Quantitative Analysis Of Multi-components Research Articles

Online discovery of the molecular mechanism for directionally detoxification of Fuzi using real-time extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAconitum carmichaelii Debeaux, a famous traditional medicinal herb for collapse, rheumatic fever, and painful joints, always raises global concerns about its fatal toxicity from toxic alkaloids when improperly processed. Therefore, it is urgent to clarify the internal molecular mechanism of processing detoxification on Aconitum and develop simple and reliable approaches for clinical application, which is also of great significance to the rational medicinal use of Aconitum. Aim of the studyThe study aimed at developing a complete molecular mechanism exploration strategy in complex medicinal herb decocting system, clarifying the internal molecular mechanism of processing detoxification on Aconitum, and exploring valid approaches for detoxification. Materials and methodsAconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata (Fuzi) was selected as the model for exploring the complex Aconitum detoxification mechanism using an advanced online real-time platform based on extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The methods realized the sensitive capture of dynamic trace intermediates, accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis, and real-time and long-term monitoring of multi-components with satisfactory accuracy and resistance to complex matrices. ResultsComponents in the complex Aconitum decocting system were real-timely characterized and fat meat was discovered and verified to directionally detoxify Aconitum while reserving the therapy effect. More importantly, the dynamic detoxification mechanism in the chemically complex Aconitum decoction was molecularly profiled. A novel reaction pathway based on nucleophilic substitution reaction mechanism was proposed. As confirmed by the theoretic calculations at DFT B3LYP/6-31G (d) levels, fatty acids (e.g., palmitic acid) acted as a green, cheap, and high-performance catalyst and promote the decomposition of toxic diester alkaloids to non-toxic and active benzoyl-monoester alkaloids through the discovered mechanism. ConclusionThe study exposed a novel detoxification molecular mechanism of Aconitum and provided an effective method for the safe use of Aconitum, which could effectively guide the development of traditional processing technology and compatibility regulation of the toxic herb and had great value to the modernization and standardization development of traditional medicine.

Single Standard Substance for the Simultaneous Determination of Eleven Components in the Extract of Paeoniae Radix Alba (Root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall.).

Paeoniae Radix Alba (PRA), an herbal drug produced from the root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., is widely used in many herbal medicine prescriptions/preparations. Since the pharmacological effects of PRA come from multiple chemical components, it is important to establish a method for the determination of those components in PRA extracts with simple operation and low cost, which is more suitable to evaluate the quality of PRA extracts and optimize the extraction process. This work introduced the quantitative analysis of multicomponents with a single-marker (QAMS) method for the simultaneous determination of eleven bioactive components in PRA extracts, including gallic acid, oxypaeoniflorin, catechin, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, ethyl gallate, galloylpaeoniflorin, pentagalloylglucose, benzoic acid, benzoylpaeoniflorin, and paeonol. In the QAMS method established based on high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection, only the reference substance of paeoniflorin was needed, and the other ten components were determined based on their relative correction factors (RCFs) to paeoniflorin. Moreover, the repeatability and robustness of the RCFs were studied with different column temperatures, detection wavelengths, flow rates, column types, and instruments. In method validation, good linearity (r > 0.999), stability, repeatability (RSD < 1.9%), and accuracy (recoveries within 96.1%–105.5%) were shown. Sample analyses showed that the QAMS method was consistent with the conventional external standard method. The established method provided a comprehensive, efficient, and low-cost tool for the routine quality evaluation of PRA extracts.

Quality evaluation of Saposhnikoviae Radix based on QAMS combined with information entropy-response surface method

This research was used with high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), combined with information entropy-response surface method(RSM) to investigate the ethanol concentration, extraction time, liquid-to-material ratio. Taking the content of four chromogens as evaluation indexes, the weight coefficients of each index were given, and the comprehensive score was calculated to optimize the extraction process. Then, prim-O-glucosylcimifugin was used as the reference, the relative calibration factors(RCFs) of cimifugin, 4'-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol and sec-O-glucosylhamaudo to prim-O-glucosylcimifugin were calculated respectively. The contents of four components in Saposhnikoviae Radix were determined by both external standard method(ESM)and quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker(QAMS) method, and the results were compared. At last, combined with principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) to evaluate the quality of the Saposhnikoviae Radix in different production areas. The optimal extraction process parameter of the Saposhnikoviae Radix was as follows: liquid-to-material ratio is 60∶1(mL·g~(-1)), extraction time is 35 min, and ethanol concentration is 70%. The repeatability of the RCFs was perfect, and the results calculated by the QAMS were consistent with the results from the ESM. The stoichiometric results indicate that there are obvious differences in the distribution of Saposhnikoviae Radix in different production areas, and cimifugin and prim-O-glucosylcimifugin are the characteristic compounds that cause this difference. In this study, the optimal extraction process is stable and feasible, and the method of QAMS is accurate and reliable. From the perspective of four chromogens, there are differences in the quality of the Saposhnikoviae Radix in different production areas. Therefore, the established extraction process combined with the method of QAMS can be used to evaluate the quality of Saposhnikoviae Radix and provide a scientific basis for the quality control of Saposhnikoviae Radix.

Content determination of five flavonoids in Tibetan medicine Rhododendron anthopogonoides by quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS)

To establish a quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker(QAMS) method for five flavonoids in Rhododendron anthopogonoides and verify its feasibility and applicability in the medicinal materials of R. anthopogonoides. With hyperoside as the internal reference, relative correction factors(RCF) of rutin, quercetin, quercitrin and kaempferol were established by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) analysis. RCFs were used to calculate the content of each component, system durability and relative retention time. Simultaneously, QAMS and external standard method(ESM) were used to determine the content of five flavonoids in 12 batches of R. anthopogonoides from different origins. The results were statistically analyzed to verify the accuracy and feasibility. The fingerprints and cluster analysis data of R. anthopogonoides analyzed and discussed differences among the batches. According to the results, the RCFs of rutin, quercetin, quercetin and kaempferol in R. anthopogonoides were 1.242 6, 0.990 5, 0.535 0, and 0.781 3, respectively. The RCFs represented a good reproducibility under different experimental conditions. Besides, there was no significant difference between QAMS and ESM. Besides, the fingerprint and cluster analysis data showed the consistency between the classification and with the origin distribution of the herbs. In conclusion, the QAMS method shows a good stability and accuracy in the quality control of R. anthopogonoides.

Quality Evaluation of Artemisia capillaris Thunb. Based on Qualitative Analysis of the HPLC Fingerprint and UFLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS Combined with Quantitative Analysis of Multicomponents.

In this study, a new method was developed for the comprehensive quality evaluation (QE) of Artemisia capillaris Thunb. (A. capillaris, named Yinchenhao in Chinese), which is one of the most commonly used herbal medicines (HMs). First, fingerprints of 31 batch samples of A. capillaris were determined by HPLC, the reference fingerprint was established, and the common peaks were assigned. Second, the components of common peaks in the HPLC fingerprints were identified by ultrafast liquid chromatography- (UFLC-) Q-TOF-MS/MS. Finally, the contents of the components unambiguously confirmed by reference substances were determined, and the correlation between the contents of chlorogenic acid and the contents of others was analyzed. The results showed that there were 20 common peaks in the HPLC fingerprints of 31 batch samples. The components of these 20 common peaks were identified as ten organic acids, eight flavonoids, and two others. Among nine organic acids such as 1-caffeoylquinic acid, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, three flavonoids such as rutin, hyperoside, and isoquercetin, and one other p-hydroxyacetophenone, a total of 13 ones were unambiguously identified by comparison with reference substances; one caffeoylquinic acid glucoside and one flavone di-C-glucoside were detected in A. capillaris for the first time. There were some differences in the contents of 13 components in different samples; chlorogenic acid could be regarded as the quality marker of A. capillaris. The current established method in this study can be used for the comprehensive QE of A. capillaris and can also provide reference for the QE of the other HMs.

Simultaneous Determination of Eight Chemical Components in Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Its Herbal Products by QAMS.

A HPLC method has been developed for simultaneously detecting chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, senkyunolide I, senkyunolide H, coniferyl ferulate, senkyunolide A, ligustilide, and levistolide A in Angelicae Sinensis Radix through quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single-marker (QAMS) method with ferulic acid as internal standard substance. The relative analysis correction factors of each component in Angelicae Sinensis Radix have good reproducibility under different chromatography conditions. In addition, no significant difference of results was found between quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single-marker (QAMS) method and external standard method in determining content of these components of different Angelicae Sinensis Radix and its 12 kinds of preparations. As a result, the established QAMS method for Angelicae Sinensis Radix analysis with ferulic acid as internal standard substance is accurate and feasible, which could be used as an effective and economical method to control quality of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and its herbal products.

New Determination Method of Two Bioactive Saponins in Lysimachia capillipes Hemsl. by Quantitative Analysis of Multi-Components by Single-Marker

Capilliposide B (CPS-B) and Capilliposide C (CPS-C), as the key components in Lysimachia capillipes Hemsl., increasingly aroused the interest and research concern of many researchers due to the good bioactivities. Nowadays, the reference standards of CPS-B and CPS-C yield were very limited. Due to the deficit of reference standards, the determination could be difficult to carry out, and the quality control and evaluation would be restrained afterwards. To solve this urgent problem, a quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker (QAMS) method was proposed and established based on high-performance liquid-chromatography tandem evaporative light-scattering detector. In this QAMS method, the content of the two bioactive components could be calculated by buddlejasaponin IV, which is applied as an external standard and readily obtained. And the methodological experiments were evaluated and indicated accuracy, stability and feasibility of this QAMS method. Therefore, in this study, this built method would properly meet the requirement of determination of CPS-B, CPS-C and quality control of the L. capillipes Hemsl. plant.

Determination of nine nucleosides in Rhizoma Paridis by quantitative analysis of multi-components via a single marker method.

In this work, a new quantitative analysis method of multi-components analysis via a single marker strategy coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, was proposed to analyze nine nucleosides (cytidine, uridine, 2'-deoxyuridine, inosine, guanosine, 2'-deoxyguanosine, thymidine, adenosine, and 2'-deoxyadenosine) as quality control markers in Rhizoma Paridis. Guanosine was set as the internal reference substance, whose content in Rhizoma Paridis was determined using conventional external standard method. Then, relative correction factors between guanosine and the other eight nucleosides were measured respectively. The amounts of the other eight components were calculated according to the relative correction factors by the quantitative analysis of multi-components via a single marker method. Finally, the result of vector angle cosine analysis showed that there was no significant difference of the contents between the external standard method and the quantitative analysis of multi-components via a single marker method, indicating that the quantitative analysis of multi-components via a single marker method can be applied for the quality control of Rhizoma Paridis. As far as we know, this is also the first report to analyze nucleosides by the quantitative analysis of multi-components via a single marker method, providing an efficient and promising quality assessment method for other traditional Chinese medicine containing nucleosides.

Establishment and validation of the quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker for the quality control of Qishen Yiqi dripping pills by high-performance liquid chromatography with charged aerosol detection.

Charged aerosol detection (CAD) has the merits of high sensitivity, high universality and response uniformity. The strategy that combines the quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS) with CAD has certain advantages for the quantification of multi-components. However, relevant research was limited. To comprehensively investigate the crucial factors that affect the performance of the HPLC-CAD-QAMS approach and validate the credibility and feasibility of the method. Multiple components of Qishen Yiqi dripping pills (QSYQ) were assayed using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-CAD-QAMS approach. Some factors that affect the sensitivity and accuracy of the approach were sufficiently studied. After the method verification, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to evaluate the quality consistency of three types of samples: normal samples, expired samples and negative samples. A HPLC-CAD-QAMS method was successfully developed for the multi-component determination of QSYQ. First, chromatographic conditions were optimised by a definitive screening design, and the optimised ranges of operating parameters were obtained with a Monte Carlo simulation method. Next, a new method to select the internal reference standards was successfully introduced based on the heatmap of Pearson correlation coefficients of the response factors. Then, the multi-point method was selected to calculate the relative correction factors, and a robustness test was conducted with Plackett-Burman design. Finally, the PCA was proved to be effective for the quality consistency evaluation of different samples. The developed HPLC-CAD-QAMS method can be a reliable and superior means for the multi-component quantitative analysis of QSYQ.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis on triterpenoids in Ligustri Lucidi Fructus

Triterpenoids are one of the most active constituents in Ligustri Lucidi Fructus, but only oleanolic acid has been mostly studied. In recent years, a growing number of studies have shown that other triterpenes from Ligustri Lucidi Fructus also have various biological activities, so it is necessary to build up a detailed profile of the triterpenoids in Ligustri Lucidi Fructus. The chromatographic separation was performed on a C_(18) column(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) with mobile phase of methanol-acetonitrile-0.2% formic acid for gradient elution. The detection wavelength was set at 210 nm, with a flow rate of 0.5 mL·min~(-1), and the column temperature of 25 ℃. The HPLC fingerprint of triterpenoids in Ligustri Lucidi Fructus was built by testing 21 batches of samples from different sources. The structures of the total 15 common chromatographic peaks were elucidated with UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS/MS technique and six of them were identified as tormentic acid, pomolic acid, maslinic acid, botulin, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid by comparison to the reference substances. Under the same chromatographic condition, four main triterpenes(podocarboxylic acid, hawthorn acid, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid) were quantified and the results of system adaptability and methodology investigation all met the requirements of content determination. Meanwhile, with oleanolic acid(A) as the internal reference substance, quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker(QAMS) method was used to analyze the above four components. The relative correction factor of oleanolic acid(B), hawthorn acid(C) and ursolic acid(D) to oleanolic acid was f_(B/A)=1.12, f_(C/A)=1.02 and f_(D/A)=0.88, respectively, and the relative retention values of these three to oleanolic acid was RRV_(B/A)=0.46, RRV_(C/A)=0.70 and RRV_(D/A)=1.03, respectively. The contents determined by two methods were similar. In conclusion, the method built in this paper is proved to be simple, reliable and specific for the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of the triterpenoids in Ligustri Lucidi Fructus, which can lay foundation for further assays of the triterpenoids in Ligustri Lucidi Fructus and the relative products.

Extraction and Analysis of Six Effective Components in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch by Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) Combined with Quantitative Analysis of Multi-Components by Single Marker (QAMS) Method.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are green organic solvents that have broad prospects in the extraction of effective components of traditional Chinese medicine. This work employed the quantitative analysis of multi-components by a single marker (QAMS) method to quantitatively determine the six effective components of glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin, isoliquiritin apioside, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritin, and glycyrrhetinic acid in Glycyrrhiza uralensis, which was used for comprehensive evaluation of the optimal extraction process by DESs. First, Choline Chloride: Lactic Acid (ChCl-LA, molar ratio 1:1) was selected as the most suitable DES by comparing the extraction yields of different DESs. Second, the extraction protocol was investigated by extraction time, extraction temperature, liquid-to-material ratio, molar ratio, and ultrasonic power. The Box–Behnken design (BBD) combined with response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the optimal DES conditions. The result showed that the best DES system was 1.3-butanediol/choline chloride (ChCl) with the molar ratio of 4:1. The optimal extraction process of licorice was 20 mL/g, the water content was 30%, and the extraction time was 41 min. The comprehensive impact factor (z) was 0.92. At the same time, it was found that the microstructure of the residue extracted by the eutectic solvent was more severely damaged than the residue after the traditional solvent extraction through observation under an electron microscope. The DES has the characteristics of high efficiency and rapidity as an extraction solution.

Study on multiple fingerprint profiles control and quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker method combined with chemometrics based on Yankening tablets

In this study, we explored the quality consistent evaluation method of Yankening Tablets (YKNT) from different manufacturers by using multiple fingerprint profiles, including dual-wavelength ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) serial fingerprint and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) fingerprint, combined with quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS) method. In the Average method of systematic quantified fingerprint method (AMSQFM), three fingerprint parameters of macro qualitative similarity (Sm-UPLC-FTIR), macro quantitative similarity (Pm-UPLC-FTIR), and the variation coefficient of fingerprint homogeneity (αUPLC-FTIR) were calculated based on the ratio method. The Sm-UPLC-FTIR values of all the samples were greater than 0.80, the αUPLC-FTIR values were less than 0.20, and the Pm-UPLC-FTIR values range from 72.8% to 119.8%. Method validation results showed the established fingerprint method had good precision, solution stability, and method repeatability, all samples could be roughly divided into different levels. The contents of berberine (BBR) and baicalin (BCL) measured by the calibration curve method (CCM) and QAMS method were compared, and t-test results (Pvalue > 0.05) indicated there was no significant difference between the two methods, which showed that QAMS could accurately quantify the markers of the YKNT. The explanatory ability (R2Y) values of BBR and BCL in the PLS model were both greater than 0.94, and the root mean square error of estimation (RMSEE) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values were both less than 2.5, indicating that the established model was reliable. Hierarchical cluster analysis divided all samples into four categories. This research made a major contribution to the quality consistent evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and food.

Quality Assessment of Licorice Based on Quantitative Analysis of Multicomponents by Single Marker Combined with HPLC Fingerprint

Licorice is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine and natural sweetening agent, rich in numerous bioactive compounds. Moreover, it is one of the oldest and most frequently employed folk medicines in both eastern and western countries. It is prescribed for the treatment of asthma, fever, and cough. However, with the increasing demand of licorice, its quality and safety become the important issue. The content in licorice varies significantly in materials from different geographical origins. In this study, a reasonable and feasible evaluation method for the quality assessment of licorice was developed based on the analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint, combined with the quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker (QAMS) method. Glycyrrhizic acid was selected as the internal reference substance, and ten components were simultaneously determined based on relative correction factors. The contents of eleven components in 21 batches of licorice were determined by the QAMS and the ESM (external standard method); there was no significant difference by comparison of the quantitative results between the QAMS and the ESM method; the cosine value (Cir &gt; 0.9999) confirmed the consistency of the two methods. According to the outcomes of 21 batches of licorice samples, the contents of the eleven components were used for further chemometric analysis. All of the samples of licorice from various geographical origins were divided into five categories based on hierarchical cluster analysis, which indicated the crucial influence of geographical origins on licorice. This study showed that QAMS combined with HPLC fingerprint and chemometrics methods could effectively control the quality of licorice. Hence, QAMS is a feasible and promising method for promoting the quality control standardization process of herbal medicines.

A novel method for quality consistency evaluation of Yankening Tablet by multi-wavelength fusion profiling combined with overall components dissolution method and antioxidant activity analysis

Yankening Tablet (YKNT) is an anti-inflammatory Chinese medicine, which has the effect of heat-clearing and purging pathogenic fire. In this paper, a novel method for quality consistency evaluation of YKNT by multi-wavelength fusion profiling combined with multi-component quantification, overall components dissolution method and antioxidant activity analysis was established. The five-wavelength fusion fingerprint (FWFFP) of 19 batches of YKNT was established, which was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively by systematic quantified fingerprint method (SQFM), and the quality of YKNTs was divided into different grades successfully. Three active components, Berberine (BBR), baicalin (BCL) and chrysophanol (CRP) in YKNT, were quantitatively determined by quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS). Principal component analysis divided the 19 batches of samples into two categories according to the content difference, which was consistent with the SQFM evaluation results. The combination of SQFM and QAMS successfully achieved the quantitative determination of YKNT from the whole to accurate. Partial least squares (PLS) model was developed to explore the relationship between the antioxidant ability and fingerprint of YKNT. Further overall dissolution UV fingerprints (ODUV-FP) were successfully established, in which the ultraviolet fingerprint (UV-FP) quantitative method was applied to determine the dissolution of the whole chemical substance of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation. HPLC fingerprints (HPLC-FP) and ODUV-FP were combined to realize the dual control of the quality and efficacy of YKNT, providing a new method for consistency evaluation of TCM.

Exploitation of HPLC Analytical Method for Simultaneous Determination of Six Principal Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Oviductus Ranae Based on Quantitative Analysis of Multi-Components by Single-Marker (QAMS).

As one of the featured products in northeast China, Oviductus Ranae has been widely used as a nutritious food, which contains a variety of bioactive unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). It is necessary to establish a scientific and reliable determination method of UFA contents in Oviductus Ranae. In this work, six principal UFAs in Oviductus Ranae, namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (ARA), linoleic acid (LA) and oleic acid (OA), were identified using UPLC-MS/MS. The UFAs identified in Oviductus Ranae were further separated based on the optimized RP-HPLC conditions. Quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker (QAMS) method was implemented in content determination of EPA, ALA, DHA, ARA and OA, where LA was used as the internal standard. The experiments based on Taguchi design verified the robustness of the QAMS method on different HPLC instruments and chromatographic columns. The QAMS and external standard method (ESM) were used to calculate the UFA content of 15 batches of Oviductus Ranae samples from different regions. The relative error (r < 0.73%) and cosine coefficient showed that the two methods obtained similar contents, and the method validations met the requirements. The results showed that QAMS can comprehensively and effectively control the quality of UFAs in Oviductus Ranae which provides new ideas and solutions for studying the active components in Oviductus Ranae.

Antitumor effects of different Ganoderma lucidum spore powder in cell- and zebrafish-based bioassays

ObjectiveGanoderma lucidum spore (GLS) is gaining recognition as a medicinal part of G. lucidum and has been reported to possess various pharmacological properties, such as antitumor activity. In this work, wall-broken GLS powder (BGLSP) and wall-removed GLS powder (RGLSP), two kinds of GLS powder with different manufacturing techniques, were compared in terms of contents of active constituents and in vivo and in vitro antitumor effects. MethodsThe ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry method was used to determine the contents of polysaccharides and total triterpenoids in BGLSP and RGLSP. Seventeen individual triterpenoids were further quantified using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker. The antitumor effects of BGLSP and RGLSP were evaluated using in vitro cell viability assay against human gastric carcinoma SGC-7901, lung carcinoma A549 and lymphoma Ramos and further validated by in vivo zebrafish xenograft models with transplanted SGC-7901, A549 and Ramos. ResultsThe results showed that the contents of polysaccharides, total triterpenoids and individual triterpenoids of RGLSP were significantly higher than those of BGLSP. Although both BGLSP and RGLSP inhibited the three tumor cell lines in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, the inhibitory effects of RGLSP were much better than those of BGLSP. In the in vivo zebrafish assay, RGLSP exhibited more potent inhibitory activities against tumors transplanted into the zebrafish compared with BGLSP, and the inhibition rates of RGLSP reached approximately 78%, 31% and 83% on SGC-7901, A549 and Ramos, respectively. ConclusionThe results indicated that the antitumor effects of GLS were positively correlated with the contents of the polysaccharides and triterpenoids and demonstrated that the wall-removing manufacturing technique could significantly improve the levels of active constituents, and thereby enhance the antitumor activity.

Comprehensive quality evaluation of shuxuening injection employing quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint and chemometrics

Objective: In this study, a comprehensive and effective quality method for evaluating the efficacy of ShuXueNing injection (SXNI) was developed. Materials and Methods: Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint, the quantitative analysis of multicomponents by a single marker (QAMS) method, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to distinguish 53 batches of SXNI samples from 7 manufacturers. Results: A total of 53 batches of samples were analyzed to establish antithesis fingerprint of SXNI, and 12 peaks of the common model were collected and used for the similarity analysis. Meanwhile, six index flavonoid components were determined by the QAMS method, using rutin as internal reference substance. The accuracy of the QAMS method was confirmed by investigating the relative deviation between the QAMS method and the traditional external standard method. The results demonstrated that there was no significant difference (RE < 1%), suggesting that QAMS was a reliable and convenient method for the content determination of multiple components. The HCA and OPLS-DA methods drew a similar conclusion. The 53 batches of SXNI samples from 7 manufacturers were categorized into five groups, indicating that chemometrics could reveal the quality differences of SXNI between the manufacturers. Conclusions: The method established herein was efficient and successful in assessing the quality of SXNI, and that it may be potentially employed in the quality control of related products composed of Ginkgo biloba extract.

Study on Enhanced Extraction and Seasonal Variation of Secondary Metabolites in &lt;i&gt;Eucommia Ulmoides&lt;/i&gt; Leaves Using Deep Eutectic Solvents

It has been considered as a crucial field for the extraction of active ingredients from herbal medicine to use a green and efficient method in the medicinal and food industries. In this study, a deep eutectic solvent (DES) coupled with microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was used to extract ten compounds from Eucommia ulmoides leaves. Response surface methodology (RSM) combined with Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the extraction conditions using the MAE method. An anti-solvent method efficiently recovered target analytes from the DES. By combining the DES-based MAE and quantitative analysis of multi-components by single mark (QAMS) methods, the contents of ten compounds in the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides were determined to clarify the relationship between the accumulation of secondary metabolites and the harvest period. This study provides a novel strategy for the harvesting, processing, and quality control of the raw materials from Eucommia ulmoides leaves.

Quality evaluation of fried Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma pieces by HPLC fingerprint and multicomponent quantitative analysis

To establish the HPLC fingerprint and multi-component determination method of fried Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma pieces. HPLC analysis was performed on Thermo Acclaim ~(TM)120 C_(18) column(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm). Acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution was taken as the mobile phase for gradient elution. The flow rate was 1 mL·min~(-1),the column temperature was maintained at 30 ℃, and the detection wavelength was 237 nm and 360 nm. The similarity of 15 batches of fried Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma pieces was higher than 0.849, and 17 common peaks were identified. Liquiritin, isoliquiritin apioside, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin and glycyrrhizic acid were identified; among them, the mass fractions of Liquiritin, isoliquiritin apioside, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, glycyrrhizic acid were were 0.519%-3.058%, 0.227%-0.389%, 0.070%-0.439%, 0.038%-0.173%, 1.381%-4.252%, respectively. According to the cluster analysis, the 15 batches of decoction pieces were classified into three categories; principal component analysis screened out four principal components, with the cumulative variance contribution rate of 86.630%, indicating that the principal components contained most information of original data. Partial least squares discriminant ana-lysis marked 6 differential components in the decoction pieces. The established fingerprint and multicomponent determination are stable and reliable, and can provide a reference for the quality control of Radix Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizomae and fried Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma pieces.

Overall control herbal medicine in best consistency

The standard preparation (SP) based on the quantitative fingerprint was proposed to control the quality of compound licorice tablets (CPLTs) in this paper, which is a great way to control the quality consistency nowadays. Here, taking China 145 batches of CPLTs from 9 manufacturers as samples to set up High Performance Liquid Chromatography fingerprints and CPLT-SP, and employing the systematically quantified fingerprint method (SQFM) combined five markers’ contents to evaluate their quality. The results showed that all samples were qualified. The quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker (QAMS) for the determination of five components in CPLTs was applied, and there was no striking diversity in the results compared to the standard curve method. Furthermore, the correlation between raw materials and preparation of CPLTs was studied for predicting quality intelligently. As well as the ultraviolet full fingerprint dissolution was applied to evaluate the rationality of preparation. The results demonstrated that SQFM based on SP can integrally and perfectly control the quality of HD in best consistency.