Quicklime Research Articles

Phosphorus Sorption and Lime Requirements of Maize Growing Acid Soils of Kenya

<p>In Kenya, maize (<em>Zea mays</em> L.) is mainly grown on acid soils in high rainfall areas. These soils are known for low available phosphorus (P), partly due to its sorption by aluminium (Al) and iron oxides. The study determined soil P sorption, lime requirements and the effects of lime on soil pH, Al levels and available P on the main maize growing acids soils in the highlands east and west of Rift Valley (RV), Kenya. Burnt lime containing 21% calcium oxide was used. The soils were strongly to extremely acid (pH 4.85-4.07), had high exchangeable Al<sup>3+</sup> (> 2 cmol Al kg<sup>-1</sup>) and Al saturation (> 20% Al), which most maize germplasm grown in Kenya are sensitive to. The base cations, cation exchange capacity and available P (< 10 mg P kg<sup>-1</sup> bicarbonate extractable P) were low, except at one site in the highlands east of RV indicative with history of high fertilizer applications. Highlands east of RV soils had higher P sorption (343-402 mg P kg<sup>-1</sup>) than the west (107-258 mg P kg<sup>-1</sup>), probably because of their high Al<sup>3+ </sup>ions<sup> </sup>and also the energies of bonding between the soil colloids and phosphate ions. Highlands east of RV also had higher lime requirements (11.4-21.9 tons lime ha<sup>-1</sup>) than the west (5.3-9.8 tons lime ha<sup>-1</sup>). Due to differences in soil acidity, Al levels and P sorption capacities within and between highlands east and west of RV, blanket P fertilizer and lime recommendations may not serve all soils equally well.</p>

TECHNOLOGY AND THE PROPERTIES OF THE FIRE-RETARDANT FIBROGIPSOVERMIKULITOBETONNYKH COMPOSITES WITH THE APPLICATION OF THE VOLCANIC ROCKS

Fire-retardant composites with the application of gypsum, unslaked lime, distended vermiculite, tuffaceous sand, basaltic fibers and resin of wood of that saponified are developed. The methods of the preparation of fire-retardant mixture and molding of articles made of the composites are investigated. Are given the results of experimental and theoretical studies of the fire resistance of armotsementnykh elements with the fire-retardant layer from the gipsovermikulitotufobetonnykh and fibrogipsovermikulitotufobetonnykh composites.

Les fragments de sculpture architecturale issus des fouilles du cloître de l’ancienne abbaye de Saint-Gilles-du-Gard

The fragments of architectural sculpture found during the excavation of the cloister of the former abbey of Saint-Gilles-du-Gard. The excavation of the cloister of the former abbey of Saint-Gilles yielded several fragments of sculptures and inscriptions abandoned as trench rubble filling during the late-eighteenth-century demolition. The small size of the pieces suggests that the stones were broken up intentionally, probably for use as quick lime, as a thick layer of ash found in the same stratigraphic context seems to attest. The fragments, found in the vicinity of the north gallery, come from architectural elements that probably formed the arcades of that gallery in the cloister. The style of the sculpture indicates that that gallery was rebuilt while work on the crypt was coming to an end. It is difficult, however, to reconstruct the emplacement of the fragments. The double colonnettes, cylindrical or polygonal, must have alternated either with rectangular pillars or with four clustered colonnettes, following a rhythm and disposition that remain hypothetical. Even more enigmatic is the original emplacement of the rare figural fragments, stylistically similar to the sculpture of the façade, but also to the portal and cloister of Saint-Trophime at Arles.

Abatement of Helminth Eggs and Bacterial and Viral Indicators in Soil after Land Application of Treated Sludges

The reduction of helminth eggs, fecal coliforms and somatic coliphages present in sewage sludge after treatments and abatement by application to soil was determined. Traditional stabilization processes produced small changes in the concentrations of the parameters studied. In contrast, thermal treatments and liming produced dramatic reductions. Fecal coliforms were the most affected by both types of treatments; somatic coliphages showed some persistence after 30 minutes at 60°C; and both somatic coliphages and helminth eggs showed some persistence to storage in quick lime. However, both treatments supplied biosolid suitable for unrestricted application in agriculture. Abatement in soils in the climatic conditions tested (mild to cold temperatures and high relative humidity) was slow and took several months to reach the background levels. These results suggest that environmental conditions (temperature and humidity) play the main role in inactivating the microorganisms, since abatement was similar in different soil types. The extended permanence of pathogens and microbial indicators in soil after the application of treated sludges indicates that, in the normal weather conditions of the areas where the study was performed and the amounts of sludges applied, contaminant microbes are not easily mobilized from the complex matrixes that constitute the treated sludges and that consequently in normal conditions their release as diffuse pollution is of lesser importance.

Модернизация технологической линии подготовки аглошихты к спеканию в условиях ОАО “Уральская Сталь”

The analysis of the operating conditions and results of sinter production at JSC "Ural Steel" was made. The conditions for the preparation of sinter burden to sintering process were analyzed. The basic technical and technological factors limiting the performance of sinter production was established. In this article was offered technical measures to modernize technological line preparation of sinter burden : improving training schemes burnt lime and coke breeze, upgrade equipment for mixing and pelletizing. In terms a limit of material resources to retool, special attention should be paid to improving the preparation technology of the sinter burden because such directions as optimization of granulometric composition of burnt lime and coke breeze, as well as improved binding properties of water, supplied when moisten, by the addition of surfactants.

A Modeling Approach towards Improving Compliance of Treated Water Quality to Reduce Manpower and Chemicals

In water treatment processes, the individual unit operations are complex, non-linear and poorly understood. Whilst many models have been developed to improve process understanding, these are rarely in a form easily exploited by the control engineer. Attempts to improve the performance of water treatment works through the application of improved control and measurement have had variable success. This paper discusses investigations into the application of feed forward control on the clarification process of a small-scale pilot plant. The application aimed towards maximizing the efficiency of the chemical coagulation process. To achieve this, a simple computer program written in Visual Basic version 6 models to a chief the process operating conditions. Mathematical models based on historical plant data covering 18 months analyzed by stepwise multiple regression analysis. The following parameters were important determinants of coagulant dose and pH control reagents: river turbidity, pH, temperature, total dissolved solids, and plant flowrate. A predictive equation developed from the data, of the form: Al2(SO4)3 (mg/L) = a*Q + b*Turb + c*TDS + d*pH + e*Temp + f. The aim of this model is to provide water treatment operators with a tool that enables prediction of chemical reagents and treatment conditions for selected removal of turbidity, based on raw water quality data. While for adjusting pH, whether lime or soda ash are added, the pretreatment of water supplies involves the use to decrease the acidity, to soften, and to clear drinking water, calcium oxide (CaO), commonly known as quicklime or burnt lime. The addition of lime is with the form: CaO (mg/L) = j + k *pH. And for soda ash sodium percarbonateNa2CO3 the addition form is: Na2CO3 (mg/L) = m + n*pH. The advantages of software program are significant in the operation of water treatment plant. The program designed as an aid, so the user can still customize and optimize the computer suggested design. Users are able to move forward in adjusting or optimizing the design in minutes, which is difficult for manual system. This system was an initial system, many new features and functions have to be added to the program to enhance the functions and make it commercially robust. It concluded that this system is very powerful tool in improving compliance of treated water quality to reduce labor and chemicals and to facilitate the organizations and individuals with better understanding on how their actions can have a direct impact on the treatment.

경소백운석(輕燒白雲石) 부산물(副産物)을 활용(活用)한 바닥 몰탈용 팽창재(膨脹材)의 특성검토(特性檢討)

본 연구는 제강용도로 사용하기 위해 돌로마이트를 하소후 남은 2 mm 이하의 경소백운석 부산물을 건축용 바닥 몰탈의 기존 팽창재로서 활용 가능성을 검토하고자 하였다. 경소백운석은 <TEX>$600{\sim}800^{\circ}C$</TEX> 정도에서 하소하였을 때 반응성이 높은 준결정상태의 활성 마그네시아로 존재하게 되며, 이 활성화된 마그네시아는 수화초기 Brucite gel을 형성하여 수화물 비율을 상대적으로 줄여 치밀한 조직을 형성하는 원인으로 작용하고, 수화후기에는 결정질의 Brucite가 형성되어 수축 현상을 억제하며 부피가 2배 이상 팽창하여 화학적 수축균열 방지 역할을 하게 되는 것이다. 실험결과 경소백운석은 기존 사용 중인 팽창재 대비 동일량 적용시 압축강도는 우수하게 확인되었으나, 반응성은 기존 팽창재(생석회+무수석고)에 비해 다소 낮게 측정되었다. 하지만 팽창재로서의 역할은 충분한 것으로 확인되었으며, 공사기간 단축 등 부가적인 효과를 나타내었다. This study investigated a utilization technology of light burned dolomite. light burned dolomite (<TEX>$CaMg(CO_3)_2$</TEX>) generated in furnace (steel manufacturer) is an alternative to quick lime. Using light burned dolomite has an effect on reducing the consumption of fluorite slag MgO concentration in supersaturated solution by prolonging the life of softening effect. Armophous MgO, not containing periclase is formed by firing dolomite under <TEX>$800^{\circ}C$</TEX>. It has larger surface area and higher reactivity than periclase, and also shows better expansion effect than quicklime. Due to those effects, therefore, armophous MgO produced from light burned dolomite is used as an alternative expansion agent in mortar. In the experiment, characteristics of light burned dolomite were compared to those of existing expansion agents such as anhydrite and quicklime. Then, each expansion and shrinkage rates were measured over a period of about 3 months in both of 1m Jis mold at labscale and apartment mortar flooring at field scale. In the result, it was observed that light burned dolomite in mortar flooring more compensates for the expansion and shrinkage rates than the existing expansion agents, showing low expansion rate of below 0.05% and also decreases the crack.

A Quarter Century of Scientific Study on Korean Traditional Ceramics Culture: From Mounds of Waste Shards to Masterpieces of Bisaek Celadon

The first twenty-five years of scientific study within Korea on Korean traditional ceramics has been characterized as a bridging effort to understand the rich field of artistic ceramic masterpieces on one hand with analytic results gained from mounds of broken shards and kiln wastes on the other. First shard pieces were collected directly from the waste mounds, but most of the analyzed shards were provided by art historians and museum staffs directly involved in systematic excavations. The scientific study is viewed as one of many complimentary ways in learning about the multi-faceted ceramics culture, ultimately connecting human spirits and endeavors from the past to the present to the future. About 1350 pieces of analyzed shards have been so far collected and organized according to the production location and time period. From the experimental results of the analysis, the compositional and microstructural characteristics of bodies and glazes have been deduced for many kiln sites of Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. Except for a few local kilns, porcelain stone was used as body material in both dynasties. The principle of mixing a clay component with a flux material was used in Korean glazes as was in China. The clay component different from body clay was often used early on. In Gangjin a porcelain material appropriate for whiteware body was mixed for celadon glaze, and in Joseon Gwangju kilns glaze stone was chief clay material. The use of wood ash persisted in Korea even in making buncheong glazes, but in Joseon whitewares burnt lime and eventually crushed lime were used as flux material.

Cretaceous aggregate and reservoir effect in dating of binding materials

Abstract Lime mortars may contain carbon from different origins. If the mortars are made of totally burnt lime, radiocarbon dating yields the true age of building construction. The presence of carbonaceous aggregates gives the so-called dead carbon effect, which may generate older ages. Another source of carbon is charcoal present in mortars. An attempt has been made to apply the radiocarbon method to mortars of archaeologically estimated age from the Dead Sea region. Petrographical analyses of these samples show the carbonaceous character of the binder and large amounts of limestone aggregate. Determination of the mineral composition of the mortars and comparison with the geology of the surrounding, allows the provenance of the raw materials to be identified. They probably represent the Cretaceous rocks of the Judea Group. Separate radiocarbon dates were made on bulk mortar samples, binder, charcoal fragments and separated fractions from mortars. In the case of binder-aggregate mixture the reservoir effect correction has been applied.

Turnover of Manure 15N‐Labelled Ammonium during Composting and Soil Application as Affected by Lime and Superphosphate Addition

To determine N turnover and losses during aerobic composting of animal manure, a 41‐d laboratory study was performed on pig manure composting with three additive treatments (Straw: pig manure + straw only; Lime: pig manure + straw + quick lime; and SSP: pig manure + straw + single superphosphate). The NH4–N pool in the pig manure was initially labeled with 15N to determine the fate of manure NH4–N during composting. The composts were subsequently applied to soil to investigate the effects on soil mineral N and to trace the 15N during 60 d of incubation at 25°C. Of the initial manure 15NH4–N, approximately 30, 90, and 20% was lost by NH3 volatilization during composting in the Straw, Lime, and SSP treatments, respectively. Concurrently, 62, 16, and 41% of initial 15NH4–N was immobilized in the respective treatments. When the composts were applied to soil, the mineral N in soil with SSP compost was higher throughout the incubation than in soil with Straw and Lime composts. This was because of higher mineral N content in the SSP compost on application and higher net N mineralization from that compost in the soil. In soil with Straw compost, N mineralization and immobilization were slow or effectively in balance. In soil with Lime compost, net N immobilization was strong in the first 10 d, but then net N mineralization dominated the remaining period of soil incubation. Overall, adding lime before composting reduced the NH4–N content in the compost and the amount available in soil, while adding superphosphate increased the NH4–N content in both. Therefore, superphosphate addition increased the potential fertilizer value of composted pig manure.

Reuse of Spent Sorbents from FBC for SO2 Capture by Simultaneous Reactivation and Pelletization

Sorbent utilization of CaO-based sorbents for in situ SO2 capture in fluidized bed combustion (FBC) is far from quantitative, and in consequence FBC residues contain a significant amount of unreacted CaO. Treatment of bed materials by hydration with liquid water or steam can reactivate the spent sorbent for further SO2 capture, although, to date, the costs of such processes have deterred its practical use. By contrast, fly ash is already very reactive, but given its short residence time in the combustor, direct reuse of fly ash appears to be an ineffective strategy. This is significant as fly ash often accounts for the majority of solid waste streams discharged from FBC systems. This paper describes a new technique for reactivation of FBC spent sorbent and preparation of pellets suitable for SO2 capture, which can also incorporate the fly ash into the pellets so that it has an adequate residence time in the primary combustion loop of a CFB to realize improved sulfur capture. Reactivation and pelletization of the spent sorbent were achieved simultaneously in a mechanical pelletizer with the addition of spray water. Four types of pellets were prepared with various proportions of bed ash and fly ash. Quick lime (CaO) powders were also tested as a useful additive for the pelletization process. The effectiveness of the reactivation technique was tested by the nitrogen physisorption, which confirmed that a more suitable pore surface area and pore volume distribution for sulfation were developed. The SO2 capture potential of the pellets was also examined in a thermogravimetric analyzer. The reactivated pelletized sorbents showed an improved sulfation rate in comparison to both the original sorbent and the spent sorbent, particularly during the diffusion-controlled reaction stage.

Effect of quick lime and superphosphate additives on emergence and survival of Rumex obtusifolius seedlings in acid and alkaline soils contaminated by As, Cd, Pb, and Zn

Rumex obtusifolius is a troublesome weed widely spread in temperate grasslands and can be potentially used for detection of soils contaminated by trace elements. We asked how emergence and survival of its seedlings are affected by application of quick lime (Ca) and superphosphate (P) additives in soils contaminated by trace elements. We performed the pot seeding experiment with slightly acid Litavka soil contaminated by arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) and alkaline Mal&amp;iacute;n soil contaminated by As, Cd, and Zn. We used a control without any additives, Ca and P treatments in both soils. Higher and quicker emergence, together with substantially higher mortality of seedlings, was recorded in Litavka than in Mal&amp;iacute;n. A positive effect of the Ca treatment on seedlings was recorded in Litavka, but a negative in Mal&amp;iacute;n. Small seedlings with narrow and long leaves of reddish colour were recorded in Litavka in the control and in the P treatment both with high availability of Zn, Cd, and Pb. In the Ca treatment, leaves of seedlings were more elliptic and less reddish. In Mal&amp;iacute;n, seedlings were green and substantially more vital in the control and in the P treatment than in Litavka. In the Ca treatment, small and unviable seedlings were recorded. Seedlings of R. obtusifolius are sensitive on high availability of Ca, Zn, Cd, and Pb in the soil. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;

ChemInform Abstract: Deleterious Reactions of Aggregate with Alkalis in Concrete

AbstractReview: 595 refs.

COMPARATIVE STUDIES FOR USING CERTAIN BAITS AS NATURAL CONTROL AGENT AGAINST AGROTIS YPSILON, (LEPIDOPTERA) UNDER LABORATORY AND FIELD CONDITIONS

Quick lime and two other biological control agents: Bacillus thuringiensis, Metarhisium anisopliae and hostathion [triazophos] were used as poisonous pelleted semi-hard cake baits formulations contains of insecticide, sugar cane molasses and wheat brain (2: 1: 4) against the fourth instar larvae of Agrotis ypsilon. in the laboratory and the field. Quick lime was used at 1, 1.2and 1.3 kg, B. thuringiensis at 1x103, 1.5x103 and 1.75x103 spores/ ml and Metarhisium anisopliae at 1x107, 1.5x107 and 1.75x107 spores/ ml and hostathion insecticide at1, 1.5and1.75L. Double concentrations of one of the tested materials, the quick lime, bacterium, fungus and hostathion were used under field conditions. Fourth instar larvae of cut worm insect were allowed to feed on the plants treated with mixture of one of each of quick lime, microbium fungus, and hesitation and in the freely consumption (persistency) with Lc50 of one of each material without plants in the laboratory in the field for 2, 4 and 6 days. Lower amout of hostathion and quick lime semi-hard cake were consumed compared with the other biological control agents and achieved higher mortality. B. thuringiensis and M. anisopliae semi-hard cake achieved moderate mortality within plants or in the freely consumptions.

Study on Thermal Ignition Caused by Desiccant, Quick Lime, for Foods

Study on Thermal Ignition Caused by Desiccant, Quick Lime, for Foods

EFFICIENCY OF QUICK LIME IS A NATURAL CONTROL BAIT AGAINST GRYLLOTALPA GRYLLOTALPA, (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE) UNDER LABORATORY AND FIELD CONDITIONS.

Quick lime, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhisium anisopliae, andHostathion were used as poisonous semi-hard cake which containsone of each of above-mentioned materials, sugar can molasses andwheat brain (2: 1: 4) against Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa adults underlaboratory and field conditions. Quick lime was used at quantity of 1,1.5and 1.75 kg, Quick lime was the most efficient material against G.gryllotalpa after 72 hr. when used at the quantities of 1.75 kg andachieved 95% mortality, followed by Hostathion at the concentrationof 1.75 ml/l (80%) and both M. anisopliae at the concentration of1.75 x107 spores /ml., (79%) and B. bassiana at the concentration of1.75 x107spores /ml(65%).compared to the control. M. anisoplia, B.bassiana were applied at the concentrations of 1x105, 1.5x106 and1.75x107 spores / ml respectively. and Hostathion insecticide wasapplied at the concentration of 1, 1.5and1.75L Starved adults wereexposed to the concentrations of LC50 without plants in thelaboratory for 24, 48 and 72 hr. Hostathion.q and quick lime alsoachieved higher mortality (59 and 58%) after 72 hrs. compared withany entomopathogens and Hostathion. In the field trails, G.gryllotalpa were exposed to double concentrations of the quick lime,fungal entomopathogen, and Hostathion for 2, 4 and 6 days. Fewergrams of quick lime and Hostathion insecticide semi-hard cake wereconsumed and achieved higher mortality after 6 days compared withthe two other biological agents and the control.

Long-Term Field-Scale Experiment on Using Lime Filters in an Agricultural Catchment

The River Yläneenjoki catchment in southwest Finland is an area with a high agricultural nutrient load. We report here on the nutrient removal performance of three on-site lime-sand filters (F1, F2, and F3), established within or on the edge of the buffer zones. The filters contain burnt lime (CaO) or spent lime [CaO, Ca(OH), and CaCO]. Easily soluble lime results in a high pH level (>11) and leads to an efficient precipitation of soluble phosphorus (P) from the runoff. Water samples were taken from the inflow and outflow of each site in different hydrological situations. The length of the monitoring period was 4 yr for F1, 6 yr for F2, and 1.5 yr for F3. F1 and F2 significantly reduced the suspended solids (SS), total P (PTOT), and dissolved reactive P (DRP) in the treated water. The proportional reduction (%) varied but was usually clearly positive. Filter F3 was divided into two equal parts, one containing burnt lime and the other spent lime. Both filter parts removed PTOT and SS efficiently from the water; the burnt-lime part also removed DRP. The mixed-lime part removed DRP for a year, but then the efficiency decreased. The effect of filters on nitrogen compounds varied. We conclude that sand filters incorporating lime can be used together with buffer zones to reduce both P and SS load to watercourses.

Modified lime-based pellet sorbents for high-temperature CO2 capture: Reactivity and attrition behavior

Modified lime-based pellets have been developed as potential regenerable high-temperature CO2 sorbents using calcium aluminate cement binders to enhance pellet strength. A mechanical pelletizer was used for granulation of the powdered materials, namely quick lime and hydrated lime, produced from Graymont limestone with the addition of spray water. The CO2 carrying capacity of both the pellet sorbents and the parent limestone was tested in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) at 800°C with repeated calcination/carbonation cycles. It was found that the CO2 carrying capacity of the pelletized sorbent was higher than that of the parent limestone, and the stability over multiple cycles was improved when cement was added to the pellets. The attrition resistance of these pellets was examined using a bubbling fluidized bed (50mm ID). The particle size distribution (PSD) of both the calcined pellets and limestone was determined before and after 2h attrition tests which were performed using air as the fluidizing gas at room temperature and at 800°C. The results of attrition tests showed that after fluidization for 2h, particle size distribution changed such that the average particle diameter (d50) of the sample always decreased, but for the pellet sorbents, high-temperature fluidization did not result in significantly more pronounced attrition.

Study on Hydrogen Sulfide Gas Production Potential Test for Ground Improvement by Recycled Gypsum and Lime

Necessity to promote a recycle of waste plaster board is mounting, since the waste plaster board has been legally prohibited to dispose into inert landfill site. However, it is concerned that the recycled waste plaster board (recycled gypsum) produces hydrogen sulfide gas, so that it is one of the interference with the recycling. There is a possibility to control the hydrogen sulfide gas production from the recycled gypsum by artificially changing into alkaline condition or adding iron oxide. In this study, we discussed the hydrogen sulfide gas production from a ground improvement with the recycled gypsum, quick lime, and/or iron oxide powder. In addition, unconfined compression strength of the ground improvement is evaluated in order to obtain an incentive of the recycling. Adding only the recycled gypsum cannot improve strength of a soft ground having much amount of fine particles. Quick lime was required for strength improvement. If pH of the ground improvement is greater than 9, it was observed that the hydrogen sulfide gas production potential is negligible. Increasing pH by adding the quick lime is able to more effectively control the production of the hydrogen sulfide gas than adding the iron oxide powder. The production of the hydrogen sulfide gas is able to be controlled by adding the quick lime more than half of the amount of gypsum addition.

Deleterious Reactions of Aggregate With Alkalis in Concrete

Research Article| January 01, 2012 Deleterious Reactions of Aggregate With Alkalis in Concrete Maarten A.T.M. Broekmans Maarten A.T.M. Broekmans Department of Industrial Minerals and Metals, Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), PO Box 6315 Sluppen, N-7491 TRONDHEIM, Norway, e-mail: maarten.broekmans@ngu.no Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Maarten A.T.M. Broekmans Department of Industrial Minerals and Metals, Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), PO Box 6315 Sluppen, N-7491 TRONDHEIM, Norway, e-mail: maarten.broekmans@ngu.no Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America First Online: 09 Mar 2017 © 2012 Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (2012) 74 (1): 279–364. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2012.74.7 Article history First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Maarten A.T.M. Broekmans; Deleterious Reactions of Aggregate With Alkalis in Concrete. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2012;; 74 (1): 279–364. doi: https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2012.74.7 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyReviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry Search Advanced Search The word “concrete” is derived from the Latin concretus (compact, condensed), representing a conjunction of con (together) and the past participle of cresco (to grow; compare: crescendo). Thus, concrete could be liberally translated as ‘grown solid together,’ alluding to the consolidation of a particulate aggregate material with a cement binder of some sort. Concrete containing aggregate has been used in construction by the ancient Greek and Romans, possibly as a further development of clay initially used by the Assyrians and Babylonians as a binder, later superseded by burnt lime and gypsum by the Egyptians. As a construction material,... You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.