Quran Recitation Research Articles

Translation reception and multilingual faith literacies: a theory of practice inquiry into Quran’s Persian translations

ABSTRACT This inquiry adopts a practice theoretical perspective in thinking about how Quran Persian translations might feature in faith literacies in the multilingual province of Khouzestan, Iran. For the purpose of this inquiry, I conducted ethnographic observations and interviews. To make sense of the data, I drew on sociological theories of practice. As such, the paper underscores the spatiotemporal shaping of faith literacies and recitation practices. Furthermore, the material resources and technological affordances associated with faith literacies enact embodied performances which might determine the boundaries of recitation practices, and hence the reception of Quran translations. Moreover, interviewees’ habitus, particularly their translingual repertoire might rhizomatically bear on the need for translation. Additionally, meanings associated with Quran recitation seem to depend on habitus, translingual repertoire, and language ideologies, the combination of which might render translations either essential or unnecessary. This, at least partly, has to do with the immanent nature of meaning in faith practices characterised by prioritising contextual meaning over propositional content. In sum, the constellation of spatiotemporal resources, material configurations, embodied performance, translingual repertoire as well as language and religious ideologies shape, sustain and constrain the conditions of possibility for the reception of Quran translations within faith literacies and Quran recitation.

The Role of Faith-Based Coping Mechanisms in Enhancing Mental Resilience: A Study Among Muslim Students

Students’ mental health issues have received a lot of attention around the world. In this respect, religious beliefs, especially from students of the Islamic faith have benefits in boosting the ability to cope with stress and other mental conditions. More information about how Islam helps with mental health is explained in this article such as praying, reciting the Quran, having family and friends, and relying on Allah (Tawakkul). Most of the findings provide support for the use of faith-based models in psychological therapies, especially in the formulation of an integrated package of care for psychologists’ clients. In this research, the scholars intend to explore how Salah, (prayers) and reading the Quran improve mental health among students. An exploratory cross-sectional survey research design using both quantitative and qualitative data was employed to analyze the effects on stress coping and mental health of these religious practices. Questions posed to the participants included the number of times they performed Salah, reading of the Quran, and other religious-related activities used to address stress. It also examined practitioners’ endowed impressions of how efficacious such practices are for fostering psychological fortitude and incorporated queries regarding the way faith may facilitate overcoming mental illness in the Self-Reflexive portion. The study hypothesized was that religious practices such as Salah, and Quranic recitation improve the psychological well-being of Muslim students. The survey asked participants to rate these practices on the scale and free comments indicated how faith helps people cope with emotions, stress, and other challenges. As the results pointed their finger to the positive relationship between increased regular religious attendance on stress-related coping, the present findings are consistent with the other research evidencing the salutary effects of spirituality on mental health. It emerged that faith-based practices enable Muslim students to persevere in issues aching their academic or social lives. However, participants also expressed difficulties in sustaining such practice during certain periods, for example, time pressure or limited resources. The work indicates that the adaptation of religion-based values into university counseling services may be helpful in addressing the psychological needs of Muslim students. In addition, the current study urges subsequent studies to look at the part that Imams, Chaplains, and self-help groups can jointly play in improving the psychological well-being of Muslim students. I can safely assume that by incorporating religious concepts into models of support for mental health, universities may adapt better to the currently diverse student rolls.

The Impact of Listening to Quran Recitation during Pain-Inducing Procedure among Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation Support: An Interventional Study

Background: Pain experienced by intubated patients is caused by several extrinsic sources, including nursing care procedures such as endotracheal suctioning. Several nonpharmacological therapies, including listening to Quran recitation, have never been tested for their pain relief effects among intubated patients, despite these therapies being cost-effective, easy to implement, and free of adverse effects. This study aimed to examine the pain-relieving effect of listening to Quran recitation during pain-inducing procedures in patients receiving mechanical ventilation support. Materials and Methods: This pilot study used an experimental design with 32 intubated patients at King Abdullah University Hospital in Irbid, Jordan. The Behavioral Pain Scale and Ramsay Sedation Scale were used to assess pain levels and sedation, and physiologic parameters were monitored before and during endotracheal suctioning. Results: The findings showed significant differences in Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS) scores and heart rate measures between the intervention and control groups after controlling for the level of sedation. The patients in the intervention group scored lower pain and HR measures than those in the control group (F5,26 = 11.47, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The findings showed significant improvement in the levels of pain and heart rate measures among intubated patients who are exposed to Quran recitation. Complementary medicine is essential to the healthcare plans of critically ill patients and their families. Holy Quran recitation has been reported to be a useful nonpharmacological intervention for critically ill Muslim patients.

Internalisasi Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Islam dalam Organisasi Pencak Silat Pagar Nusa

The approach to Islamic education through martial arts organizations, such as PSNU Pagar Nusa, holds significant potential in shaping the character of the youth based on Islamic values. However, limited research has delved into how this martial arts organization internalizes Islamic educational values in Lampung Province. This study aims to identify and analyze the Islamic educational values internalized through PSNU Pagar Nusa in Lampung Province and their implications for the behavior and character of the students. This research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation from PSNU Pagar Nusa members and relevant community figures. The findings reveal that Islamic values such as i’tiqadiyyah (faith), khuluqiyyah (ethics), and amaliyyah (practice) are successfully instilled through various activities such as martial arts training, Quranic recitation, and congregational prayers. These values manifest in the daily attitudes and behaviors of the students, reflecting discipline, responsibility, tolerance, and compassion towards all creatures. The implications of internalizing these values include the formation of resilient, virtuous, and positively influential youth within the community. The study concludes that PSNU Pagar Nusa not only plays a role in preserving traditional martial arts but also effectively shapes the Islamic character of its members.

Examining the Religiosity of Bendar Fishermen in Central Java: A Da’wah Perspective

Fishermen are generally stereotyped as a marginalized group characterized by poverty, low levels of education, lack of religious observance, engagement in superstitious rituals, extravagance, alcohol abuse, and other negative behaviors. However, in reality, fishing communities are both relatively prosperous and deeply religious. This study addresses the following research questions: What are the religious connotations associated with fishermen in Bendar Village? What is the reality of their religious practices? How are their religious practices perceived through the lens of Islamic preaching (da'wah)? The research employs a qualitative descriptive approach. The findings reveal that fishermen in Bendar Village, Pati Regency, Central Java Province, actively practice Islamic traditions such as Quranic recitation, tahlil, and manaqib. Additionally, they are industrious individuals, and many within their families have attained higher education, with several holding university degrees. This phenomenon implies that the religious practices of fishermen can be understood as a culturally grounded approach to Islamic preaching (da'wah), highlighting the integration of local traditions within the broader framework of religious dissemination.

Kaedah Pentafsiran “Idhā Thabatat Al-Qirā’ah Fa Lā Yajūz Radduhā Aw Rad Ma‘Nāhā” Dalam Tafsir Al-Mishbāh Karya M. Quraish Shihab (L. 1944)

Preserving the Quran properly, including maintaining its recitation according to the authentic methods, is a practice that should be mastered by Muslims. The knowledge of Qiraat is a divinely revealed science for reading the Quran in various forms of recitation. This science, a branch of Quranic knowledge, has been receiving increasing attention in recent decades. Ironically, most of the Muslim community only associates this discipline with the art of beautiful Quranic recitation. In reality, the discussion of Qiraat has a very close connection with the interpretation of the Quran. Consequently, one of the renowned mufassir from the Nusantara, M. Quraish Shihab, often emphasizes the need to understand the Quran contextually, possess a strong linguistic comprehension, and adhere firmly to the interpretive methods established by scholars. One of the interpretive methods related to Qiraat in Tafsir Al-Mishbah is "Idhā Thabatat al-Qirā’ah Fa Lā Yajūz Radduhā Aw Rad Ma‘nāhā." Mastery of this method greatly aids in producing accurate interpretations of the Quran. Therefore, this article critically analyzes his interpretation based on the said Qiraat method. Using a qualitative approach, the article finds that Shihab accepts the diversity of authentic Qiraat in interpreting verses. However, his arguments and references to the various Qiraat are not comprehensive, indicating the need for improvements. In conclusion, it is hoped that this brief analysis meets the current research demands and is believed to help fill the existing research gap, fostering a society well-versed in Qiraat knowledge.

The Epistemic Integration Between Arabic Sciences and Islamic Jurisprudence: Grammar, Pausing, and Starting as a Model

This research addresses the epistemic integration between Arabic and Islamic sciences in general, with a specific focus on grammar, pausing, and starting. It highlights the primary aspects of this epistemic integration and clarifies them for the reader, while also showcasing the efforts of Arabic and grammar scholars in establishing and systematizing the science of pausing and starting. Additionally, it examines the impact of grammatical forms and syntax on pausing, starting, and Quranic recitation. This study follows the inductive-analytical method, as it relies on examining the connections between grammar and the science of pausing and starting, presenting and analyzing selected verses from the Quran where multiple grammatical forms exist, and discussing how these variations affect pausing and starting choices. The research reveals the close relationship between grammar and the science of pausing and starting, emphasizing that only those thoroughly knowledgeable in Arabic grammar can undertake this field. Furthermore, the study highlights the influence of grammar and syntactical forms in diversifying pausing and starting, establishing its rules, and the dedication of Arabic scholars to writing on the science of pausing and starting.

Aplikasi Pembelajaran Tajwid dan Nagham Al-Qur’an Berbasis Web

Mastery of Tajweed and Nagham Al-Quran is crucial for accurate and melodious Quranic recitation. However, access to qualified teachers or reputable learning institutions is not always readily available to everyone. To address this challenge, this research aims to develop a web-based application that facilitates independent and interactive learning of Tajweed and Nagham Al-Quran. The study employs a structured software development methodology following the Waterfall model. Data collection involved literature reviews and interviews with subject matter experts on Tajweed rules, which served as the foundational basis for developing the application’s content. Key features of the application include modules for learning Tajweed and Nagham, Quranic reading exercises, a Tajweed glossary explaining key terminologies, and audio-visual resources to demonstrate clear examples of recitation.Testing results confirm that the application effectively aids users in comprehending and applying Tajweed and Nagham principles. Functional testing verified that all features operate as intended, highlighting the application’s reliability as a self-directed learning tool. This research concludes that the web-based Tajweed and Nagham Al-Quran learning application provides users with a more accessible and flexible platform to enhance their Quranic recitation skills. Future development is recommended to include a mobile version of the application to improve accessibility. Additional interactive features, such as discussion forums for experience sharing and advanced automated recitation evaluation tools, are also proposed to enhance the learning experience. The application leverages web-based technology and adheres to the Waterfall model to ensure a systematic development process. Its web-based nature enables compatibility across a variety of internet-connected devices, significantly broadening user reach. In summary, this research demonstrates that a Tajweed and Nagham Al-Quran learning application bridges the gap in access to quality education, offering an innovative and effective solution for individuals seeking to deepen their Quranic knowledge and recitation skills.

Collaboration between Local Government, Schools, and Community in an Effort to Eradicating Quranic Illiteracy through The Sekolah Mengaji Program in Bandung Regency

Quranic illiteracy is a serious challenge in many communitues, affecting religious understanding and practice. This study aims to analyze the Collaboration between Local Government, Schools, and Communities in an Effort to Eradicating Quranic Illetracy Through the Sekolah Mengaji Program in Bandung Regency. This study used a descriptive qualitative methode involving research subjects consisting of documents from the local government, PAI teachers, students, and quran recitation teachers at SDN Cangri and SDN Magung 3. The data collection techniques were document study, interviews, and field observations. This research identifies the role of each party in the implemtation of the program. The result show that the local government has commited by allocating a budget and setting standards for Sekolah Mengaji teachers. School function as education providers that integrate religious values into the curriculum, while the community participates in supporting learning activities, both as parents and as communiti members. While the program shows potential for succes in reducing qur’an illiteracy still need to be overcome. The conclution of this study emphasizes the importance of Collaboration berween Local Government, Schools and Communities in creating a more qualified generation in the field off religious education in Bandung Regency.

Kur’an Tilâvetinde Lahn Olgusu ve Uygulamada Karşılaşılan Yaygın Hatalar

Bu makalede Kur’an tilâvetinde lahn olgusu ve uygulamada karşılaşılan yaygın hatalar ele alınmıştır. Tarihi süreç içerisinde Kur’an tilâvetinin nasıl olması gerektiği konusunda arz, semâ‘, eda usulleri çerçevesindeki uygulamaların yanı sıra kırâat ve tecvidle ilgili eserler telif edilmiştir. Bu çalışmaların bazılarında Kur’an tilâvetinde yapılan hatalara da yer verilmiştir. Kur’an tilâvetinde karşılaşılan hatalara dikkat çekmek ve bunların tashihi amaçlı araştırmamız da bu alana katkı sunma amacı taşımaktadır. Zira okul, üniversite, cami vb. alanlarda Kur’ân-ı Kerîm tilâvetinde karşılaşılan yaygın hatalara dikkat çekilmesi ve bunların tashihi önem arz etmektedir. Bu amaçla makalemizde lahn olgusu, Kur’an tilâvetinde ilk dönem eserlerde değinilen lahn ve örnekleri yanı sıra günümüzde sıklıkla karşılaşılan yaygın hatalar şeklinde incelenmiştir. Araştırmamızda lahn kavramı içerisinde yer alan Arap dilinin gramer yapısıyla ilgili sorunlar ve bunların tarihsel süreci kapsam dışı tutulmuştur. Çalışmamızda Kur’an tilâvetinde karşılaşılan lahn olgusunun tanımı ile konunun ilk dönem eserlerden günümüze kadarki çalışmalarda yer aldığı şekliyle lahn-ı celî, lahn-ı hafî ayrımı esas alınmıştır. Bu başlıklar altında alt gruplar oluşturularak Kur’an tilâvetinde ilk dönem eserlerde yer verilen lahn ile günümüzde karşılaşılan hatalar, âyetlerdeki kelimeler üzerinden örneklendirilmiş ve hatanın neden kaynaklandığı izah edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Araştırmamızda konu sistematik bir çerçevede tarama, açıklama, betimleme, karşılaştırma yöntemleriyle ele alınmıştır. Böylece kırâat ilmi açısından lahn konusu değerlendirilerek alana katkı sunulmaya çalışılmış ayrıca sıklıkla karşılaşılan hatalar zikredilerek okuyucuların Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i doğru sahih bir şekilde tilâvetlerine dikkati çekilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda Kur’an tilâvetinde lahnin daha çok harflerin mahreç ve sıfatlarıyla ilgili olduğu özellikle de birbirine yakın harflerin telaffuzunda daha çok karşılaşılan bir durum olarak meydana geldiği görülmüştür. Ayrıca lahnin bir kısmının manayı etkilediği bir kısmının ise manayı etkilemediği ancak her iki durumda da bu tür hataları yapmamak için bilgi eksikliğinin, fem-i muhsin kişilerden eğitim almak ve sıkça alıştırma yapmak suretiyle giderilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Enhancing Moral Values through Quran Recitation Activities in Junior High School

Enhancing Moral Values through Quran Recitation Activities in Junior High School

Psychotherapeutic Effect of Listening to Quran Recitation on Dental Anxiety: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the psychotherapeutic effects of listening to Quran recitation on the perception of discomfort and fear in patients undergoing dental treatment. Methods: This research was designed as a randomized controlled trial in which 30 participants (20 females and 10 males) were assigned randomly to either an experimental (Quran listening) or a control group. Fear and discomfort were assessed before, during, and after the treatment session using a questionnaire specifically prepared for the study and based on the Dental Anxiety Scale. Results: The differences in the outcome variables were not statistically significant between the two groups, except for fear perception prior to the local anesthetic injection (P = 0.02). The decrease in mean ranks of fear and discomfort perception in the Quran listening group was statistically significant (P = 0.003 and 0.021 for fear and discomfort, respectively). Conclusion: Listening to Quran recitation during dental appointments can help to decrease patients’ fear and, consequently, their discomfort.

Effectiveness of Counseling and Sound Therapies, Including Mobile Applications and Quran Therapy, in Managing Subjective Tinnitus: randomized controlled trial study

Introduction: Subjective tinnitus, the perception of sound without an external source, affects approximately 15% of the global population. Despite its non-life-threatening nature, tinnitus significantly impacts the quality of life, causing distress, sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression. Objectives: This study assesses the effectiveness of counseling therapy combined with two sound therapy modalities; mobile applications and Quran therapy in managing tinnitus symptoms. Methods: This randomized controlled trial study involved 270 participants with subjective tinnitus, recruited from a medical center and a private audiology clinic in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. Participants were divided into two groups: one receiving counseling therapy and sound therapy via mobile applications (ReSound Tinnitus Relief and Beltone Tinnitus Calmer), and the other receiving counseling therapy combined with Quran therapy (Quranic recitation in Maqam Al-Bayati style). Tinnitus severity and its impact on quality of life were measured using the Tinnitus Primary Function Questionnaire (TPFQ-CK) and the Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire (THQ-CK) before and six months after the intervention. Results: Both therapy groups showed significant improvements in tinnitus severity and quality of life. The TPFQ-CK total scores decreased from 38.18 to 14.99 in the Quran therapy group and from 38.34 to 17.82 in the mobile application group. The THQ-CK total scores decreased from 43.46 to 22.99 in the Quran therapy group and from 43.74 to 25.25 in the mobile application group. Significant reductions were also observed in tinnitus annoyance and loudness levels. Conclusions: Counseling therapy combined with sound therapy, whether through mobile applications or Quranic recitation, effectively reduces tinnitus severity and improves the quality of life for individuals with subjective tinnitus. Quran therapy, leveraging spiritual and cultural practices, showed a slight edge in effectiveness over mobile applications, suggesting that culturally relevant and accessible sound therapy options can enhance tinnitus management.

Pengaruh Kualitas Bacaan Al-Qur'an dalam Metode Tahsin di Satit Phatnawitya Demostrasi School Thailand

This collaborative classroom action research aimed to improve the quality of Quran recitation among fifth-grade students at Satit Phatnawitya Demonstration Elementary School, Yala, Thailand by implementing the tahsin method. The research subjects consisted of five students aged over 10 who had a basic understanding of the Arabic alphabet. The study employed Kemmis and Mc. Taggart cyclical learning design, conducted over two cycles. The results revealed a significant improvement in the students' Quran recitation quality after implementing the tahsin method. The success indicators of this research are evident in the increase in the average reading score from 43 to 73, as well as an increase in the percentage of students achieving the Minimum Completeness Criteria (KKM) from 20% to 80%. This improvement was particularly evident in the aspects of makhraj, sifat, and tanwin rules, indicating that students were able to read the Quran better in accordance with tajwid rules.

Development of Teaching Elements Based on Total Physical Response Activities for Improving Quranic Recitation Proficiency among Converts: Application of The Fuzzy Delphi Method

The Quran is a vital guide for Muslims, requiring proper recitation with tajwid. However, many converts struggle with accurate Quranic recitation even after years of embracing Islam. This study aims to develop Total Physical Response (TPR)-based teaching activities to enhance Quranic recitation proficiency among converts by integrating physical movements with learning, aiding in recognizing Hijaiyah letters and tajwid rules. Utilizing the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM), this study achieved expert consensus on proposed TPR-based activities. Ten experts in technical and vocational education, educational technology, and curriculum development participated, selected through purposive sampling. Data collection involved a two-stage process: a workshop where experts rated each activity on a 5-point Likert scale, followed by FDM analysis, transforming responses into triangular fuzzy numbers. This rigorous evaluation required at least 75% consensus and a threshold value (d) not exceeding 0.2. Findings validated all 25 TPR-based activity elements, demonstrating their suitability for teaching Quranic recitation to converts. TPR’s integration of physical activities significantly enhances memory retention and understanding, making it effective for converts with diverse backgrounds and minimal prior Quranic knowledge. The study recommends developing structured modules, providing expert training, creating interactive learning environments, and implementing continuous assessments. Incorporating Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) and varied teaching methods aims to improve engagement and motivation, ultimately making Quranic learning more effective and enjoyable for converts.

Empowerment Through the Ability of Quranic Recitation in the Malaysian Armed Forces (ATM)

Empowerment Through the Ability of Quranic Recitation in the Malaysian Armed Forces (ATM)

The Implementation of the Brain Rhythm Method in Enhancing the Quality of Quran Memorization

It is imperative to raise the standard of Quran memorization, particularly in madrasah diniyah where many teachers require capacity building. The purpose of this study is to assess the brain rhythm method's effectiveness, a cognitive learning approach that synchronizes Quranic recitation with specific brainwave patterns to optimize memorization and retention. The study employs a quasi-experimental method with a sample of 72 sixth-grade students from 8 madrasah diniyah in Bandung Regency. Quran memorization tests were used for data collection, assessing accuracy, fluency, and retention over different time intervals. An independent sample t-test study revealed a statistically significant increase in the group utilizing the brain rhythm method's Quran memory quality over the control group, with a significance level of 0.010 (p 0.05). These findings suggest that brain rhythm techniques can enhance learning outcomes in Quran memorization. Practically, Islamic educational institutions could consider incorporating these methods to enhance teaching effectiveness. It would be beneficial to investigate this method's long-term effects and suitability for use in various educational contexts in future research. Additionally, investigating the underlying mechanisms of how brain rhythm synchronization aids memorization could provide deeper insights and potentially lead to further advancements in teaching strategies. This approach may inspire the development of new educational techniques that leverage cognitive science to improve religious education. Moreover, examining the scalability of this method and its integration with modern educational technologies could further enhance its impact. Thus, the brain rhythm method holds significant potential for advancing the field of Islamic education.

Controversies of Javanese Style Murattal among Nahdlatul Ulama Figures

This study aims to compare perspectives on Javanese-style murottal among Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) figures. NU, with its strong cultural roots, tends to adopt the Javanese style in its engagement with the Quran, viewing it as an infrastructure that can be integrated with local values. However, NU figures have differing perspectives on the phenomenon of combining the Javanese style with Quranic recitation. This study involves content analysis and literature review, as well as the examination of lectures on social media to understand their approach to the Quran in the Javanese cultural context. The results of this study can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of Islamic thought in Indonesia, particularly in addressing the Javanese-style murottal from the perspective of NU figures. Thus, this study aims to offer deeper insights into the diversity of Islamic understanding within the Javanese cultural context in Indonesia.

Accompaniment Application of the Talaqqi Method for Increase Ability Reading the Qur’an, Ladies of the Assembly Ta'lim Pandai Sikek

The "Majelis Ta'lim Pandai Sikek" is a group of community mothers who are active in Quran reading activities in mosques. Many issues arise in Quran reading, such as a lack of understanding of Quranic reading, where individuals merely read without grasping the Makharij al Huruf (articulation points of letters) or understanding the meanings of Quranic verses. To address this, specific methods are needed to enhance the Quran reading abilities of the mothers in the Majelis Ta'lim Pandai Sikek community. The Talaqqi method has been proven effective in improving Quranic recitation skills. The goal of this activity is to provide guidance to the Pandai Sikek community in improving their Quranic recitation using the Talaqqi method. This activity is conducted by lecturers from the University of Muhammadiyah West Sumatra and students from the Community Service Program (KKNT) of the As-Sunnah Islamic High School in Deli Serdang. The results indicate an improvement in the Quranic recitation abilities of the Pandai Sikek community. Initially, twenty mothers faced issues with Quranic recitation related to articulation points, but by the end of the program, seventeen mothers could recite fluently according to the correct articulation points. Four mothers who initially struggled with Quranic recitation could read fluently by the end of the program. Challenges encountered during the implementation of the activity include some mothers leaving the sessions midway to attend to household activities.

Birth Care Belief Practices: Traditional Mother–Child Care During Birth in Rural Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract This article analyses the birth care beliefs practiced in a Punjabi village. Birth care is an important practice that ensures a safe and uncomplicated birth for both mother and child. The study presents an in-depth exploration of the human–divine connection and its symbolic manifestation in birth care rituals in rural Muslim communities. Utilising unstructured interviews with midwives, mothers, elderly women, and an imam, the research sheds light on the essential role of religious prayers, Quran recitation, charity, as well simulative imagery and amulets within the cultural care system of rural Punjab. Words, symbols, objects, and symbolic expressions emerge as powerful tools in facilitating faith healing and enhancing its perceived efficacy. The research deepens our understanding of the faith-based birth care process and highlights the essential interdependence of the human– divine connection and symbolic expression (manifestation of belief) within faith-based birth care practices.