Hate Crime Research Articles

Unmasking Malicious Stance Indicators and Attitudinal Priming: An ‘Evaluative Textbite’ Approach to Identity Attacks in Violent Extremist Discourse

The article explores the patterning and functioning of attitude semantics in the practice of identity attacks within terrorist communications. Positioned in facework and stance-taking research (e.g. Tracy & Tracy, 1998, 2008, 2017), it introduces the concepts of ‘evaluative textbites’ and ‘attitudinal priming’ to linguistic examinations, advocating a functional approach to unravelling identity attacks, drawing on corpus analysis methods (e.g. word frequency, and concordance-line qualitative analysis) and the Appraisal framework (Martin & White, 2005). Findings reveal that, linked with stance-taking activity, attitudinal priming offers insights into how specific ideational targets are primed for particular attitudinal, evaluative functions. Evaluative textbites provide linguistic evidence of an author’s encoded hostile attitude and the nuanced patterning and functioning of ‘ideation-attitude’ co-occurrences in these attacks. Identity attacks are a rhetorical tool, normative and valuation-based, targeting individuals’ or out-groups’ immoral behaviours and devaluing victims by reference to their personal traits, power-distance relationships, interactional roles, and master identities. This article offers implications for future study of identity attacks in hate crimes, genocidal rhetoric, and defamation texts, and strengthens counter-extremism efforts by illuminating the investigative value of identity work.

Validation of Spanish-Language Surveys Utilized for the Navigator-Assisted Hypofractionation (NAVAH) Program to Aid Hispanic-American Breast Cancer Patients.

Cancer accounts for 22% of all mortality and is the leading cause of death among Hispanic and/or Latinx patients in the United States. The disparities in access to radiation therapy (RT), mortality rates, and treatment outcomes among Hispanic-American breast cancer patients compared with other populations highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions. The Navigator-Assisted Hypofractionation (NAVAH) program, with its innovative patient navigation approach and culturally sensitive survey, aims to better identify the specific barriers faced by this population. This study is a report of the NAVAH program experience piloting a Spanish-language culturally sensitive survey in Hispanic-American volunteers. Hispanic-American volunteers with fluency in Spanish were recruited to participate in survey conduction, identified from local networks. Survey information was assessed by topic category, and survey responses were amalgamated into a representative score for each category. Survey categories include acceptability (comfort and prejudice among interactions with the system), accessibility (transportation, distance to care, and health care literacy), accommodation (access to the internet, navigating transportation), affordability (financial considerations, employment, and level of education), and availability (access to a medical center, coordinating care, and overall quality of care). A total of 6 volunteers meeting inclusion criteria completed the survey; 4 in person and 2 by telephone. The median survey completion time was 12 minutes 38 seconds. Respondents noted satisfaction and trust in their interactions with medical providers; however, responses in the acceptability category highlighted a high perception of disparities in the medical system, including a high prevalence of racial and ethnic prejudice and a high prevalence of treatment differences between high-income and low-income patients in clinical settings. In the first Spanish-language survey of its kind, our findings indicate that this survey design is feasible in the Hispanic-American population. Implementation of this survey in breast cancer patients will provide more definitive and comprehensive answers regarding other categories in the survey, including financial challenges during treatment, access to accommodations, and perception of treatment during cancer care. The investigation involving patients actively receiving breast cancer RT is currently underway.

Exploring the Radical Potential of Queer AZN and Pasifika CRT for Clinical Social Work Praxis

ABSTRACT In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the crisis in Palestine, and the continued rise in hate crimes against Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) communities, clinical social work praxis centering on the intersectional identities of queer and transgender AAPI communities has never been more vital. Through the visioning of an approach that addresses these intersecting identities and our own experiences with racism, cisheterosexism, and transphobia, we propose a theoretical framework, Queer AZN and Pasifika Critical Race Theory (CRT), for clinical social work praxis. Specifically, we describe six tenets of a Queer AZN and Pasifika CRT approach, which include (1) Queer, Brown Asianization; (2) Challenging mainstream ideologies about Asians, Pacific Islanders, Queer and Transgender Pacific Islanders, and Queer and Transgender Asian Americans; (3) Global, decolonial perspectives; (4) Re-constructive histories; (5) Multidisciplinary story, practice, praxis, and voice; and (6) a Social Justice perspective. We present cases as an opportunity to explore and reflect on clinical social work practice with queer and trans AAPI people through the lens of Queer AZN and Pasifika CRT.

Social-Ecological Correlates of Social Well-Being in Transgender and Gender Diverse Adults in the USA: Implications for Policy, Theory, and Research

Abstract Introduction Emerging transgender and gender diverse (TGD) health models focus on social well-being. The present study contributes to this movement through investigation of hate crime statutes, state-level political and anti-TGD attitudes, and multiple marginalized identities as correlates of social well-being (i.e., outness, community connection, and workplace and familial support). Methods The current study merged data from three sources: (a) the 2015 United States Transgender Survey (USTS), (b) the 2014 and 2018 Cooperative Congressional Election Studies (CCES), and (c) the 2018 Anti-Defamation League’s (ADL) Hate Crime Map. Bivariate (e.g., chi-square) and regression analyses were used to identify correlates of social well-being among TGD adults in the USA. Results All types of hate crime laws showed bivariate protective associations for outness and family support. Regression models showed that several marginalized identities (e.g., having a disability) were the most consistent and largest correlates of social well-being. Higher state-level anti-TGD attitudes were linked with lower familial support and outness. The presence of state-level hate crime law civil action and police training statutes was positively associated with outness. Conclusions The results extend the limited research on correlates of TGD social well-being. Findings support TGD health models addressing resilience and social safety. Future research should address hate crime law policy analysis, police training evaluation, and prospective testing of TGD social well-being. Policy Implications Hate crime laws, in particular civil action and police training statutes, may be associated with better outcomes for transgender and gender diverse (TGD) persons. Evaluation of hate crime law effectiveness may need to focus on implementation as opposed to mere presence of laws. Policies specific to police training should include guidelines for training content and rigorous evaluation.

Sexual Orientation-Specific Policies Are Associated With Prenatal Care Use in the First Trimester Among Sexual Minority Women: Results From a Prospective Cohort Study.

Previous research has shown sexual minority women (SMW) are more likely to report multiple maternal and infant health outcomes compared to heterosexual women and that these outcomes are moderated by the policy environment. Little is known, however, about prenatal care use disparities or the social determinants of prenatal care use for SMW. To examine the relationship between sexual orientation-specific policies that confer legal protections (e.g., hate crime protections, housing discrimination, same-sex marriage) and prenatal care use among women using a prospective, population-based data set. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health and logistic regression, we link measures of state policies to the use of prenatal care in the first trimester among women who had live births. The use of prospective data allows us to adjust for covariates associated with preconception care use prior to pregnancy (n = 586 singleton births to SMW; n = 4,539 singleton births to heterosexual women). Sexual orientation-specific policies that conferred protections were associated with increased use of prenatal care among pregnancies reported by SMW (OR = 1.86, 95% CI 1.16, 2.96). In fact, in states with zero protections, we found no differences in prenatal care use by sexual minority status; however, in states with two or more protective policies, SMW were more likely to access prenatal care in the first trimester than heterosexual women. There was no relationship between sexual orientation-specific policy environments and prenatal care use among pregnancies reported by heterosexual women. Recent research has documented that SMW are more likely to have adverse perinatal and obstetrical outcomes than their heterosexual peers. These findings suggest that Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual-specific policy protections may facilitate the use of prenatal care among SMW, a potentially important pathway to improve reproductive health among this population.

Finding ‘Home’ and Navigating ‘Cultural Precarity’: Grey Areas Between Racism and ‘Hate Crime’ Victimization Among Korean Businesses

The United States has often been lauded for its reputation as a melting pot, embracing diverse cultures and backgrounds. However, beneath this outward display of diversity lies a more intricate reality illuminated by the experiences of immigrants. This study, which involved 19 interviews with first‐generation Korean immigrants operating small businesses in the United States, examines the diverse forms of discrimination and hate crime encountered by participants from various demographic backgrounds and immigration histories. These diverse perspectives, influenced by factors such as duration in the United States, gender, and age, contribute to a nuanced understanding of the challenges faced by immigrants before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The study also explores participants' experiences attributing the sources of challenges to neighborhood safety, grappling with issues related to racial background and language barriers, and contending with cultural precarity. The narratives vividly depict the multifaceted challenges within the business setting and daily lives of Korean immigrants. Significantly, these occurrences transcend differences in residency duration, age, gender, and personal experiences, emphasizing the need for nuanced and inclusive approaches to address discrimination effectively. Recognizing the shared impact of discriminatory practices across diverse individuals fosters a collective understanding, informing targeted interventions for a more inclusive and equitable society for Asian immigrants. Based on firsthand accounts and perceptions, the study discerns policy implications to comprehensively address these challenges among Korean/Asian immigrants in the United States.

How Teachers Feel Good: The Role of Teachers’ Mindfulness, Self-efficacy and Implicit Attitudes towards Ethnic Minority Students in Their Feelings of Burnout

COME GLI INSEGNANTI SI SENTONO BENE: IL RUOLO DELLA MINDFULNESS, DELL’AUTOEFFICACIA E DEGLI ATTEGGIAMENTI IMPLICITI DEGLI INSEGNANTI VERSO GLI STUDENTI CON BACKGROUND ETNICO MINORITARIO, NELLA LORO SENSAZIONE DI BURNOUT Abstract Burnout is a complex syndrome, and decades of research have established that teaching is a stressful profession. New evidence suggests that teachers’ ethnic prejudice and attitudes might help to explain teachers’ burnout related to ethnic diversity. On the other hand, factors such as self-efficacy and mindfulness are known to play a protective role for burnout, but to date it is not known how they are related to implicit attitudes and prejudice as well. In this study, we aim to provide a deeper understanding of the mechanism underlying the development of burnout in teachers and pre-service teachers, investigating the role of ethnic prejudice, implicit ethnic attitudes, perceived self-efficacy and mindfulness. Our results show that self-efficacy and mindfulness are negatively correlated with teacher burnout and that mindfulness moderates the relationship between implicit ethnic attitudes and burnout. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

The banalization of symbolic violence and its relationship with hate crimes

The banalization of symbolic violence and its relationship with hate crimes

INDIA: UNDERSTANDING THE HILLS-VALLEY DIVIDE AND MEITEI-KUKI CONFLICT IN MANIPUR

This paper explores the notion of the hills-valley divide in Manipur, focusing on the divide between Meitei people and hill tribes and its consequences on ethnic conflict. It examines the hills-valley divide through secondary data such as articles, news reports, and talks. The Meiteis, the largest community, enjoy power in all aspects of life. Due to poor representation in the Legislative Assembly, tribals have a lesser voice in decision-making. Moreover, since funds are allocated by population size, dwellers have a natural advantage over hill people. The existing hills valley divide and development inequality lead to misunderstanding between the tribals and the non-tribals in Manipur. The tribals of Manipur came up with different demands for developing their respective areas and safeguarding their identity. However, their demands were never fulfilled by the Meitei-led Manipur government. The state government tried to change the law to alienate tribal land in a very well-planned manner. This creates inter-ethnic tensions, and tribal political problems have remained unresolved. This paper suggests that the state must for mulate policies for Manipur’s moral and emotional integration by proportionately diversifying developmental infrastructure. Keywords: Manipur, hills-valley divide, buffer zone, ethnic clash, violence.

Mental Health Needs of Asian American Older Adults: Bridging the Inequity Gap.

The mental health needs of Asian American older adults are complex and multifaceted. Despite their rich diversity, Asian American older adults face significant challenges, including mental health stigma, cultural stress, limited English proficiency, and historical trauma. In addition, the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic reignited preexisting anti-Asian attitudes of hostility, discrimination, blame, and scapegoating. The historical context of Asian immigration to the United States, impact of race-based discrimination, and recent resurgence of anti-Asian hate crimes impact mental health in Asian American older adults. Thus, there is a need for a culturally sensitive and competent mental health care workforce, culturally tailored interventions, and family involvement. In the context of research and policy, it is critical to prioritize increased funding and research focus on culturally tailored instrument development, interventions, and policy initiatives informed by recent findings to safeguard this population from hate crimes and discrimination. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 62(7), 11-15.].

Preconditions and causes of inter-ethnic conflicts in Central Asia

Central Asia's ethnic diversity presents both opportunities and challenges for sus-tainable development. While cultural richness can foster social cohesion, ethnic inequalities and tensions can impede progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. This study aims to analyse the main factors contributing to inter-ethnic conflicts in the region, examining their impact on stability and propos-ing measures to promote inclusive development and multicultural coexistence. Utilizing comparative, case study, statistical, and analytical methods, the research explores the complex interplay of ethnic diversity, territorial disputes, economic factors, and political instability as preconditions and causes of inter-ethnic con-flicts. The Central Asian region is characterised by a significant diversity of ethnic groups, each of which has its own unique cultural, religious, and historical features. This creates a potential field for inter-ethnic tensions and conflicts. The results of research in this area underline the need for in-depth analyses of specific conflicts and the development of measures to resolve and prevent inter-ethnic conflicts in Central Asia. Effective management of these preconditions and causes can con-tribute to maintaining peace and stability in the region. The study examines recent inter-ethnic conflicts that have occurred in the territory of Central Asia. The practi-cal significance of this research lies in its potential to inform strategies for conflict prevention, peace-building, and the promotion of multicultural coexistence. By addressing ethnic inequalities and fostering inclusive development, Central Asian nations can create an enabling environment for sustainable growth.

Guest editorial: What is hate crime? Contemporary perspectives from four continents

Guest editorial: What is hate crime? Contemporary perspectives from four continents

Ethnolinguistic Attitudes as Drivers of Affective Polarization against Ethnic Parties: The Case of the Swedish People's Party in Finland

This study explores the link between ethnic divides and affective polarization by proposing that individual differences in outparty affect towards ethnic parties are associated with either prejudice against the ethnic group or dissatisfaction with minority accommodation at the sociotropic or egotropic level. We test this proposal through a case study of the Swedish People’s Party in Finland. Using survey data, we find that sociotropic concerns have the strongest link to affective evaluations of the ethnic party. However, among right-wing populist voters, egotropic concerns also stand out. The association between ethnic prejudice and evaluations of the SFP was weak and ambiguous.

Voted in, standing out: Public response to immigrants' political accession

AbstractHow do dominant‐group natives react to immigrants' political integration? We argue that ethnic minority immigrants winning political office makes natives feel threatened, triggering animosity. We test this dynamic across the 2010–2019 UK general elections, using hate crime police records, public opinion data, and text data from over 500,000 regional and local newspaper articles. While past work has not established a causal relationship between minorities' political power gains and dominant‐group animosity, we identify natives' hostile reactions with a regression discontinuity design that leverages close election results between immigrant‐origin ethnic minority and dominant‐group candidates. We find that minority victories increase hate crimes by 67%, exclusionary attitudes by 66%, and negative media coverage of immigrant groups by 110%. Consistent with power threat and social identity theories, these findings demonstrate a strong and widespread negative reaction—encompassing a violence‐prone fringe and the mass public—against ethnic minority immigrants' integration into majority settings.

Mixedness in conflict: The impact of Yugoslav wars on intermarriages in the Western Balkans

AbstractThis paper examines the phenomenon of intermarriages in the Western Balkans, shedding light on their intricate relationship with the region's tumultuous history, ethnic diversity, and socio‐political dynamics. Through a comprehensive exploration of interethnic unions across different areas, the study delves into how these marriages have historically served as symbols of coexistence and integration, particularly during the mid‐20th century, when they were encouraged by the newly‐formed states to unite the different nations living in them. However, the rise of ethno‐nationalism and the Yugoslav Wars significantly impacted these marital patterns, underscoring the complex interplay between politics, culture, and traditional norms. The paper highlights the decline in mixed marriages post‐war, persistent ethnic tensions, and varying dynamics in different locales, suggesting that comprehensive approaches are needed for sustainable peace and unity in the Western Balkans. Through this lens, intermarriages emerge not just as personal unions but as potent symbols and potential catalysts for broader societal transformations, albeit within a context of considerable challenges and the need for nuanced, multifaceted approaches to fostering lasting interethnic harmony.

Hate-motivated crimes in Brazil: an overview of crimes against LGBTQI+ people

PurposeThis paper aims to provide an overview of the nature of hate-motivated crimes in Brazil by focusing on offenses against LGBTQI+ people and discussing the current legal approaches to combating hate-motivated crimes.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on secondary sources and analysis of existing literature in the field, which is primarily in the Portuguese language.FindingsThere is no formal definition of hate crime in Brazil. However, it is estimated that Brazil has one of the highest rates of hate crimes perpetrated against LGBTQI+ people in the world, and lethal violence against this group has been on the increase since 2000, especially among black and brown LGBTQI+ people. In more than half of the lethal incidents in public places, often in large cities, the victims and the perpetrators are typically young. The study shows how the lack of a unified legal definition for hate-motivated crimes directly impacts LGBTQI+ people, poses challenges for organizations when collecting data on this group and highlights the need for legislation and enforcement agencies to promote transparency around hate crimes in Brazil.Research limitations/implicationsThe study shows how the lack of a unified legal definition for hate-motivated crimes directly impacts LGBTQI+ people, poses challenges for organizations when collecting data on this group and highlights the need for legislation and enforcement agencies to promote transparency around hate crimes in Brazil.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the literature on gender violence through the analysis of various data sources, created and disseminated by advocacy agencies and other related institutions, on hate crimes against LGBTQI+ people in Brazil.

Does educational attainment matter for attitudes toward immigrants in Chile? Assessing the causality and generalizability of higher education's so-called "liberalizing effect" on economic and cultural threat.

Despite a large literature consistently showing a relationship between higher levels of education and lower levels of ethnic prejudice, some points of contention remain. First, it remains unclear whether education has a causal effect on attitudes, mainly due to a lack of longitudinal studies. Second, due to the majority of studies on prejudice being conducted in Europe and North America, we do not know to what extent the inverse relationship between education and prejudice is generalizable beyond the "global North." To answer these questions, I study attitudes toward immigrants in Chile in the years 2016-2022, using six waves of the Chilean Longitudinal Social Survey. Chile provides new variations in economic and cultural factors, with its stable albeit highly unequal economy, and increased immigration from culturally similar countries which shed light on possible scope conditions of the so-called liberalizing effect of education. I analyze whether attaining more education has an effect on reducing levels of perceived economic and cultural threat. The findings show that increases in education are associated with both lower levels of perceived economic and cultural threat, with education having a stronger effect on the latter.

The Tragedy of Humanity: Christopher Marlowe’s The Jew of Malta Revisited

Christopher Marlowe’s The Jew of Malta is a significant example of the transition from Morality Plays to a period of more developed and mature drama in the Elizabethan period. The themes that Marlowe handles and the protagonist he presents in the play emerge as aspects of a distinctive approach to dramatic representation and the concept of drama of that time. The play is set against the background of the struggle for economic, political, and military dominance between the Catholic Spain and Moslem Ottoman Empires and the Catholic administration and Jewish mercantile class in Malta. Religious conflicts and bigotry, intrigues, betrayals, and revenge plans committed by almost all characters representing different religious communities, ethnic prejudices that affect not only individuals but also the whole society, greed, and moral corruption emerge as the basic themes. Although the full title of the play was Famous Tragedy of the Rich Jew of Malta, the play could not gain the status of a tragedy in the Aristotelian or Elizabethan sense of the word for many critics due to its dominant farcical characteristics. For a modern reader, however, The Jew of Malta can be considered as a satirical tragedy, the tragedy not of the protagonist Barabas, but of humanity that craves material benefits and political power, and for the sake of achieving these, commits all kinds of villanies including exploitation, theft, and murder, and as a result, socially experiences the fall of the tragic hero.

Hate, crime and epistemic vulnerability: on sense-making and feelings of (un)safety among Danish Muslims.

This article investigates feelings of (un)safety emerging from knowing and sharing knowledge about hate crime and hate incidents. Drawing on fieldwork and interviews with young Muslims living in the greater Copenhagen area, the article explores the way the interlocutors seek to make sense of their experiences through available epistemic categories, and how this sense-making is shaped by reactions from the surrounding society, e.g., whether it is questioned, supported, ignored etc. Combining criminological and psychological research on direct and indirect harms of hate crime with insights from philosophy on epistemic encounters and their ethical implications the article provides a framework for investigating safety in epistemic interactions. Based on this framework, the article show the often hard work that people perform in order to balance epistemic needs (e.g. the need for knowledge and for recognition) with epistemic risks (e.g. the risk of testimonial rejection, of damaged epistemic confidence, or loss of credibility).

Persuasive Through Ethos, Logos, and Pathos in BTS' Speech at The White House

Race is the diversity given by God Almighty. Race can be understood as the distinctive characteristics of a nation in groups based on different physical characteristics. This difference is a beautiful thing because humans do not only consist of one group, but also various groups with differences that can complement one another. Unfortunately, in the reality of social life, there is still discrimination against certain races with different physical forms from the majority in a region. The United States is an example of a country that has the highest level of racism in the world. The Asian-American race often experiences acts of racism that result in fatalities. BTS, a band from South Korea, became the representative of Asians invited by Joe Biden to speech at The White House to express their concern about hate crimes. The purpose of this study is to analyze BTS' speech regarding racial issues towards Asians at The White House from the perspective of Rhetorical theory using the elements of ethos, logos, and pathos. The speech reflected the reality of racism towards Asian ethnic groups, as well as a solution to end this problem by fighting racism at all levels of society. This research uses the interview method by collecting primary and secondary data from relevant books, journal articles, and websites to analyze the Rhetoric speech by BTS in order to get accurate results. The implications of the results of this study include improving Rhetoric not only used in Political occasions but can be used for anyone like BTS did from an entertainment background.