Quality Of Soybean Grain Research Articles

CO2 monitoring associated with the quality of soybean grains stored in different moisture contentes

The objective of this study was to quantify the levels of CO2 produced by soybeans stored at room temperature in a prototype silo, with initial moisture contents of 12, 14, and 16% (w.b.), as well as to evaluate the quality of the product over storage. Analyses of the moisture content, ash, proteins, lipids, color, germination, and electrical conductivity were performed. In the atmosphere in the silos, the amount of CO2, relative humidity, and temperature were monitored every hour using a CO2 meter data logger. Grain quality evaluations took place at four storage times (0, 30, 60, and 90 days). Analyses were performed in triplicate, and data were analyzed using analysis of variance and regression, adopting the 5% level of significance. The moisture contents, protein, lipids, germination, and color were reduced over time, resulting in a loss of grain quality. Soybeans initially stored with 16% (w.b.) of initial moisture content showed greater losses associated with the rise in the levels of CO2. The rise in CO2 emission in the internal atmosphere of the silo signals the beginning of grain deterioration and can be used as a decision-making tool, aiming at preventing and reducing losses in product quality over storage.

The Seed–Seedling Transition in Commercial Soybean Cultivars with the Presence of Greenish Seeds in the Sample: A Perspective from Classical Genetic Parameters

Chlorophyll retention reduces the quality of soybean grain and seeds, but little is known about the relationship between this anomaly and the seed–seedling transition or classical genetic breeding. Taking this into account, we provide a new perspective about how greenish seeds are associated with genetic material. For that, we used seed–seedling transition measurements of nine commercial cultivars cultivated by different seed farmers. Our findings demonstrated that: (i) The anomaly of greening in soybean seeds seems to be more expressed as a function of thermal variation than rainfall; (ii) There are commercial cultivars with distinct sensitivity to the greening phenotype, indicating potential for classical breeding for the species; (iii) The seed–seedling transition is significantly modified by the presence of greenish seeds, and the diagnosis of their presence can be anticipated by the analysis of embryo protrusion.

Formation of grain yield and quality indicators of soybeans under the influence of fungicidal protection

Soybean diseases reduce the energy of seed germination, dilute crops, reduce the photosynthetic surface and productivity of cultivated plants, and worsen quality indicators. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of fungicidal protection on the yield and quality of soybean grain. The following methods were used to achieve it: field, chemical (to determine the quality indicators of soybean grain), and statistical (to assess the reliability of data). The study was conducted in 2021-2022 in the conditions of TOV Savarske, Obukhiv district, Kyiv region. Soybean varieties Amadea and Aurelina and 10 variants of fungicidal protection were examined. It was identified that the increase in soybean grain yield when using fungicides is 0.41-0.72 t/ha, compared to the control. The highest yield in the experiment was obtained on the variants Celest top 312.5 FS, TH (1 l/t) + Abacus (2 l/ha) and Standak Top (2 l/t) + Abacus (2 l/ha) – 3.31 and 3.37 t/ha and 3.06 and 3.13 t/ha, respectively, in the varieties Amadea and Aurelina. There was no effect of the fungicides under study on the moisture content of soybean grains and the fat content of soybean seeds. There is an increase in protein content by 0.3-1.8% in variants with the use of fungicidal protection, compared to the control. The highest fat and protein content was obtained on the variant Standak Top (2 l/t) + Abacus (2 l/ha) and Celest top 312.5 FS, TH (1 l/t) + Abacus (2 l/ha) – 21.9 and 21.7% and 38.5 and 42.4%, respectively, in the varieties Amadea and Aurelina. The results of the conducted studies can be used in production conditions to improve the protection of soybean crops from diseases and increase the yield and quality of grain of this crop

Performance of industrial drying and soybean grains quality

Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of industrial drying and the quality of soybean grains using a direct-fire furnace automatically fed by wood chips. To represent the grains before drying, four samples were collected together with the sampling of the loads in the trucks carried out to classify the product in the storage unit. At drying, performance evaluations and specific energy consumption were carried out. The grains were evaluated for moisture content, germination, electrical conductivity, apparent specific mass, color, acidity index, and PAHs. Drying showed an average efficiency of 75.50%. The average chip consumption was 0.4403 kg of chip/kg of evaporated water. The specific energy consumption was 8,099.50 kJ/kg of evaporated water. The grains showed differences after drying in the characteristics of germination, electrical conductivity, and chroma. Six PAHs were detected in the samples before drying: (B(a)A, Chr, 5 MC, B(j)F, Dib(ai)P, and IcdP). After drying, in addition to the PAHs obtained before drying, five more were detected (B(b)F, B(k)F, B(a)P, Dib(al)P, and Dib(ah)A). Mean PAH concentrations were higher than the maximum values ​​allowed by European Union legislation.

Анализ лимитирующих почвенно-агроэкологических факторов выращивания сои в условиях повышенной внутрипольной пестроты лесостепных черноземов Курской области

The paper presents the results of a comprehensive agroecological assessment of the lands of a representative field agroecosystem in conditions of increased within-field diversity of forest-steppe chernozems of the Kursk region with a comparative assessment of soil-agroecological factors potentially limiting the yield and quality of soybean grain. A complex combination of leached and typical chernozems was studied on a slightly sloped plakor of the southern exposure in the peasant farm of the Pristensky district. Ten elementary key plots were laid on the field with soybeans of the Belgorod 7 variety, with sampling for analysis the aboveground biomass and soybean grain in fourfold repetition on sites of 0.25 m2, and the arable soil horizons too. The conducted studies have shown an almost twofold within-field variation in the biological yield of soybeans. Among the identified unregulated limiting agroecological factors, microrelief forms dominate (R = 0,69). The main regulated limiting factor is the content of available forms of phosphorus (R = 0,62). The quality of soybean grain is largely influenced by the content of ammonium nitrogen in the topsoil, as well as the phytosanitary condition of the studied area (R = -0,68). Operational adjustment of the limiting agroecological factors identified in the conditions of a representative field agroecosystem for obtaining the planned yield of high-quality soybeans will optimize the agricultural technology used in the field, bringing it closer to the characteristics of the best available technologies. Keywords: AGROECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT, BIOLOGICAL YIELD, GRAIN QUALITY, CHERNOZEMS, LIMITING FACTORS, SOYBEANS, THE BEST AVAILABLE AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES, WITHIN-FIELD DIVERSITY

Эффективность различных микроудобрений при возделывании сои

Abstract. The purpose of the study is to determine the degree of influence of various types of micronutrients on the productivity and quality of soybean grain when it is cultivated on the basis of the Kursk State Agricultural University. In a comparative assessment, the effectiveness of processing soybean seeds and crops in phases 2 and 6 of the triple leaf with complex microfertilizers “MikroFid Kompleks”, “MikroFid Tsink” and “MikroFid Bor” and monochelate fertilizers “Reakom-Khelat Tsinka ” and “Reakom-Khelat Bora” was studied. Scientific novelty. For the first time in the conditions of chernozems of the Kursk region, the influence of various types of micro-fertilizers on the yield and quality of soybean grain was studied. Methods. In accordance with the scheme of the experiment, a knapsack sprayer was used for processing seeds and soybean crops with micro fertilizers. Sowing was carried out in an ordinary way with a seeding rate of 600 thousand germinating seeds per hectare. All records and observations were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted methodology of field experience. Grain quality indicators were determined on the grain analyzer “INFRATECTM1241”. The method of dispersion analysis was used to process the experimental data obtained. Results. Seed treatment in combination with two-fold foliar fertilization of soybean crops with micro fertilizers had a positive effect on plant growth and development, the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on soybean roots, contributed to an increase in yield by 0.25–0.44 t/ha (10.7–18.8 %), protein content in grain by 1.0–1.9 %, fat by 0.9–1.3 %, in comparison with the control version. The use of complex micronutrients was the most economically advantageous in comparison with monochelate fertilizers. The best economic indicators were obtained in the variant using the complex microelement fertilizer “MikroFid Bor” in seed treatment (1.5 l/t), in combination with two-fold non-root treatment of crops (1.5 l/ha). The fertilizer contributed to an increase in conditional net income by 14 654 rubles/ha, a decrease in the cost of 1 ton of grain by 1717.5 rubles, and an increase in the level of profitability by 32.1 %.

Yield components and nutritional quality of soybean grain as a function of foliar fertilizers application time

Foliar fertilization aims to provide rapid-absorption nutrients to the plant, supplement soil fertilization, and fulfill the uptake peaks’ demand. This study’s objective was to verify the effect of foliar fertilizers application in stages R2 (full bloom) and R5 (beginning seed) on soybean grain quality, yield components, and grain yield. The experiment was conducted in three sites through Parana state (Brazil) in a 9 × 2 factorial design, with three replications per treatment. Total chlorophyll index, plant height, yield components (number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, number of grains per plant and thousand-grain mass), protein and oil concentration in the grain, and final yield were evaluated. Plant height, total chlorophyll index, and grain quality were not affected by this study’s foliar fertilizers. Thousand-grain mass responded to the foliar products and the application times. However, no final grain yield effect was observed, possibly because those nutrients’ soil level was adequate.

Influence of Foliar Application of Compost tea on Growth, Yield and Quality of Soybean [Glycine max (L)

A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of the year 2016-17 with soybean variety MAUS -71 as test crop in Vertisol. With three replication and eight treatments viz,T1 - Control (RDF 100%), T2-100% RDF + Water spray, T3 - RDF + Compost tea @ 10% foliar spray, T4 - RDF + Compost tea @ 15% foliar spray, T5-RDF + Compost tea @ 20% foliar spray, T6 - RDF + Compost tea @ 25% foliar spray, T7 - RDF + Compost tea @ 50% foliar spray,T8 - RDF + Compost tea @ 75% foliar spray. The results revealed that Among the different doses of foliar application of compost tea with RDF,” application of RDF + compost tea @ 50% foliar spray significantly superior growth attributes viz. plant height, leaf area, number of leaves, dry matter and minimum growth attributes were observed in the control treatment at flowering, pod development and harvest stage. Maximum yield of soybean (2050.0 kg ha-1) was recorded with application of RDF + Compost tea @ 50% foliar spray. The quality of soybean grain improved due to application of T7 - RDF+ compost tea @ 50% foliar spray which recorded higher values of oil content (19.90%) protein content (31.44%) and protein yield (644.29 kg ha-1).This indicated that the application of 30:60:30 kg ha-1 N : P2O5 : K2O with foliar application of compost tea @ 50 percent (30,45,60 DAS) to soybean was found beneficial for increase in growth, yield and quality of soybean.

Quality of soy bean grain stored in bag silo

Because of the rise in the use of bag silo in the last harvests due to the lack of static capacity in Brazil, the storage of grain in type of structure is currently seen as a solution to our storage deficit. Thus, the importance of maintaining the quality of grains for commercialization in these systems is considered. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the quality of soybean grain stored in a silo bag, in the region of Dourados, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazilian Central-West. The experiment was carried out in a cooperative, where soybean grain stored in silo bag are collected. The product had been received, processed at the end of the summer harvest and previously stored in metallic silos, and then transferred to the silo bags upon reception of the winter harvest. Thus, soybeans with an average water content of 11% w.b. were packed in bags composed of high-density polyethylene and hermetically sealed over a total period of 125 days, with collections of data on temperature and air relative humidity and grain sampling every 40 days. The collected samples were subjected to plant classification and analyses of water content, water activity, protein, lipids and color parameters were also performed. Na average rise of 5° C was observed in the temperature and 14% for air relative humidity which resulted in the of moldy and fermented grains after 125 days in the bags. The storage period factor was significant (p <0.05) in the variables of water content, color and oil. It was concluded that for soybeans the storage period in hermetic bags influences the quality of the grains and the internal environmental conditions in these structures are influenced by the convective microcurrents observed in the different positions inside the silo bag.

Dependence of yield and quality of soybean grain on macro and micro fertilizers against the background of liming aftereffect

The article presents the results of research performed in a field stationary experiment on leached chernozem. In soy sowings of the Mageva variety, studied was the effectiveness of joint and separate application of various doses of mineral fertilizers and chelated form of microfertilizers (ZhUSS-2) in variants with soil previously limed in 0.5 and 1.0 h.a. The analysis of crop yield showed that the value of this indicator was significantly influenced only by mineral fertilizers, which provided an increase from 0.05 to 0.37 t/ha. as compared to the variant without fertilizers (0.89 t/ha, LSD05 0.05 t/ha). An increase in the level of nitrogen nutrition from 45 to 60 kg a. i. / ha did not contribute to a significant increase in soybean productivity and reduced the payback of 1 kg of a. i. nitrogen by grain from 7.11 to 5.44 kg. The content of crude protein in soybean grain significantly increased as the result of the aftereffect of liming of the soil in 0.5 h.a. by 0.79 % (LSD05 0.33 %), of ZhUSS-2 preparation use ˗ by 0.19 % (LSD05 0.16 %) and of mineral fertilizers use – by 0.26-4.02 % (LSD05 0.22%). When full mineral fertilizer was applied, the concentration of crude fat decreased by 0.53-0.62 abs. %. Considering unfavorable weather conditions for sowing soybean crops on leached chernozem it is possible to recommend the application of mineral fertilizers in doses of N30P50K80 and N45P50K80 together with treatment of crops with ZhUSS-2 preparation.

Use of inoculants and nitrogen fertilization related to yield and quality of soybean grains

Nitrogen (N) is the essential nutrient for soybean crop, which can be supplied to the crop through bacteria of the genus Bradyrhizobium, present in inoculants. Globally, soybeans are the main product for the production of oils and animal feed, thus the quality of the grains produced is extremely important. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine: yield and physical and physiological properties of grains, depending on the use of different types of inoculants and nitrogen fertilization, in transgenic and conventional soybean. We used a randomized block design with two cultivars, four replications and four treatments: peat inoculant, liquid inoculant, N fertilization and no inoculant, and nitrogenous fertilizer. The results show that the inoculation of soybean with liquid and peaty inoculants resulted in an increase in grain yield. In productivity, the conventional cultivar surpassed the transgenic cultivar. For conventional soybean, the peat inoculant proved to be efficient, since a larger mass of 1,000 grains and greater real specific mass were observed. The liquid inoculant showed high values when evaluated in the transgenic soybean, because it obtained higher values for apparent and real specific masses, number of grains germinated in the germination test and in the accelerated aging test.

Technological and sustainable strategies for reducing losses and maintaining the quality of soybean grains in real production scale storage units

Soybean is the oilseed most cultivated worldwide and is in full production expansion in Brazil. However, the logistics and grain quality in post-harvest stages is increasingly concerning. The objective of this work was to evaluate different sustainable strategies of managing the mass of soybean grains in function of water content, optimizing the combined drying and storage operations to improve grain flow and quality in real production scale storage units. The experimental were consisted in two step, first: moisture soybean (SUL) (17%), dry soybean from the RR crop (SSLRR) (14%), dry soybean from the RR2 crop (SSLRR2) (14%), soybean dried in a continuous dryer (SSS1) (12%), in silo-dryer (SSS2) (14%), and in intermittent dryer (SSS3) (14%), moisture soybean (SUL) submitted to aeration drying (Silo 1), to partial drying (SSS1, SSS2, SSS3), and supplemented with aeration drying (Silo 2), dry soybean from the RR2 crop (SSLRR2) and stored in aeration (Silo 3), dry soybean from the RR crop (SSLRR) and stored in aeration (Silo 4), and second step: the lots of soybean (RR and RR2) was submitted the drying at low air temperatures of 35, 45, and 55 °C until the grains reached water content of 12% for cold storage at 10 and 20 °C, over two months. It was determined the physical and physical-chemical quality of soybean grains before and after drying and during the time in storage. The best option of preprocessing and storage strategy to obtain soybean flow and quality in high-capacity storage and handling unit was the combined drying (SSS1, SSS2, SSS3) and dry-aeration storage systems. The soybean grains harvested at high water contents submitted to drying at low temperatures and stored under artificially refrigerated conditions presented better grain quality over storage time but increased the operational drying time, hindering the flow of grain mass.

Procena interakcije genotip × spoljašnja sredina za sadržaj proteina u zrnu kod ranostasnih genotipova soje

The protein content is an important parameter of the technological quality of soybean grain. Therefore, the selection work is aimed at creating a genetic basis for obtaining varieties not only of high yield but also varieties of improved grain quality. In order to provide sustained progress in breeding, it is necessary to find a stable source for breeding for desired traits. The aim of this study was to examine the value of the genotype × environment (G× E) interaction for protein content in 14 Maize Research Institute "Zemun Polje" short-season soybean accessions and to identify stable sources that can be used in breeding for protein content improvement. G×E interaction for grain protein content was analyzed using a linear-bilinear AMMI-1 model. The influence of genotype and environment on the total variation of protein content was approximately equal, while the smallest variation is attributed to genotype x environment interaction. A large number of genotypes with different protein content (Korana, PI 180 507, Kabott, Krajina, Canatto) showed a small contribution to the interaction in studied environments, the most important of which were genotypes with above-average protein content, as potential sources for future breeding programs.

Growth, Productivity and Quality of Soybean Grains, Submitted to Different Seed Treatments

The protection conferred via chemical treatment of seeds is indispensable to the normal development of crops, with a view to the best use of its productive potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the soybean crop response, cultivate ‘FTS Paragominas RR’, to seed treatment. The study was conducted in an experimental area of the Center of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences of the Federal University of Maranhão, in Chapadinha (MA), from February to June 2018. A randomized complete block design was used, with split-plot in time. The plots consisted of five seed treatments: thiophanate-methyl + fluazinam fungicides, fludioxonil, carbendazim + thiram, the insecticide fipronil and the absence of the application. Throughout the crop cycle the agronomic characteristics were verified: plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area. And, at the time of harvesting, grain yield, the height of insertion of the first pod, the total number of pods and weight of 1000 grains. Seed treatments induced very variable responses on the growth and development of soybean ‘FTS Paragominas RR’. The best performances were obtained with the use of thiophanate-methyl + fluazinam fungicides (dose 198 mL) and fludioxonil (dose 200 mL). The application of carbendazim + thiram and fipronil, both at a dose of 200 mL, presented adverse effects throughout the vegetative and reproductive phases of soybean ‘FTS Paragominas RR’. None of the products provided significant increases in grain yield.

The influence of benefit microorganisms on yield and quality of soybean grains under conditions of reduced nitrogen fertilization

The influence of benefit microorganisms on yield and quality of soybean grains under conditions of reduced nitrogen fertilization

Quality of second season soybean submitted to drying and storage

ABSTRACT Drying agricultural products reduces the moisture content to suitable levels for storage, in order to maintain the product quality. However, special care with the temperatures applied in the process is important for the integrity and longevity of the material. The present study aimed at determining the immediate and latent effect of air-drying temperatures on the quality of soybean produced as a second season crop. The grains were collected at the R8 stage, close to the physiological maturity, with moisture content of approximately 23 % (w.b.), submitted to drying temperatures of 40 ºC, 50 ºC, 60 ºC, 70 ºC and 80 ºC, up to a moisture content of 12.5 ± 0.7 % (w.b.), and then stored under non-controlled humidity and temperature for 180 days. Thereafter, quality was assessed every 45 days by determining the dry matter loss, color and crude protein and lipid contents, as well as the acidity and peroxide indices of the crude oil extracted. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the increase in the air-drying temperature affects the soybean quality and crude oil extracted, being this effect enhanced with the storage time; the soybean and crude oil quality decline with an increase in the air-drying temperature and storage time; the air temperature of 40 ºC has the least effect on the quality of soybean grains and crude oil extracted.

Adjustment of mathematical models and quality of soybean grains in the drying with high temperatures

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the initial moisture content of soybeans and the drying air temperatures on drying kinetics and grain quality, and find the best mathematical model that fit the experimental data of drying, effective diffusivity and isosteric heat of desorption. The experimental design was completely randomized (CRD), with a factorial scheme (4 x 2), four drying temperatures (75, 90, 105 and 120 ºC) and two initial moisture contents (25 and 19% d.b.), with three replicates. The initial moisture content of the product interferes with the drying time. The model of Wang and Singh proved to be more suitable to describe the drying of soybeans to temperature ranges of the drying air of 75, 90, 105 and 120 °C and initial moisture contents of 19 and 25% (d.b.). The effective diffusivity obtained from the drying of soybeans was higher (2.5 x 10-11 m2 s-1) for a temperature of 120 °C and water content of 25% (d.b.). Drying of soybeans at higher temperatures (above 105 °C) and higher initial water content (25% d.b.) also increases the amount of energy (3894.57 kJ kg-1), i.e., the isosteric heat of desorption necessary to perform the process. Drying air temperature and different initial moisture contents affected the quality of soybean along the drying time (electrical conductivity of 540.35 µS cm-1g-1); however, not affect the final yield of the oil extracted from soybean grains (15.69%).

Qualidade dos grãos de soja armazenados em diferentes condições

Objetivou-se, com este estudo, avaliar a qualidade dos grãos de soja armazenados em diferentes condições. Grãos de soja foram colhidos com aproximadamente 18,0% b.u. de teor de água e secados até 11,2, 12,8 e 14,8% b.u. Para que os teores de água fossem mantidos, a soja foi armazenada nas seguintes condições de temperatura e umidade relativa para 11,2%: 20 ºC e 61,7%; 30 ºC e 67,9%; 40 ºC e 69,4%; para 12,8%: 20 ºC e 73,7%; 30 ºC e 76,7%; 40 ºC e 80,8%; e para 14,8%: 20 ºC e 82,7%; 30 ºC e 83,9%; 40 ºC e 85,3%. A cada 45 dias até 180 dias de armazenamento, foram determinados teor de água, classificação dos grãos, massa específica aparente, coloração e teor de lipídios. Em geral, os grãos deterioraram ao longo do armazenamento e a perda de qualidade foi mais acentuada nos grãos armazenados com 12,8 e 14,8% a 40 ºC. Os grãos armazenados com 14,8% a 30 e 40 ºC, foram classificados como fora do padrão para comercialização após 135 e 90 dias, respectivamente. A combinação de teores de água e temperaturas mais elevados intensifica o processo de deterioração qualitativa dos grãos de soja armazenados.

Application of molecular markers in parental selection in soybean

The rate of genetic gain in the quantity and quality of soybean grain depends considerably on the genetic diversity of the selected parental components. Genetic diversity assessment is a crucial aspect of breeding that maximizes genetic improvement. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the genetic diversity of the selected soybean germplasm using genetic markers, as well as to compare the effectiveness of breeding procedures with and without the use of genetic markers in parental selection. The genetic relationships within the selected soybean germplasm were estimated using 14 simple sequence repeats (SSRs). The agronomic performance (grain yield, protein and oil content in the grain) of the parental components and derived lines was determined in field trials. Based on SSR marker data and phenotypic data, an association was found between the agronomic performance of the derived lines and the genetic distance between the parental lines. Crosses between more diverse parents resulted in derived lines with greater values for grain yield and grain quality compared with the parents than crosses between similar parents. The results indicated the usefulness of genetic marker information in parental selection, contributing to breeding efficiency.

Sustainability the food chain over genetic improvement of the quantity and quality of soybean grain

This study was aimed to evaluate level and stability of grain yield and grain quality as well as adaptability of exotic and domestic soybean cultivars, and identify the most favorable parental combinations as basis for realizing further genetic improvement of soybean. The research was conducted at the experimental field of the Agricultural Institute Osijek (Croatia) over 4-years period and consisted od 30 soybean cultivars: 15 cultivars originated from the soybean breeding program at the Institute Osijek (OS-cultivars) and 15 cultivars originated from the soybean breeding program at the University of Guelph (Canada) (CA-cultivars). OS-cultivars and CA-cultivars with high agronomic performance in grain yield, protein and oil content are identified as the most favorable parents to be used in hybridization for development new, genetically more diverse cultivars, improved in level and stability of quantity and quality of grain, as well as broad adaptability. Also, these results will be enable strategic incorporation of diversity from exotic Canadian germplasm into the domestic Croatian germplasm to develop new better cultivars. Genetic advance in quantity and quality of soybean grain considerably will contribute both further improving and increasing of soybean production, as well as production of safe product high nutritive and functional value for consumers, as well. Hence, genetic improvement of cultivars, based on conventional breeding strategies, could be characterized as an integral part of sustainable food chain.