.6%) and assistants (15%). While differences in compliance were statistically significant (p < 0.001), no significant relationship was found between radiation protection measures and years of experience, daily fluoroscopy exposure or education level.ConclusionsDespite advances in medical science, our findings suggest that many hospital personnel are still insensitive to the dangers of fluoroscopy, which is of great importance in urology operating rooms.

Literacia Radiológica: o que se sabe e qual a importância?

Com o aumento da realização de exames radiológicos e o consequente incremento da exposição dos utentes às radiações-X, surge igualmente uma acrescida probabilidade de efeitos sobre a Saúde. Nesse contexto, o tema da literacia radiológica tem vindo a ganhar importância, pois só se previne o que se conhece. O estudo da Literacia em Saúde, nomeadamente em Radiologia permite, por um lado, que se percebam as lacunas existentes e, por outro, desenvolver um conjunto de medidas que favoreçam a perceção do risco e contribuam para a utilização de medidas de proteção radiológica. Sabe-se que uma maior e efetiva identificação dos procedimentos radiológicos que implicam exposição às radiações-X, dos níveis de dose associados e dos procedimentos de proteção contra as radiações permitem reduzir, entre outros, realização de exames redundantes e os consequentes níveis de dose a que os utentes são expostos. Deste modo, foram identificados e analisados 13 artigos da bibliografia recente (últimos 10 anos), onde a maioria segue uma abordagem metodológica quantitativa e um segue uma metodologia mista. Aspetos relacionados com a identificação de exames como a Mamografia, Densitometria Óssea e Tomografia Computorizada permitem evidenciar a existência de lacunas de conhecimento no público. Ao nível da dose, efeitos da radiação e medidas de proteção radiológica identifica-se igualmente níveis de desconhecimento relevantes. Na análise qualitativa foi possível destacar que os utentes querem informação clara e simples sobre os procedimentos radiológicos de modo a aumentar os conhecimentos que detêm relativamente a esta área. A existência de iniciativas que ajudem ao desenvolvimento e incremento dos níveis de Literacia Radiológica é cada vez mais importante e essencial para a redução coletiva do nível de dose de exposição às radiações-X.

A multicenter study of radiation doses to the eye lenses of clinical physicians performing radiology procedures in Japan.

PurposeWe investigated occupational dose to the lens of the eye for physicians engaged in radiology procedures. We evaluated the potential for compliance with the new‐equivalent dose limits to the lens of the eye. Further, a “multiple radiation protection” protocol was proposed according to the basic principles of occupational health, and its effectiveness was estimated.MethodsPhysicians engaged in radiology procedure at medical facilities in Japan were included in this study. The eye lens dose (3‐mm dose equivalent: Hp(3)) for each participant was measured using a small radio‐photoluminescence glass dosimeter mounted on lead glasses. Physicians were directed to procedure multiple radiation protection measures to evaluate their usefulness.ResultsThe Hp(3) was reduced by multiple radiation protection in all physicians. In particular, the Hp(3) reduced from 207.7 to 43.2 μSv/procedure and from 21.6 to 10.2 μSv/procedure in cardiovascular internal physician and cerebrovascular physician, respectively, after the implementation of the proposed multiple radiation protection measures. The dose reduction rate of these measures was 53% (range: 37%–79%).ConclusionsThe radiation doses received by the eye lenses of physicians engaged in radiology procedure may exceed the dose limits to the lens of the eye if radio‐protective equipment and imaging conditions are not properly controlled. However, based on the lens equivalent dose data, the implementation of “multiple radiation protection” according to the basic principles of occupational health can ensure compliance with the new‐equivalent dose limits to the lens of the eye without placing an undue burden on individual physicians or medical facilities.

Assessment of Natural Radioactivity in Rivers Sediment and Soil from the Copper Belt Artisanal Mining Region, Democratic Republic of the Congo

The concentrations and distribution of naturally occurring radionuclides (238U, 235U, 234U, 230Th, 226Ra, 210Pb, 232Th, 228Ra, and 40K) were determined by alpha and gamma spectrometry in soil and sediments collected from Luilu and Dilala rivers located in the mining district of Kolwezi (Lualaba Province) of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The average concentrations of 238U and 226Ra in the analyzed samples were 5 - 10 times higher than the world average values for soil provided by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. However, the average concentrations of 232Th were found similar to the world average. In both river basins, artisanal mining activities and mineral washing sites displayed the higher concentration values of radionuclides. The mean values of health risk indices calculated for those sites were found significantly higher compared to world average levels. Radiation protection measures seem needed to ensure the radiation safety of local populations. Graphical Abstract

Training of students on civil protection and life safety in the system of out-of-school education in 1970–2020

The article considers the experience of organizing the training of students on civil protection and rules of conduct in emergencies in out-of-school education and during competitions on life safety in the historical retrospective of 1970–2020. The role of clubs and competitions in the direction of young rescuers as an important component of preparing students for activity in emergencies is updated. In the historical context the main approaches to the organization of competitions are determined. It was established that during 1970–1991 in the system of out-of-school activities, an obligatory event during the children's recreation in the summer camp was the conduct of campaigns and militarypatriotic games with the development of civil defense measures. The program of the game provided for the formation of children’s practical skills to perform actions in the use of weapons of mass destruction, actions on the signals of civil defense, radiation protection measures. Since the 90’s the program of group work and competitions is aimed mainly at practicing protection measures in peacetime, fire protection, skills in the use of personal protective equipment, home care. Chapters of preparation for action in emergencies are included in the curricula of group work in tourism, sports, military and patriotic areas. The list of stages that are most often held during the competition for the direction of a young rescuer has been clarified. These include putting on firefighter’s combat clothing, overcoming the obstacle course, extinguishing a conditional fire, rescuing the victim on the water with special means, wearing a gas mask and protective suit, transporting the victim in the area of man-made accident and the natural environment, providing home care. The author offers a variant of supplementing the program of competitions in the direction of the young rescuer – working off of actions at evacuation of the population.

Overview and specifications of laser and target areas at the Intense Laser Irradiation Laboratory

Abstract We present the main features of the ultrashort, high-intensity laser installation at the Intense Laser Irradiation Laboratory (ILIL) including laser, beam transport and target area specifications. The laboratory was designed to host laser–target interaction experiments of more than 220 TW peak power, in flexible focusing configurations, with ultrarelativistic intensity on the target. Specifications have been established via dedicated optical diagnostic assemblies and commissioning interaction experiments. In this paper we give a summary of laser specifications available to users, including spatial, spectral and temporal contrast features. The layout of the experimental target areas is presented, with attention to the available configurations of laser focusing geometries and diagnostics. Finally, we discuss radiation protection measures and mechanical stability of the laser focal spot on the target.

The Conjugate Gradient Least Square Algorithm in Terahertz Tomography

Terahertz tomography allows for non-contact tomographic inspection of dielectric materials without the need for radiation protection measures. Terahertz tomography offers the opportunity to inspect such objects from multiple angles not only by measuring the absorption but also by acquiring the time-of-flight of the radiation. Hence, this technique facilitates the reconstruction of the complete complex refractive index of a sample under test. Even complicated surface structures can be imaged, provided the feature size is above the diffraction limit roughly given by the wavelength of the terahertz radiation in use. For industrial applications, computational efficiency and imaging performance are crucial. Therefore, we apply the iterative conjugate gradient least square (CGLS) algorithm to reconstruct images from terahertz tomography data. To ensure reliable convergence of this semi-convergent CGLS algorithm a stopping mechanism based on the L-curve criterion is implemented. The result is a fast-converging, parallelizable method, which offers the flexibility to adapt to the specifics of terahertz tomography. As an example of this adaptability, we implement a non-negativity constraint, suppressing noise in the image and significantly enhancing reconstruction quality.