Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis Research Articles

Evaluation of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory properties of leaves of Ocimum basilicum L.

In India, a wide variety of medicinal plants are reported and utilized by people for the treatment of various diseases for a long time. The present study deals with quantitative analysis of phytochemicals like total phenols, tannins, and flavonoids as well as in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum L. The values of total phenols, tannins, and flavonoids were found to be 5.02±0.06 µg Gallic acid equivalent/mg, 7.80±0.05 µg Gallic acid equivalent/mg, and 6.00±0.06 µg quercetin equivalent/mg alcoholic extract respectively. The antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assay. The highest antioxidant activity of plant extract was observed at 60 µg/ml and maximum inhibition was recorded at 55.12%. The IC50 value of plant extract was found to be 24.81 µg/ml. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity was measured by the human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method. The hypo tonicity-induced HRBC were exposed to different concentrations of ethanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum L. and HRBC membrane lysis and membrane stabilization percentages were calculated against diclofenac sodium. The ethanolic extract exhibited significant HRBC membrane stabilization compared to diclofenac sodium; 98±0.57% membrane stabilization was observed at a dose of 1000 µg/ml.

Phytochemical profile, antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities of stem bark extract and fractions of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb.: In vitro, in vivo and in silico approaches

This study aimed to assess the phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of the methanolic extract of Ailanthus excelsa (Simaroubaceae) stem bark and its fractions. Quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed that methanolic extract and all fractions contained a high level of flavonoids (20.40–22.91 mg/g QE), phenolics (1.72–7.41 mg/g GAE), saponins (33.28–51.87 mg/g DE), and alkaloids (0.21–0.33 mg/g AE). The antioxidant potential was evaluated in vitro using a range of assays, i.e., DPPH•, ABTS radical scavenging ability, and total antioxidant capacity. The chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions showed stronger antioxidant activity than the methanol extract. In vitro cytotoxic activity was investigated in three human tumor cell lines (A-549, MCF7 and HepG2) using the SRB assay. In addition, the in vivo anti-inflammatory effect was assessed by carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. The chloroform fraction showed a more pronounced effect by effectively controlling the growth with the lowest GI50 and TGI concentrations. The human lung cancer cell line (A-549) was found to be more sensitive to the chloroform fraction. Furthermore, the chloroform fraction exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity at a dose of 200 mg/kg in the latter phase of inflammation. Besides, methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction revealed a significant cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects. The chloroform fraction of stem bark showed a strong anti-inflammatory effect in experimental animals and significant COX-2 inhibitory potential in the in vitro experiments. GC-MS analysis of chloroform fraction identified the phytochemicals like caftaric acid, 3,4-dihydroxy phenylacetic acid, arachidonic acid, cinnamic acid, 3-hydroxyphenylvaleric acid, caffeic acid, hexadeconoic acid, and oleanolic acid. The in-silico results suggest that identified compounds have better affinity towards the selected targets, viz. the BAX protein (PDB ID: 1F16), p53-binding protein Mdm-2 (PDB ID: 1YCR), and topoisomerase II (PDB ID: 1QZR). Amongst all, caftaric acid exhibited the best binding affinity for all three targets. Thus, it can be concluded that caftaric acid in combination with other phenolic compounds, might be responsible for the studied activity. Additional in vivo and in vitro studies are required to establish their exact molecular mechanisms and consider them as lead molecules in developing of valuable drugs for treating oxidative stress-induced disorders, cancers, and inflammations.

Comparative analysis of the biotechnological potential of Knautia drymeia Heuff. and K. macedonica Griseb

The present study of Knautia drymeia and K. macedonica is in line with the current trend of searching for new plant species that can potentially be used as medicinal herb materials. A comparative analysis of the morphological and anatomical structure of both species was performed together with the distribution of polyphenolic compounds, which was correlated with the tissue structure of plant organs. Quantitative phytochemical analyses were performed to supplement the biophysical analyses. Both species had a similar morphological, anatomical, and histological structure. Polyphenolic compounds were accumulated in the parenchyma tissue in an organ-specific mode, mainly in the leaves. The phytochemical analyses revealed organ- and species-dependent variations in the polyphenol content. Thus, the highest polyphenol amount was observed in the leaves, with equal levels of total polyphenols and phenolic acids in the leaves of K. macedonica and K. drymeia, respectively. The present study integrates morphological/histological analyses with investigations of the biotechnological/pharmaceutical potential of the studied plants and constitutes an innovative and holistic approach to the current research problem.

Antibacterial effects of the leaves and twigs of Turraea vogelii on some enteric pathogens

Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis as well as antibacterial analysis of extracts of Turraea vogelii (Hook F.) leaves and twigs on some enteric pathogens were reported in the current study. The qualitative phytochemical screening of the leaf extracts showed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, terpenoids, steroids and alkaloids. In addition, the quantitative phytochemical screening showed that the greatest percentage yield was from the methanol extract with alkaloids (8.8%) and terpenoids (8.7%) showing the highest concentrations. The antibacterial effects of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Turraea vogelii at concentrations 80 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL each were studied by the pour plate method. Clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Proteus mirabilis (five each) obtained from University College of Health (UCH), Ibadan, Nigeria were employed as test organisms. Gentamicin was used as control at concentration of 10 µg/mL. Preliminary antimicrobial assay using only methanol showed antimicrobial activity in both leaves and twigs. Results showed that Escherichia coli was most susceptible to all extracts of the leaves while Proteus mirabilis was the least susceptible. For the twigs, Salmonella typhi was most susceptible to the hexane extract, E. coli was most susceptible to ethyl acetate extract and Proteus mirabilis was most susceptible to the methanol extract. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of leaves showed that its hexane extract is bacteriostatic at 40 mg/mL but at 20 mg/mL, it showed bacteriostatic activity against Proteus mirabilis. The methanol extract of the twigs had an MIC of 20 mg/mL for most of the isolates collected except the Salmonella typhi that had an MIC of 40 mg/mL. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the ethyl acetate extract of leaves and methanol extract of twigs was 40 mg/mL. This study has demonstrated the antibacterial effect of leaves and twigs extracts of T. vogelii on some enteric pathogens.

Physicochemical, Mineral Content, Nutritional Composition and Phytochemical Properties of Careya Arborea

Background:: Roots, leaves, and bark of Careya arborea were evaluated for their physicochemical, mineral, nutritional, and phytochemical properties background: whereas the leaves had the highest acid insoluble ash value (1.4 mg/g), water-soluble ash value (2.31 mg/g), and moisture content value (10.42 mg/g) respectively. Mineral content was determined using ICP-AES and AAS methods. In the macro mineral composition, K (14.72 mg/100g), Ca (12.41 mg/100g) and Na (11.93 mg/100g) were found in the highest amounts. Objective:: The objective of this study was to explore Careya arborea roots, leaves, and bark as a nutritional, safe, and effective herbal medicine. objective: Careya arborea roots, leaves, and bark were characterized in terms of their Physico-chemical, mineral content, nutritional composition analysis, and phytochemical properties. Methods:: Stepwise physicochemical examinations, mineral content, nutritional composition, and quantitative phytochemical analysis were performed. Mineral content was determined using ICP-AES and AAS methods. Quantitative phytochemical properties were estimated on the basis of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, respectively, using standard protocols. method: Mineral content was determined using ICP-AES and AAS methods. In the macro mineral composition, K (14.72 mg/100g), Ca (12.41 mg/100g) and Na (11.93 mg/100g) were found in the highest amounts. In contrast, Fe (22.82 mg/100g), Zn (8.68 mg/100g) and Cu (7.39 mg/100g) were found in the root section of C. arborea in trace mineral composition, Result:: The root had the highest water-soluble extractive value (20.7 mg/g), alcohol-soluble value (10.3 mg/g), foreign organic matter (3.4 mg/g), swelling index (4.8 mg/g), the bark had the highest total ash (12 mg/g), sulphated ash (9.49 mg/g), and leaves had the highest acid-insoluble value(1.4 mg/g), water-soluble value (2.31 mg/g), and moisture content (10.42 mg/g). Roots had higher macro-minerals and heavy metals than bark and leaves. The root contained the most carbohydrates (43.76 mg/100g), protein (14.81 mg/100g), and retinol (2.13 mg/100g), while the leaf had the most ascorbic acid (37.13 mg/100g), lutein (18.28 mg/100g), β-carotene (19.18 mg/100g), fat (7.83 mg/100g), and fibre (27.38 mg/100g). The leaves had the highest folate (61.23 μg/100g), and the root had the most calories (347.32 kcal). Qualitative phytochemical analysis of C. arborea found alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, carbohydrates, protein, and phenol. In quantitative phytochemical analysis, the bark had higher alkaloid (6.32 mg/100g), tannin (7.53 mg/100g), flavonoid (7.83 mg/100g), and saponin (16.41 mg/100g) contents than C. arborea's root. Conclusion:: Hence, Careya arborea's physicochemical, mineral, nutritional, and phytochemical qualities present a potent herbal preparation and a safe, unique herbal remedy. other: None

Evaluation of Extractive Values, Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Constituents of Red Soko (Celosia Trigyna) and Green Soko (Celosia argentea)

Medicinal plants are indispensable sources of bioactive compounds and have proved to be stalwart ingredients for a wide range of applications. The potency of five different solvents in extracting bioactive constituents; qualitative and quantitative determination of phytochemicals of red soko and green soko were studied. The plant were cut into smaller pieces, air-dried, ground into powdery sample, sieved with 40 mm mesh size and properly labelled. Each sample was extracted using five different solvents (acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water) at ratio 1: 10 for 72 h. Each solvent extract was screened for nine phytochemicals (flavonoid, carotenoid, phenol, oxalate, tannin, saponin, alkaloid, phytate and ascorbic acid). It was observed that the plant extract contained seven phytochemicals in both red and green soko. The highest extractive values and qualitative screening of phytochemicals in red soko and green soko were obtained in water and methanol extracts. Quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that there was higher content of saponin, phytate and ascorbic acid in the two vegetables. Red soko contained lower ascorbic acid, saponin, total phenol, total carotenoid, alkaloid and flavonoid than green soko while green soko had lower phytate and tannin than red soko. There was no significant difference (P˂0.05) in flavonoids, total carotenoid and alkaloid contents in red soko and in green soko there was no significant difference (P˂0.05) in total carotenoid and alkaloid contents.

ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICALS AND ANTIOXIDENTS FROM RED SEAWEEDS(HALYMINIYA DILATE AND LIAGORA ALBICANCE) COLLECTED FROM RAMESWARAM, TAMIL NADU

Seaweeds are marine macroscopic algae which form an important components of marine living organism. This study was carried out to detect presence of some secondary metabolites that they have the secondary metabolites like phytochemicals have been extensively investigated as a source of medicinal agents seaweeds are becoming a viable source of biologically active composites with a hopeful application as nutraceuticals, functional food components. Natural products from marine algae have attracted the attention of biologists and chemists the world over for the last five year METHODS:The aim of present study was to perform the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of red seaweed Halymiya dilate and Liagora albicance.DPPH Radical scavenging and cytotoxicity screening were carried out in methanol extract of 2 macro algae as per standard methods with few modifications RESULT Among the 2 seaweeds, H.dilata showed the maximum number of active constituents in the methanol extract Likewise.H.dilata showed maximum number of compounds in petroleum ether and methanol. L.albicance showed the maximum number of compounds acetone and methanol. The methonal extract showed the highest radical scavenging activity(IC 50 VALUE ) was methanol extract when tested by DPPH in both H.dilata and L.albicance

PHYSICOCHEMICAL, FORMULATION, AND EVALUATION OF ANTIFUNGAL HERBAL SOAP USING CURCUMA AMADA ROXBURGH AND PRUNUS DULCIS

Objective: Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxburgh) belongs to the Zingiberaceae family, a type of annual plant. It is commonly used for culinary and therapeutic purposes, which also has the maximum amount of health benefits. The main objective of the study is formulation of antifungal herbal soap which is alternate to chemical products. Methods: In the present study, aqueous, ethanol, and chloroform extract of mango ginger were subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and determined the antioxidant activity using DPPH assay and FRAP assay. Furthermore, the ash and moisture content of the rhizome was analyzed. The aqueous extract of mango ginger is used in the GC-MS study to identify the compounds present in the mango ginger. The oil was extracted from mango ginger and subjected to antifungal activity by the well-diffusion method against three fungi, namely, Candida tropicalis, Candida auris, and Candida albicans. Using the extracted mango ginger oil and almond oil, antifungal Herbal Soap is formulated. Result: This study shows that aqueous extract of mango ginger has a greater number of carbohydrates, phenol, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity than other extracts. Antifungal activity is observed at various concentrations of extract, which shows that the highest zone of inhibition is 1.4 cm for C. auris. The formulated soap has a good aroma, and color – mustard yellow. This soap is base in nature and its pH is 8.9. Conclusion: According to the above studies, the formulated antifungal herbal soap may rectify the problems of fungal skin infections.

Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of some wild edible plants locally consumed by rural communities in northern Uganda.

Acalypha rhomboidea, Asystacia gangetica, Crassocephalum sacrobasis, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Heterosis rotundifolia, Hibiscus cannabinus, Hibiscus sp., Hibiscus surratensis, Ipomoea eriocarpa, Maerua angolensis, Senna obtusifolia and Vigna membranacea are among the common wild edible plants in the Acholi sub-region, northern Uganda. This study evaluated the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potential of the plants. Fresh leaves collected from each plant species were air-dried under shade. The phytochemical contents of the ethanol and petroleum ether extracts were determined using standard protocols. The antioxidant content of the methanolic extracts was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Preliminary phytochemical analyses indicated the presence of tannins, reducing compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, flavons aglycones, flavanosides, anthracenosides, anthocyanosides, volatile oils, coumarins, steroid glycosides, sterols and triterpenes. However, the extracts did not contain any emodols and saponins. The results of the quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that the contents of different phytochemicals detected varied significantly (p < 0.05) among the selected plants. The amount of tannins in mg/g (gallic acid equivalent) of dry weight varied from 3.90 ± 0.16 in C. ochroleuca to 10.41 ± 0.78 in I. eriocarpa, total flavonoids in RE, mg/g dry matter from 4.07 ± 0.11 in I. eriocarpa to 14.94 ± 0.08 in S. obtusifolia. Total alkaloids in mg/100 g ranged from 1.59 ± 0.30 in I. eriocarpa to 6.37 ± 0.24 in Hibiscus sp. Total phenolic content in GAE, mg/g dry matter ranged from 13.39 ± 0.26 in A. rhomboidea to 64.25 ± 0.54 in I. eriocarpa. The in vitro antioxidant assays revealed substantial free radical scavenging activity in all the plants. Antioxidant activity expressed as IC50 (ppm) ranged from 13.39 for A. rhomboidea to 64.84 for I. eriocarpa, compared to 12.82 for ascorbic acid standard. The total phenolic compounds and total tannins had significant and positive correlations with DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The findings of this study provide evidence that the species are good natural sources of phytochemicals and antioxidants, whose regular consumption could provide human health benefits by protecting against oxidative stress related diseases. Further research is needed on the structural characterization of the phytochemicals, profiling the plant extracts with high antioxidant activity and determining the antimicrobial activities.

Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis and Medicinal uses of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Zobo) and Hyphaene thebaica (Goriba)

Hibiscus sabdariffa and Hyphaene thebaica commonly refers to as Zobo and Goriba respectively are edible plants commonly used in making beverages in Nigeria. These two plants have been linked with salutary effects when consumed and are considered to be of great public health importance. This study aims to conduct qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of Hybiscus sabdariffa and Hyphaene thebaica. Phytochemical compounds were extracted from the plants by the soxhlet hot percolation method using methanol as a solvent. Qualitative phytochemical analysis was conducted for alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, resins, saponins, steroids, tannins and reducing sugar. Quantitative phytochemical analysis was done for alkaloids, total phenolics, total flavonoids, tannins, saponins and glycosides following standard procedures. The phytochemical analysis of both plant species exhibited the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and total glycosides in considerable quantity. The result Hibiscus sabdariffa leaves extract contains phytochemicals in considerable quantity with negative results for reducing sugar, resin and phenol while Hyphaene thebaica leaves extract contains phytochemicals in considerable quantity with negative results for steroids. Hence these plants have a potential for anti-oxidants and antihypertensive activities

Proximate, Phytochemical and Mineral Composition of Methanol Extract of Persea americana Seed

This study investigated the proximate composition and evaluated the phytochemicals present in the methanol extract of Persea americana seed. The seed samples were collected, dried, ground into powder, and extracted in methanol by cold maceration. Proximate analysis was carried out using the standard methods of association of official analytical chemists (AOAC) while quantitative phytochemical analysis was done using standard methods. Mineral composition assays were carried out using the standard methods of the American public health association (APHA). Proximate analysis revealed that the seeds of P. americana contain more carbohydrate (32.05±1.21%), fat (25.73±2.01%), and protein (21.00±0.88%) with fewer amounts of moisture (8.98±0.10%), and ash (3.28±0.16%). Quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols (3.51±0.42 mg/100 g), saponins (0.05±0.38 mg/100g), alkaloid (0.70±0.37 mg/100g), beta-carotene (32.24±0.55 mg/100 g), lycopene (6.84±0.52 mg/100 g), flavonoids (34.14±3.13 mg/ 100 g), phytate (0.00±0.03 mg/100 g), cardiac glycosides (0.37±0.01%), total phytosterol (21.25±0.12 mg/100 g), stigmasterol (13.16±0.15mg/100g) and campesterol (6.16±0.12 mg/100 g). Mineral contents of the sample revealed that potassium, calcium, and magnesium have the highest concentrations while manganese and iron have the lowest. The chemical compositions of the investigated samples might be responsible for their medicinal values in phytomedicine. This study shows that Persea americana seeds are adequate in lowering cholesterol levels probably due to the presence of phytosterols.

Effects of Hydro-ethanolic Leaf Extract of Sida acuta on Female Albino Rats’ Reproductive Potential and Weight: An Interventional Study

Background: Human fertility control (family planning) is among the major approaches through which unwanted pregnancy can be curbed. Hence, utilization of medicinal herbs in the development and formulation of products, as an alternative to conventional drugs, is one of the method options to achieve this.&#x0D; Aim: This study was designed to assess the contraceptive potentials of hydro-ethanolic leaf extract of Sida acuta, through evaluating its effects on fertility hormones, pregnancy status, and body weight of female albino rats.&#x0D; Method: This experiment was conducted using thirty five (35) sexually matured albino rats. Using a CRD, the rats were randomly divided into five (5) groups of seven (7) rats each, with five (5) female and two (2) male replicate assigned to each group. The Control group (Group 1) did not receive any treatment. The females in the standard group (Group 2) were administerd with levonorgestrel-etinyl estradiol (standard drug) 7.5/0.75mg/kg b.w./day p.o. The females in the test groups (Groups 3, 4 and 5) were administered the plant extract at different doses of 100mg/kg b.w./day (Low dose), 200mg/kg b.w./day (Medium dose) and 400mg/kg b.w./day (High dose) p.o. respectively, for 28days. The initial and final body weights of the animals were measured. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses of hydro-ethanolic leaf extract of Sida acuta, as well as the GC-MS analysis were also performed using standard methods. Furthermore, the effects of the extract were checked on the reproductive hormones (FSH, LH, Progesterone and Estrogen), pregnancy status as well as the body weight of the animals.&#x0D; Results: The results revealed the presence of bioactive compounds in the hydro-ethanolic leaf extract of Sida acuta which may be responsible for the contraceptive potentials of the plant. There were decreased levels of FSH across the groups. There was no pregnancy outcome in group 5 (high-dose group). And there was a significant weight reduction in group 5 (high-dose group).&#x0D; Conclusion: The result suggested that the hydro-ethanolic leaf extract of Sida acuta has suppressive effects on the reproductive hormones (especially the gonadotropins) at higher dose, thereby establishing its contraceptive potentials as confirmed by the pregnancy outcome. Also, the extract is capable of significantly decreasing body weight at a high dose.

Identification of natural CTXM-15 inhibitors from aqueous extract of endophytic bacteria Cronobactersakazaki.

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is one of India's valuable and populous medicinal plants which belongs to the family Oleaceae, and widely recognize as night jasmine. Over the years till date, different parts of the plant are used to treat or cure different ailments via various means of traditional medicine. Endophytes are organisms that live in the cell or body of other organisms with no apparent negative impact on the host which they inhabit and are of great source of novel bioactive compounds possessing important economic value. Secondary metabolites were identified in the aqueous extract of Cronobactersakazakii through quantitative phytochemical and GC-MS analysis. Antibacterial activity of the extract against clinical and ATCC strains of E. coli was assessed. Biological activity spectra of these compounds were predicted and categorized either as probably active (Pa) or probably inactive (Pi). Drug-likeness of bioactive compounds was determined as well as their ability to target protein (CTXM-15) responsible for antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Results revealed the presence of active compounds with pharmacological activities and considerable pharmacokinetics parameters. In addition, ligand-protein interactions of compounds with CTXM-15 proteins were identified. These results suggest that bioactive compounds of endophytic Cronobactersakazakii could contain novel chemical entities for the development of antibiotics against pathogenic microbes and other drugs for the amelioration of several infections.

Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis of Aloe barbadensis Miller Leaf Extracts

The medicinal, folkloric, and other uses of aloe vera cannot be over-emphasized. In this study, we qualitatively and quantitatively analysed the phytochemical composition of Aloe vera. Fresh leaves of Aloe vera were extracted by percolation method using three different solvents: ethanol, diethyl ether, and distilled water. The extracts were analysed for important phytoconstituents using conventional qualitative and quantitative methods. The results showed that alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, saponins, saponin glycosides, and tannins were present, while steroids, balsam, anthraquinones, and volatile oil were not detected. The quantitative analysis indicated a high concentration of alkaloids (31.067 g/100 g), tannins (25.66 g/100 g), and saponins (10.67 g/100g) while glycosides (0.060 g/100 g) had the least concentration. The result indicates the potential health and cosmetic benefits of Aloe vera as well as its potential benefits in the food industries

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Quantitative Analysis of Methanol Leaf Extract of Erlangea tomentosa (Oliv. &amp; Hiern) S.Moore (Asteraceae)

Various medications are being developed using natural products, particularly those resulting from medicinal plants. So, the screening and quantity analysis of phytochemicals in the methanol leaf extract of Erlangea tomentosa was looked at to find out what chemicals in the plant were responsible for its biological activity. Ten different phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, coumarins, steroids, terpenoids, phenols, and tannins, were found by the analysis. Glycosides and cardiac glycosides were below the limits, and neither phlobatannins nor anthraquinones were found. Quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that there were 3.38g of alkaloids, 2.19g of tannins, 1.81g of flavonoids, and 0.31g of saponins. The concentrations of standard solutions per 100g of crude sample were used to estimate all the results of the tests.

Comparative Phytochemical and Antioxidant Analysis of the Leaf Extracts of Two Nigerian Medicinal Plants

Bridelia ferruginea (Benth., Euphorbiaceae), prominently found in Savannah regions, is commonly used as an ethnomedicine for the treatment of several ailments in many parts of Africa. Piliostigma thonningii (Schum., Fabaceae) is used for various medicinal purposes in African countries with some pharmacological activities established from the crude extracts including antibacterial, antihelminthic, antiinflammatory and antilipidemic activities. In the present study, crude methanolic extract and fractions of B. ferruginea and P. thonningii were examined for their phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity using standard protocols. Qualitative phytochemical screening of B. ferruginea crude extract revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, phlobatanins, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, glycosides, phenols and resins while it tested negative for triterpenoids, carbohydrates, terpenoids and anthraquinones; the quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that it contained 1.5% saponins, 5.3% flavonoids, 1.2% alkaloids and 0.9% phenols. P. thonningii crude extract tested positive for saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, and phenols while tannins, phlobatanins, glycosides, triterpenoids, carbohydrates, resins and anthraquinones were absent. It contains 3.2% saponins, 1.6% flavonoids, 1.8% alkaloids, and 0.7% phenols. The concentration of the crude extract required for 50% inhibition of DPPH radical scavenging effect (IC50) is 0.018 and 0.020 mg/ml for B. ferruginea and P. thonningii, respectively, compared to 0.015 mg/ml for vitamin C as a standard antioxidant. Both extracts showed potent inhibition of DPPH radical scavenging activity comparable to that of the Vitamin C standard and would be valuable sources of antioxidant compounds.

In vitro Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Alchornea cordifolia

The present study was undertaken to evaluate antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities of aqueous leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia by in vitro methods. The aqueous extract is prepared by dissolving ground plant materials (100g) in 1 L of distilled for 48 hours, filtered, and then dried using rotary evaporator before it was used for the pharmacological investigations. Standard phytochemical methods were used to test for the presence of phytoactive compounds in the leaf, in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were also assayed for using various methods. The qualitative screening of the phytochemical constituents of the aqueous extracts of Alchornea cordifolia leaves showed the presence of Phenols, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides while the quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannin, alkaloid, flavonoids and phenol. Tannins had the highest concentration, while the lowest was flavonoids. The in-vitro antioxidant study revealed that aqueous leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia possesses antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner against DPPH, reducing power, total antioxidant capacity and nitric oxide activity while the outcome of the in-vitro anti-inflammatory assay revealed that the antiproteinase, membrane stabilization and albumin denaturation activities of the extracts significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, the leaf of Alchornea cordifolia is rich in phytochemical substances. This could be responsible for the in-vitro antioxidants and anti-inflammatory activities.

Phytochemical Analysis and in vitro Antioxidant Potential of Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts of Irvingia gabonensis Stem Bark

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,2,363-372.DOI:10.5530/pres.15.2.039Published:February 2023Type:Original Article Authors:Catherine Otitolaiye, Akhere Omonkhua, Kelly Oriakhi, Edward Okello, Iyere Onoagbe, and Friday Okonofua Author(s) affiliations:Catherine Otitolaiye1, 2, Akhere Omonkhua2,*, Kelly Oriakhi2, Edward Okello3, Iyere Onoagbe4, Friday Okonofua5 1Department of Biochemistry, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, NIGERIA. 2Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Edo, NIGERIA. 3Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Tyne, UNITED KINGDOM. 4Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin, Edo-State, NIGERIA. 5Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Benin, Benin, NIGERIA. Abstract:Background: Irvingia gabonensis extracts are documented to possess antidiabetic, hypocholesterolemic, and antioxidant activities. The phytochemical components of medicinal plants are responsible for their therapeutic properties, particularly those with antioxidant properties. Objectives: The quantitative phytochemicals and in vitro antioxidant properties of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of I. gabonensis stem bark were assessed in this study. Materials and Methods: Standard techniques were used to measure the concentrations of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, and saponins in water and alcohol extracts of this plant. Total Antioxidant Power (TAP) and the extract's capacity to scavenge free radicals including superoxide, nitric oxide, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzoth iazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+), β-carotene, and hydrogen peroxide were also evaluated. The extracts' Ferric-Reducing Potential (FRAP) was also assessed. Results: The alcohol extract had significantly (P < 0.05) higher concentrations of all the phytochemicals measured as well as near significantly (P <0.066) higher TAP in comparison to the aqueous extracts. In general, the in vitro antioxidant capacity of the ethanol extract surpassed that of the water extract. The ethanol extract had IC50 values that were comparable to or less than the reference standards for its ability to neutralize nitric oxide, H2O2, superoxide, and DPPH radicals. Conclusion: The outcomes of the quantitative phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant effects of aqueous and ethanol extracts of I. gabonensis stem bark clearly show their potential as an excellent reservoir of bioactive compounds and scavengers of deleterious oxidants; properties that could be explored therapeutically. Keywords:Antioxidant, Free radicals, in vitro., Irvingia gabonensis, PhytochemicalsView:PDF (364.97 KB)

In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activities of leaf extracts from Sonchus arvensis L.

BackgroundMalaria continues to be a global problem due to the limited efficacy of current drugs and the natural products are a potential source for discovering new antimalarial agents. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate phytochemical properties, cytotoxic effect, antioxidant, and antiplasmodial activities of Sonchus arvensis L. leaf extracts both in vitro and in vivo.MethodsThe extracts from S. arvensis L. leaf were prepared by successive maceration with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, and then subjected to quantitative phytochemical analysis using standard methods. The antimalarial activities of crude extracts were tested in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain while the Peter's 4-day suppressive test model with P. berghei-infected mice was used to evaluate the in vivo antiplasmodial, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. The cytotoxic tests were also carried out using human hepatic cell lines in [3(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay.ResultThe n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanolic extracts of S. arvensis L. leaf exhibited good in vitro antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values 5.119 ± 3.27, 2.916 ± 2.34, and 8.026 ± 1.23 μg/mL, respectively. Each of the extracts also exhibited high antioxidant with low cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate extract showed in vivo antiplasmodial activity with ED50 = 46.31 ± 9.36 mg/kg body weight, as well as hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities in mice infected with P. berghei.ConclusionThis study highlights the antiplasmodial activities of S. arvensis L. leaf ethyl acetate extract against P. falciparum and P. berghei as well as the antioxidant, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory activities with low toxicity. These results indicate the potential of Sonchus arvensis L. to be developed into a new antimalarial drug candidate. However, the compounds and transmission-blocking strategies for malaria control of S. arvensis L. extracts are essential for further study.

Lawsonia inermis flower aqueous extract expressed better anti-alpha-glucosidase and anti-acetylcholinesterase activity and their molecular dynamics

Lawsonia inermis (henna) has been used in traditional medicine throughout the world and biological property of its flower has been least explored. In the present study, the phytochemical characterization and biological activity (in vitro radical scavenging activity, anti-alpha glucosidase and anti-acetylcholinesterase) of aqueous extract prepared from henna flower (HFAE) was carried out by both Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the functional group of the phytoconstituents such as phenolics, flavonoids, saponin, tannins and glycosides. The phytochemicals present in HFAE was preliminary identified by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The HFAE showed potent in vitro antioxidant activity and the HFAE inhibited mammalian α-glucosidase (IC50 = 129.1 ± 5.3 µg/ml; Ki = 38.92 µg/ml) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE; IC50 = 137.77 ± 3.5 µg/ml; Ki = 35.71 µg/ml) activity by competitive manner. In silico molecular docking analysis revealed the interaction of active constituents identified in HFAE with human α-glucosidase and AChE. Molecular dynamics simulation for 100 ns showed the stable binding of top two ligand/enzyme complexes with lowest binding energy such as 1,2,3,6-Tetrakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (TGBG)/human α-glucosidase, Kaempferol 3-glucoside-7-rhamnoside (KGR)/α-glucosidase, agrimonolide 6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (AMLG)/human AChE and KGR/AChE. Through MM/GBSA analysis, the binding energy for TGBG/human α-glucosidase, KGR/α-glucosidase, AMLG/human AChE and KGR/AChE was found to be −46.3216, −28.5772, −45.0077 and −47.0956 kcal/mol, respectively. Altogether, HFAE showed an excellent antioxidant, anti-alpha glucosidase and anti-AChE activity under in vitro. This study suggest HFAE with remarkable biological activities could be further explored for therapeutics against type 2 diabetes and diabetes-associated cognitive decline.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma