Quantity Of Crude Protein Research Articles

Effect of different energy, protein levels and their interaction on productive performance, egg quality, digestibility coefficient of laying Japanese quails

For the evaluation of the effects of various quantities of crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) (kcal/kg diet) in Japanese quail lay chicken meals on performance, digestion coefficients, and nutritional value. An experiment was undertaken in the summer season; 216 eight-wk-old Japanese quail laying hens were allocated at random to 1 of 9 groups in a factorial design (3×3) experiment involving 3 levels of CP (18, 20, and 22%) plus 3 levels of ME (2,800, 2,900, or 3,000 kcal/kg ME diet). The testing period lasted from 8 to 20 wk. The findings demonstrated that the relationship between protein and energy levels significantly impacted all productive outcomes except the feed conversion ratio (P < 0.01). Throughout the overall period 8 to 20 wk of age, the greatest measurements of egg weight (11.9 g) and egg mass (8.33 g) occurred in hens fed 20% CP with 2,900 kcal/kg diet, yet the lowest values of egg weight (11.2 g) and egg mass (6.72 g) were noticed in hens fed 22% CP with 2,900 kcal/kg diet. The data showed that the combination of dietary energy and protein levels had a substantial (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) effect on all egg quality trials evaluated. The results indicated that the interaction between dietary energy and protein concentrations substantially impacted DM and EE digestion ratios (P < 0.01). Finally, when feeding layer Japanese quail between the ages of 8 and 20 wk during the summer, a dietary energy content of 2,900 kcal ME/kg with 20% CP is recommended.

Physico-chemical characterization, acceptability and shelf stability of extruded composite flour enriched with long-horned grasshopper (Ruspolia differens)

In Tanzania, chronic malnutrition rates remain high, with 32 percent of children under the age of 5 being stunted. The high cost of dietary protein sources is a contributing factor to the deterioration of the nutritional status of most children. Edible insects are suggested to provide an alternative source of protein in enriching the nutritional composition of foods. However, there is limited knowledge on the potential use of long-horned grasshopper (Ruspolia differens) to enhance the nutritional properties of extruded composite flour. This study intended to develop an extruded composite flour enriched with the long-horned grasshopper and further evaluate its proximate composition, mineral properties, antinutritional composition, functional properties, sensory acceptability, and shelf-life stability. Four samples of composite flour were formulated and processed using a twin-screw extruder to produce extruded composite flour (ECF) with a mixing (%wt.) ratios of 100:0 (ECF 0), 95:5 (ECF 5), 85:15 (ECF 15), 75:25 (ECF 25) for composite flour (cassava, millet, sorghum) and edible long-horned grasshopper pellets, respectively. Feed moisture content and barrel temperature were adjusted from 15 to 16% and 128 to 142 0C for Zone I, and 105 to 114 0C for Zone II, respectively. The findings show that the inclusion of long-horned grasshopper meal in the extruded composite flour significantly increased the moisture, crude fibre, crude ash, crude protein, and crude fat and mineral contents of Fe and Zn while significantly decreasing the carbohydrate contents at (p&lt;0.001), and Mg contents at (p=0.0089). The phytate contents between ECF 0 and extruded composite flour treatments enriched with long-horned grasshopper did not differ significantly (p&lt;0.141). All treatments showed a significant higher tannin content ECF 5 (0.007 mg CE/g), ECF 15 (0.012 mg CE/g) and ECF 25 (0.011 mg CE/g) when compared to values in control (0.004 mg CE/g). There was a significant difference at a 5% confidence level on the sensory properties between ECF 0 and ECF 15 and ECF 25; the latter two treatments had higher scores for colour and a lower score for aroma and taste attributes, respectively ECF 0. In addition, treatments (ECF 5, ECF 15, ECF 25) showed significantly higher peroxide values (3.52 to 5.32 mEq/Kg) than those in the control sample (2.80 to 3.33 mEq/Kg). In conclusion, the inclusion of edible long-horned grasshopper in the composite flour, significantly improved the quantity of crude protein, crude fat, and energy with an adequately appropriate amount of Zn and Fe to meet the needs of fast-growing infants and young children. Moreover, the functional properties of the resulted product were positively affected and its consumption is expected not to cause any harm to the human body. However, the product needs modification to improve aroma and taste attributes to increase product acceptability.

Optimization of Production Technique and Nutritional Evaluation of Leaf Protein Concentrate from Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)

Background: Leaf protein concentrate (LPC) is a cheap and feasible source of high-quality protein. Researchers found the protein quality of LPC is similar to first-class protein food. Tobacco is a protein-rich leaf but contains a high amount of nicotine. According to studies the leaf protein concentrate obtained from tobacco leaves is nicotine-free and also useful to gaining weight in malnourished rats. Methods: Fresh leaves were blended with distilled water in different leaf water ratio (1:3, 1:6,1:9 and 1;12). The juice was filtered and coagulated at different pH (acidic, basic and neutral) with different coagulating techniques (conventional heating, Microwave and Ultrasound) to standardize the optimum procedure for leaf protein concentrate extraction. The coagulant was filtered and dried in the oven. Result: The maximum quantity of crude protein and LPC yield (62.34% and 4.7 g) was extracted with a 1:9 leaf water ratio at acidic pH by using citric acid followed by the conventional heating method.

Forage Potential of Cereal/Legume Intercrops: Agronomic Performances, Yield, Quality Forage and LER in Two Harvesting Times in a Mediterranean Environment

The crop yield and quality of seven annual forages (four grasses and three legumes) in sole crop and in mixtures (ratio 50:50) for oat (Avena sativa L.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) were evaluated in a two-year field experiment adopting two harvesting times, green fodder and silage. The main bio-agronomic traits, dry matter forage yield (DMY) and quantity of crude protein (CP) were determined in both sole crop and intercrop. The land equivalent ratio (LER) was used for evaluating biological efficiency and competitive ability of the intercrops. Our results showed that the total calculated LER for fodder and protein yields was always greater than one and corresponded to crop yield advantages of 16.0% and 11.5%, respectively. Our data also highlighted the low competitive ability of the ryegrass in intercrop, which achieved the lowest yield among all the mixtures. Conversely, the same grass showed the best green fodder quality, due to the high incidence of the legume, equal (on average) to 46%. Triticale and barley, harvested for silage (hard dough stage), provided the best quantitative and qualitative results both in sole crop and intercropped with common vetch and pea, determined mainly by the cereal grain.

In vitro efficiency of combined acid-heat treatments for protecting sunflower meal proteins against ruminal degradation

Efficacy of combined acid-heat treatments to protect crude protein (CP) against ruminal degradation has not been extensively researched. Four in vitro trials (Daisy technology) with orthophosphoric and malic acids were performed to examine effects on protection of sunflower meal protein. In Trial 1, effects of the solution volume for adding two doses of orthophosphoric acid (0.4 and 1.2 eq/kg sunflower meal) were tested using five dilution volumes (80, 160, 240, 320 and 400 ml/kg of feed) for each acid dose. Samples were heated at 60°C. The quantity of CP that remained undegraded after 20 h in vitro (IVUCP) increased with the amount of acid added (P = 0.01). Increasing the dilution volume also tended (P = 0.065) to increase IVUCP. Therefore, a dilution volume of 400 ml/kg was employed in all further trials. In Trial 2, treatments with solutions of orthophosphoric and malic acids (1.2, 2.4, 3.6 and 4.8 eq/kg) and 60°C of drying temperature were used. Increased CP protection with increased acid doses was described. In this and further trials, higher protective effects of malic acid than orthophosphoric acid were also shown. In Trial 3, the effects of both these acids, four acid concentrations (0.6, 1.2, 1.8 and 2.4 eq/kg) and three levels of heat treatment required for drying the samples (100, 150 and 200°C for 60, 30 and 20 min, respectively) were evaluated. An interaction acid type × concentration × temperature was shown. In addition, interactions concentration × temperature was shown in each acid. With heat treatments of 100°C to 150°C, benefits were not obtained after increasing the acid dose over 0.8 eq/kg. The increase of the heat treatments to 200°C and the acid dose up to 1.2 eq/kg increased protection, but to exceed this dose did not improve protection. In Trial 4, available lysine, CP solubility in McDougall buffer and IVUCP were compared after treatment with water or solutions (0.8 eq/kg) of orthophosphoric or malic acids using 100°C and 150°C heat treatments as described in Trial 3. No effects on available lysine were observed. Both CP solubility and IVUCP were reduced to a greater degree by acids than by water treatment. The results showed a high effectiveness of acid-heat treatments. Levels of protection are dependent on the acid dose, its dilution, acid type and drying conditions.

Productivity of sorghum and soybean as mixed crops in after crop seeding

After harvesting of wheat the great surfaces of land remain unused although they are suitable both for growing forage crops and production of voluminous animal feeds. The greatest importance in the production system of animal feeds is attributed to annual leguminous and grasses species which can be grown either as clear crops or mixtures. Their growing is conditioned by suitable irrigation system since in the time of seeding the temperatures are rather high and precipitations uncertain. In that sense this research has been conducted in which productivity of sorghum and soybean in after crop sowing grown both as clear and mixed crops with decreased density of both species by ? in relation to clean crops has been observed. Sorghum had greater yield than that of soybean. The greatest yield was formed by mixture of sorghum and soybean (5587 kg ha-1), what is very significant in relation to clean soybean (4563 kg ha-1). The yield in mixtures was 6% and 11% greater in relation to the expected one, that is 6 or 11% greater land surface with clean crops is needed in order to obtain corresponding yield in mixed crops. Soybean contains considerably greater quantity of crude protein, crude fat, calcium and magnesium in relation to sorghum what resulted in fact that mixtures also had greater quantities of the same nutritive substances in comparison with sorghum. The highest net energy value in the production of milk and meat was realized by soybean (5.70 and 5.67 MJkg-1 SM). Mixtures realized higher production of NEL and NEM per surface unit. By the combination of crops more favourable ratio of energy and proteins is realized what besides greater yield means that by mixtures the higher production of meat and milk per surface unit is possible.

The nutritional value of rice pollard for sheep

An investigation has been made of the nutritional value for lambs of diets containing rice pollard from which varying amounts of oil were extracted. The preparations were pelleted with equal amounts of wheaten hay to provide diets containing per kg, 12, 56, 80 and 107 g oil. A fifth diet was also prepared containing 106 g oil, and an additional 2.5 g calcium carbonate/kg. The diets were offered ad libitum to 46 crossbred lambs for 83 days, body weight changes being recorded over the final 53 days. Digestion in the stomach and intestines of similar lambs with fistulae in the rumen and abomasum was also measured with three diets. In the lamb growth experiment, no consistent effects of oil content or additional calcium were observed on feed intake, which ranged from 1.02 to 1.16 kg/day, on weight gain (1 11-148 &amp;/day) or on feed conversion (7.9 - 9.2 kg feed per kg gain). Digestion studies with diets containing hay plus pollard alone, supplemented with calcium carbonate or with the pollard-oil extracted, indicated no differences in the digestibility of organic matter or aciddetergent fibre. However, appreciable grains of nitrogen in the rumen which occurred with the first two diets ensured that the quantities of crude protein apparently digested in the intestines were equivalent to 93-98% of protein intake. The corresponding value for the oil-extracted diet was only 66% of intake. Fibre digestibility, 250-320 g/kg intake, was not significantly different between diets. With the two nonextracted diets, a net loss of oil approximating 760 g/kg consumed occurred in the digestive tract, whereas with the extracted diet slightly more oil was excreted in the faeces than the amount consumed.

Influence of Dietary Protein Concentration and Degradability on Milk Production, Composition, and Ruminal Protein Metabolism

Four groups of cows in early lactation, each group containing one mature cow and three cows in first lactation, were in a 4×4 Latin-square arrangement of treatments for us to study influences of altering quantity of undegraded dietary crude protein and quantity of crude protein on milk production and composition. Diets supplemented with protein sources were 1) soybean meal positive control (22.7% crude protein), 2) whole cottonseed-corn gluten meal (14.7% crude protein), 3) extruded whole soybean (14.5% crude protein), or 4) soybean meal supplemented (15.7% crude protein). Concentrate and sorghum silage were fed in a ratio of 62:38 dry matter. Dry matter intake was not influenced by dietary crude protein concentration or source. Cows consuming diet 2 produced less milk, milk protein, total solids, and solids-not-fat than cows receiving diets 1 and 4. Efficiency of conversion of dietary crude protein to milk protein was highest for cows receiving diet 3 and lowest for diet 1.Trial 2, a 4×4 Latin-square trial for collection of abomasal digesta, had four ruminal and abomasal cannulated steers and the four diets from the lactation trial; the trial was to determine the influence of source and concentrations of protein on quantity of protein reaching the abomasum daily. Crude protein intake by steers fed diet 1 was greater than for the other three diets. Percentages recovery of dietary crude protein were 122 and 130 for treatments 2 and 3, intermediate for treatment 4 (107%), and lowest for diet 1 (88.0%); crude protein digestibility in the total tract was highest for steers receiving diet 1.