Quality Of Grain Research Articles

Polyamines: pleiotropic molecules regulating plant development and enhancing crop yield and quality.

Polyamines (PAs) are pleiotropic bioorganic molecules. Cellular PA contents are determined by a balance between PA synthesis and degradation. PAs have been extensively demonstrated to play vital roles in the modulation of plant developmental processes and adaptation to various environmental stresses. In this review, the latest advances on the diverse roles of PAs in a range of developmental processes, such as morphogenesis, organogenesis, growth and development, and fruit ripening, are summarized and discussed. Besides, the crosstalk between PAs and phytohormones or other signalling molecules, including H2O2 and NO, involved in these processes is dwelled on. In addition, the attempts made to improve the yield and quality of grain and vegetable crops through altering the PA catabolism are enumerated. Finally, several other vital questions that remain unanswered are proposed and discussed. These include the mechanisms underlying the cooperative regulation of developmental processes by PAs and their interplaying partners like phytohormones, H2O2 and NO; PA transport for maintaining homeostasis; and utilization of PA anabolism/catabolism for generating high-yield and good-quality crops. This review aims to gain new insights into the pleiotropic role of PAs in the modulation of plant growth and development, which provides an alternative approach for manipulating and engineering valuable crop varieties that can be used in the future.

Особенности выращивания и современные тенденции производства гречихи посевной

The article provides an analysis of the peculiarities of growing buckwheat in the Russian Federation and the Non-Chernozem zone. The statistical results of the acreage and crop yield are presented. The biological features in the context of the agrotechnology of this cereal crop and the prospects for its further cultivation in the country and region are revealed. Keywords: BUCKWHEAT, ACREAGE, ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY, YIELD, GRAIN QUALITY

Physicochemical characteristics, mycoflora and aflatoxins in corn grown and stored in Northern Tamaulipas, Mexico

In northern Tamaulipas, México, the contamination of corn by toxigenic fungi reduces grain production and quality. Corn contaminated by mycotoxins puts humans and livestock at risk. Continuous monitoring of the sanitary quality of grain at harvest and in storage will define preventive and corrective strategies for contamination by mycotoxigenic fungi. In this work, we identified toxigenic fungi associated with corn grown and stored in northern Tamaulipas, identified and quantified aflatoxins and their relationships with the physicochemical characteristics of the grain, and identified the main genes responsible for aflatoxin production in A. flavus. Fungal incidence was evaluated in vitro, aflatoxin production was evaluated via HPLC, and physicochemical traits were evaluated via spectrophotometry. Three genera were identified: Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium; the latter had the highest incidence in both 2011 and 2012. The incidence was higher in 2012 (82.3%) than in 2011 (4.5%), and storage did not affect the incidence. Associations among fungal incidences and physicochemical traits were significant and intermediate in both years. AFB1 production was negatively associated with hectoliter weight, and total fungal incidence was positively related to the incidence of Penicillium, Fusarium, and Aspergillus and negatively related to the flotation index. AFB1 was detected in 13.18% of the samples, with values ranging from 3.4881.33 ppb upon receipt and from 4.3245.92 ppb after storage. Two samples exceeded the allowed limits for Mexico (20 ppb). The aflD and aflQ genes were detected in 52.1 and 56.3%, respectively, of the A. flavus isolates.

Advances in Triticale (X Triticosecale) Improvement: Chromosome Manipulation and Biotechnological Approaches

Triticale (X Triticosecale) is a hybrid cereal crop with great potential for enhancing food security. It is a synthetic cereal. Meanwhile, certain genetic instabilities arising from the merging of the rye and wheat genomes have impeded the advancement of triticale, chromosome engineering advancements along with biotechnological approaches might potentially unleash the full potential of triticale. This article provides a comprehensive summary of the historical development and current status of research on conventional and molecular breeding and manipulating triticale chromosomes in order to introduce beneficial traits, correct genetic abnormalities, and accelerate breeding. Among the major strategies covered are chromosomal doubling, addition, replacement, translocation, and deletion. Beneficial genes from rye for quality of grain, yield, and disease resistance were incorporated into triticale backgrounds using addition and replacement lines. In general, using chromosome-modifying technologies within an integrated breeding framework may help with genetic stabilization, the planned evolution of triticale for greater productivity and robustness, and strategic trait integration. This study looks at the advantages, disadvantages, and potential benefits of using chromosomal engineering to enhance triticales.

Effects of combined application of Se and ammonium fertilizers on the growth and nutritional quality of maize in Hg-polluted soil under two irrigation conditions and its health risk assessment

The interactive effects of Se (Na2SeO3) and ammonium fertilizers ((NH4)2SO4 and NH4Cl) on the growth and quality of maize (Zea mays L.) in mercury (Hg)-contaminated soil were studied under different water conditions. This study determined how two nutrient sources (Se and NH4+-N) interacted to improve the yield, quality, and safety of maize to ensure food security and quality assurance under the stress of heavy metal Hg. The experiment was conducted under two irrigation conditions: W1 (complete irrigation condition, 60-70% of water-holding capacity) and W2 (restricted irrigation condition, 40-50% of water-holding capacity). The combined treatment of Se and ammonium fertilizers significantly improved the growth of maize and the quality of grain in Hg-polluted soil. When Na2SeO3 and (NH4)2SO4 were combined, the growth and quality of maize increased the highest among all treatments. The interaction between Na2SeO3 and ammonium fertilizers significantly affected the available Hg/methylmercury (MeHg) content in soil and the Hg/MeHg concentration in maize. NH4Cl significantly increased the content of available Hg/MeHg in soil and increased the accumulation of Hg/MeHg in maize tissues due to Cl-. However, the treatments containing Na2SeO3 or (NH4)2SO4 significantly reduced the content of available Hg/MeHg in soil, reduced the accumulation of Hg/MeHg in maize tissues, and significantly reduced the possible health risks to human beings. The treatments containing Na2SeO3 or (NH4)2SO4 promoted maize growth by increasing the Se content in maize tissues and reducing the Hg/MeHg content, relieving the stress induced by Hg, and increasing the nutrient content. The combined treatment of Na2SeO3 and (NH4)2SO4 had the best effect in this experiment. This study also showed that this strategy is helpful in reducing the opportunities for consumers to accumulate Hg/MeHg by eating maize and its derivatives, thus ensuring food safety. Se and ammonium fertilizer can be used together to increase maize yield and develop agricultural production in Hg-polluted areas, which may have a significant impact on global food production. In addition, this simple method can help farmers manage soil affected by heavy metal pollution.

The influence of climatic factors on the effect of growth regulators in agrocenoses of spring barley

Relevance. In recent years, under the conditions of climate change, there has been a tendency to reduce the acreage of spring barley, reduce the quantity and quality of grain. From the point of view of ensuring the stability of gross grain harvests and ecology, it is necessary to manage the agrocenosis.Methods. The experiments were conducted in 2021–2024 agricultural years in the conditions of the Azov sea zone of the Rostov region. Objects of research: Leon spring barley variety and growth regulators “Artafit” (0.3 l/ha), “Biodux” (3 ml/ha), “Obereg” (60 ml/ha), “Trainer” (3 l/ha), “Fulvohumate” (0.4 l/ha).Results. The climatic conditions in 2024 were extreme in terms of low rainfall and high amounts of spring temperatures. The year 2023 was the most favorable from this point of view. The yield level correlates with the level of moisture in the spring period, the highest indicators were observed in 2023, and the lowest in 2024. In the current market conditions and annual price increases, unit production costs are increasing. Thus, in 2024, the cultivation of spring barley turned out to be unprofitable. Moreover, the use of biological products did not allow us to gain a plus. In 2022 and 2023, the use of the drug “Trainer” turned out to be unprofitable due to the high cost of the drug. “Biodux” and “Obereg” showed the highest profitability.

Application of 28.1 kDa Alginate Oligosaccharide Improves the Yield and Quality of Grain in Rice

AbstractWe conducted a phase‐wise study to evaluate the efficacy of the gamma ray‐produced oligosaccharides of alginate and chitosan in enhancing the yield in rice. Initially, we irradiated the dry powder of alginate and chitosan with 200–500 kGy dose of gamma ray to produce their oligosaccharides. Subsequently, we assessed efficiency of the aqueous solution (50–400 ppm) of these oligosaccharides to stimulate the growth in rice seedling. The elicitors which stimulated the seedling growth were later tested in the field for their ability to enhance the growth and yield in rice under six different treatment regimens. In the next two seasons we evaluated the elicitor and treatment regimen, which enhanced the yield and yield contributing factors, at a larger scale. The observations suggest that 200 ppm of alginate oligosaccharide (28.1 kDa) produced by 500 kGy of gamma ray enhances the yield in rice by 13% and improves the seed quality when sprayed during seedling, pre‐flowering and grain‐filling stages. Such treatment improves the overall growth and development of the plant, which probably enhances the yield and grain quality of the produce.

Variation in Grain Mineral Concentrations of 63 Common Bean Genotypes Planted at Malkerns, Eswatini, in Africa

ABSTRACTLow soil mineral concentrations are a major limitation to the nutritional quality of grain crops produced in Africa. As a result, 232 million people are suffering from microelement deficiency and 239 million from protein‐calorie malnutrition in Africa. This study evaluated the nutritional quality of common bean grain harvested from 63 genotypes planted at Malkerns in Eswatini. The results showed significantly marked differences in the concentrations of 10 dietarily important nutrient elements. Of the macronutrients, Na levels showed the highest variation (12.00–91.00 mg/g) among the 63 bean genotypes, followed by K (14.03–22.03 mg/g) and P (3.30–9.57 mg/g), with Mg (1.57–2.30 mg/g) and Ca (0.80–2.68 mg/g) concentrations exhibiting the least difference among the bean genotypes. Of the micronutrients, Fe levels revealed the highest variation (66.36–151.08 mg/kg), followed by Zn (23.57–70.72 mg/kg) and Mn (11.53–26.84 mg/kg), with B (10.06–17.65 mg/kg) and Cu (6.30–13.67 mg/kg) exhibiting relatively lower differences among the 63 common bean genotypes. However, genotype NUC 461 recorded the highest grain concentrations of P, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, and B, followed by DAB 155, which also revealed high levels of P, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, and Mn in its seeds. For improved human health and nutrition, the two bean genotypes would be the ideal candidates to recommend to commercial bean growers and resource‐poor farmers. However, the mechanisms underlying the greater accumulation of six to seven dietarily important nutrient elements by genotypes NUC 461 and DAB 155 remain to be determined.

Значение предшественников и минерального питания в формировании урожайности и качества ярового ячменя в Пермском крае

Abstract. The purpose is to evaluate the influence of previous culture and mineral nutrition on the yield and quality of grain and seeds of spring barley in the conditions of the Middle Urals. Methods. The research was conducted at the Perm Agricultural Research Institute (a branch of the Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences) over the period 2021–2023 on sod-podzolic heavy loam soil. A two-factor field experiment with different previous culture and mineral nutrition backgrounds was carried out. Data were processed using B. A. Dospekhov’s methods, and grain quality was determined using standard techniques. Results. The limiting factor affecting plant growth and productivity is soil moisture, which influences both the size and quality of crops. Studies have shown that the soil under vetch-oat mixtures had the highest level of productive moisture at the start of the growing season. However, by the end of the season, the highest level was found under clover. During the research period, the most significant decrease in soil moisture was observed after barley, possibly due to the smaller surface area covered by this crop. The study of barley seed germination showed that they met the required standards. Seeds grown after vetch-oat had the best germination rate (95 %), while those preceding barley had the worst (92 %). This suggests that choosing the right precursor and providing optimal nutrition can lead to increased yield and improved grain quality. The yield of barley can vary widely, ranging from 1.06 to 3.77 tons per hectare. The study results show that using vetch-oat as a precursor can provide the best indicators for barley yield and quality. The optimal combination of precursor and mineral nutrient background can significantly improve the efficiency of barley production in agriculture. Scientific novelty: The complex effect of fertilizers and precursor substances on the formation of barley productivity and quality is being studied in the Perm region for the first time. The methods of barley management and quality control studied allow for obtaining highly productive seeds and achieving the planned yield.

Применение озона в хранении и переработке зерна (обзор)

Green technologies are gaining popularity in agriculture and the food industry, including such areas as disinfection and detoxification of grain and its products. Ozonation is an effective disinfection procedure. However, scientific data on grain ozonation are scattered and incomplete. The article offers a review and a critical analysis of scientific publications that feature ozonation in grain processing and storage. The keyword search covered publications indexed in eLIBRARY.RU, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, MDPI, and Springer Link in 2013–2023. In grain storage and processing, ozonation serves as a green technology of disinfection and detoxification of raw materials and finished products. It increases storage life but does not affect human or animal health. Ozone proved to possess antimicrobial, fungicidal, and insecticidal properties. It was able to degrade mycotoxins and pesticides. The publications reviewed did not report any evidence that ozone reduces the quality of grain or bakery products. On the contrary, it disintegrated quickly, without developing any toxic compounds. Ozone treatment depends on many factors, e.g., raw material humidity, ozone concentration, treatment time, environmental pH and temperature, form of application, etc. In general, ozonation was reported to improve the quality of wheat flour and its products. However, rational variables require additional research. Ozonation of grain and its products was often described as cost-effective. Ozonation has the potential to find extensive application as a green technology that ensures disinfection and detoxification of grain raw materials and finished products, which also means good prospects for grain storage and processing.

Genetic diversity of naked barley accessions from the VIR collection for resistance to powdery mildew in the North-West Region of the Russian Federation

BACKGROUND: Barley is an important grain crop characterized by adaptability to various growing conditions. In recent years close attention has been paid to groups of naked barley which compared to covered barley is more susceptible to the influence of pathogens, that decreases the yield and quality of grain. Powdery mildew is the most harmful diseases of barley (caused by the biotrophic fungus Blumeria graminis (DC.) Golovin ex Speer f. sp. hordei Marchal). The search for new promising sources of resistance to powdery mildew is necessary for barley breeding. AIM: The aim is studying the powdery mildew resistance of naked spring barley accessions from the world collection of VIR and identifying promising sources for economically valuable traits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In field and laboratory conditions 271 of naked barley accessions of different ecological and geographical origin were studied for powdery mildew resistance and other economically valuable traits (lodging resistance, duration of the vegetative period, yield). The pathogen inoculum for laboratory work was represented by the north-western population of the pathogen. The resistance of barley samples was assessed in the field using the VIR point scale, in the laboratory using the E.B. Mains, S.M. Dietz point scale. The highly effective to powdery mildew resistance allele mlo11 was identified using PCR. RESULTS: The diversity of barley of different origins in resistance to powdery mildew is shown. 16 samples mainly from Europe, local forms from Ethiopia, Japan and India, were found to be resistant in field condition. According to the results of the assessment at the juvenile stage, 1 highly resistant sample k-31058 and 5 moderately resistant (k-20923, k-25801, k-27165, k-29911, k-30231) were identified. The naked forms k-20923 from Germany and k-29911 from Poland were resistant at all stages of plant development. The mlo11 allele was detected in the Arabische variety (k-20923) and heterogeneous pathogen resistance accessions k-20921, k-25793, k-27080, k-29440, k-29820. CONCLUSIONS: As a result of the work the sources of resistance to powdery mildew with a complex of economically valuable traits were identified, which can be involve in the breeding.

A study of the influence of the T2DL.2DS-2SS translocation and the 5S(5D) substitution from Aegilops speltoides on breeding-valuable traits of common wheat.

The use of the gene pool of wild relatives for expanding the genetic diversity of common wheat is an important task of breeding programs. However, the practical application of common wheat lines with alien genetic material is constrained by the lack of information on chromosomal rearrangements and the negative impact of the transferred material on agronomically important traits. This research is aimed at studying 14 introgression lines with the T2DL.2DS-2SS translocation and the 5S(5D) substitution from Aegilops speltoides obtained from crossing common wheat varieties (Aurora, Krasnodarskaya 99, Nika Kubani) with the genome-substituted form Avrodes (BBAASS). Hybrid lines with different combinations of T2DL.2DS-2SS and T1BL.1RS translocations and 5S(5D) substitution were characterized by resistance to leaf and yellow rusts, productivity components and technological qualities of grain. The assessment of the varieties' resistance to rust diseases showed that Krasnodarskaya 99, Nika Kubani and the Aurora variety, which is a carrier of the T1BL.1RS translocation, are highly susceptible to diseases, while the presence of the T2DL.2DS-2SS translocation and the 5S(5D) substitution, both together and separately, provides resistance to fungal pathogens. The analysis of the lines using markers designed for known resistance genes of Ae. speltoides did not reveal the presence of the Lr28, Lr35 and Lr51 genes in the lines. The results suggest that the genetic material of Ae. speltoides transferred to chromosomes 2D and 5D contains new resistance genes. To determine the effect of the T2DL.2DS-2SS translocation and the 5S(5D) substitution on the productivity and technological qualities of grain, the lines were assessed by weight of 1000 grains, grain weight and number of ears per 1 m2, by protein and gluten content, gluten quality and general baking evaluation. A positive effect was determined upon the weight of 1000 grains, protein and gluten content. There were no significant differences in other characteristics. The T2DL.2DS-2SS translocation and the 5S(5D) substitution did not have a negative effect on the productivity and technological quality of grain, and are of interest for breeding practice.

Revolutionizing Rice Grain Quality: A Holistic Review Integrating Conventional and Molecular Approaches

This review mainly focuses on the rice grain quality based on which rice varieties are distinguished into several quality classes like, physical quality, eating and cooking quality and nutritional quality. The rice breeding programme needs to focus on the development of nutrient-dense rice for value addition, helping in reducing malnutrition and Vitamin-A deficiency (VAD). There is enough scope to enhance the nutritional and cooking quality in small and medium grain rice germplasm by bringing them into the breeding programme through Fe and Zn and Vitamin-A biofortification, aided with molecular techniques. Many studies have been conducted to find out the quantitative trait locus (QTL) for enhancing the quality of grain. The QTL qBRR5 and qBRR3 are responsible for brown rice grain width and length found on chromosome 5 and on chromosome number 3, respectively and for head rice on chromosome number 1, 5, and 6. The QTLs present on chromosomes 3, 5, and 6 are responsible for head rice recovery, chalky appearance of rice grain as well as grain size and shape. The gene Wx, located on chromosome 6 linked with the QTL qAC6 regulate amylose content and gel consistency. The QTL SSIIa on chromosome 6, control both the amylopectin and gelatinization temperature. The QTLs for Fe and Zn content in rice grain are located on chromosome 2, 3, 8, 11 and 12. Development of “Golden rice” and innovations with Arabidopsis genes can significantly enhance β-carotene levels and address Vitamin-A deficiency, while RNAi techniques improve storage quality.

Fungal pathogens of mold of winter wheat grains in Rostov region

Long-term monitoring of the colonization of winter wheat grain by fungal mold pathogens that negatively affect the quality of grain during storage, reducing the quality of seed material, food grains and forage, showed that a high level of occurrence on the grain ofRostov winter wheat samples for the period 2014–2021 was manifested by mold fungiMucorspp.,Aspergillusniger,Aspergillusglaucus,Aspergillus flavus, species of the genusPenicillium.Relatively low occurrence was observed inRhizopus nigricansandCladosporium herbarumspecies.Mold pathogens are producers of the most dangerous mycotoxins: ochratoxinA(species ofPenicillium,Aspergillus niger,A. glaucus), aflotoxinB1 (A.flavus), rhizonins (Rhizopusspp.), etc.In the regions ofSouthernRussia, with severe drought in the soil and on the lower parts of plants, the accumulation of the fungusPenicillium purpureogenumis often noted, for some time it could become dominant.When restoring the level of moisture supply, a decrease in the occurrence ofP. purpureogenumwas observed, often to zero, and an increase in the occurrence of mucor fungi (Fusarium solani,F.semitectum), non-circulatingMycelia sterilia fungi, etc., a noticeable increase in the total density of fungal colonies.The highest level of external infection of grain was due to colonization of grain by fungi from thePenicilliumgroup, as well asA. glaucusandA. niger, the highest level of internal infection was caused by thePenicilliumgroup,Rhizopus nigricans,A. niger.The dominance of external infection over internal infection was observed during colonization by penicilli and aspergillus, the dominance of internal over external infection by rhizopus and cladosporium.

Níveis de CO2, quebra técnica e qualidade dos grãos de milho armazenados em diferentes condições

ABSTRACT The use of CO2 sensors has been reported as an effective tool in the early detection of signs of deterioration, allowing good accuracy in decision-making about the quality of stored grains. The objective of this study was to quantify the CO2 levels produced by maize grains stored at ambient temperature in a prototype silo, with initial moisture contents of 14, 16 and 18% w.b., and to evaluate the quality of the product over time and the technical breakage. Analyses of moisture content, ash, proteins, lipids, Hue Angle (color), germination and electrical conductivity were performed. Inside the silos, the amount of CO2, relative air humidity and temperature were monitored every hour. Grain quality evaluations were carried out at four storage times (0, 30, 60 and 90 days). A completely randomized design in a 3 × 4 factorial scheme with six replicates was used. Grains with higher moisture contents showed higher technical breakage and losses associated with CO2 emissions. Moisture content, protein, lipids, germination, bulk density, lightness and chroma decreased over time, while the electrical conductivity increased, resulting in greater damage to membranes and loss of quality of maize grains. Monitoring of CO2 in the grain mass is a good tool to assess the quality of grain, and higher initial moisture content caused greater level of CO2 emission and reduction in quality of maize grains.

Урожайность и качество зерна различных сотов пшеницы, выращенных в условиях черноземных почв Предволжья Республики Татарстан

The paper presents a comparative assessment of the yield and grain quality of spring soft wheat of various genotypes (varieties) in the conditions of chernozem soils of the Volga region of the Republic of Tatarstan. The research was conducted in 2022-2023 at Avangard LLC in the Buinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. Such varieties of spring soft wheat as Simbirzit, Yoldyz, Idelle, Balkysh, Alvaris, Ekada 109, Burlak and Arhat, which were zoned in the region, were tested. The seed qualities of the tested spring wheat varieties in both years of research were determined before sowing in the laboratory of the Buinsky MRO and the RO branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoznadzor for the Republic of Tatarstan" and they meet the requirements of GOST R52325-2005. In the conditions of 2022, the yield of various varieties of spring wheat fluctuated in a wide range (from 3.22 t/ha for the Simbirzit variety to 5.48 t/ha for the Arhat variety), on average, reaching the level of 3.97 t/ha for all varieties. In the dry year in 2023, the most important varieties were Ekada 109 – 3.41 t/ha, Alvaris – 3.50 and Arhat – 3.57 t/ha. The average yield for all varieties was 3.26 t/ha. On average, over 2 years, such varieties as Ekada 109 – 3.75 t/ha; Balkysh – 3.8; Alvaris – 4.02 and Arhat – 4.06 t/ha turned out to be the most productive. According to the data obtained in the laboratory of the Buinsky elevator, after determining the technological qualities of grain grown in 2022-2023 in the fields of Avangard LLC, it was revealed that in all tested varieties of spring soft wheat, the grain turned out to be suitable for baking in terms of the mass fraction of gluten – 21.0-24.3% and the IDC index – 81-92 units.

Влияние минеральных удобрений в различных сочетаниях на урожайность и качество зерна яровой мягкой пшеницы в условиях Предкамья Республики Татарстан

The results of two-year experiments to study the effect on the yield and grain quality of spring soft wheat of a full dose of mineral fertilizers in various combinations for pre-sowing cultivation, as well as foliar top dressing at a dose of N30 in the tillering and milk ripeness phase are reported. Fertilizers increased grain yield to varying degrees and had different effects on the technological qualities of grain. According to the grain yield of spring wheat of the Ulyanovsk 105 variety, on average for 2 years, the best options were: N90P90K30 (an increase of 3,6 t /ha) and N30P90K30 + N30 with top dressing in the tillering phase (an increase of 3,71 t/ha). According to the Tulaykovskaya Nadezhda variety, the best is the introduction of a complete mineral fertilizer (N30P90K30) with one and two top dressing (an increase in yield of 0,53 and 0,57 t/ha). Mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on grain quality in both varieties of spring wheat. The grain quality of the Ulyanovsk 105 variety is significantly improved under the influence of fertilizers. The vitreous content of the grain in the control was 52% in 2022 and 64% in 2023. In all variants with fertilizer, it is in the range of 60,0-79,0% in 2022 and 68,5-75,9% in 2023. In the Tulaykovskaya Nadezhda variety, the vitreous content of grain in 2022 increased from 45% in the control to 49 ...60% in other variants, and in 2023, respectively, from 57 to 60 ... 71%. The content of the mass fraction of gluten in the grain of the control variant in 2022 was 17,1%, protein 10,5%. The use of fertilizers contributed to an increase in the amount of gluten to 28,8%, protein to 11,6...13,8%. A similar situation was observed in 2023. The highest content of protein and gluten in the grain of the harvest of 2022 and 2023. it was observed in the variant with one and two nitrogen fertilizers (13,5...13,8% and 14,5...14,9%), 26,0...28,8 % and 33,0...33,6%, respectively.

Exploring Genetic Variability, Path Analysis and Divergence in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)

The grain crop known as sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], which belongs in the Poaceae family, is said to have evolved from Ethiopia or Sudan. This is a crucial crop for food security, especially within the tropical and semi-arid regions in African nations. By terms of long-term domestication and genetic diversity, this crop was native from Ethiopia. showed differences between the crop's cultivated and wild ancestors that gathered within the nation. Due to its enormous diversity of sorghum, which shows innate biological resistant to disease, dryness, and insects in addition to having large lysine content and excellent quality of grain, Ethiopia has become the world's top contributor of germplasm for the sorghum breeding programmes. Ethiopian landraces referred to as "zera zera" sorghum and the generations that sprang of those were used in ICRISAT along with other nations' contemporary sorghum breeding programmes for hybrids creation. Sorghum is at present Ethiopia's second most significant cereal crop after the tef with regard to of its combined area covered and productivity, which means it's used to make injera. Sorghum genotype from Ethiopia is varied and has responded to a variety of rainfall conditions and elevations. Plant breeding starts with the characterisation and recognition of sorghum seeds that offer desired features for improved genetics. When contrast with field trial evaluation, DNA-based molecular markers and PCR-based methods were most effective in characterising and identifying sorghum genotypes which offer desired features since they are unaffected by duration or climate. The most economical method of increasing sorghum production for many applications is genetic enhancement. Gaining more knowledge about sorghum's genetic diversity could be extremely beneficial for improving the crop in terms of quality of food along with other crucial agronomic characteristics. Sorghums from the Ethiopian Centre of Crop Diversity have a vast amount of genetic variety. To effectively gather and conserve this genetic variety before it is overrun and lost, some serious work is required.

Effect of Subsoiling on the Nutritional Quality of Grains of Maize Hybrids of Different Eras.

To achieve high maize (Zea mays L.) yields and quality grain, it is necessary to develop stress-resistant cultivars and related cultivation practices, aiming to maximize efficiency. Thus, our objectives were (i) to investigate the impact of tillage practices and maize hybrids (which have improved over time) on yield and its components, and (ii) to characterize the response pattern of maize hybrid grain nutrient quality components to subsoiling. To achieve this, we conducted field trials with five maize hybrids from different eras under two tillage practices: rotary tillage and subsoiling. We compared grain yield, nutritional quality, and other indicators across different tillage conditions from the 1970s to the 2010s. The main results of this study are as follows: under rotary tillage conditions, the 2010s hybrid (DH618) significantly increased yields (9.37-55.89%) compared to hybrids from the 1970s-2000s. After subsoiling, the physiologically mature grains of all hybrids exhibited minimal changes in crude protein and fat content, while there was a significant reduction in the total soluble sugar content of the grains. After subsoiling, there was a substantial 8.14 to 12.79 percent increase in total starch accumulation in the grain for all hybrids during the period of 47-75 days post-anthesis. Furthermore, during the period of 47-75 days after anthesis, the consumption of grain crude protein significantly contributed to the accumulation of total starch in the grains. Ultimately, subsoiling significantly increased the yield of each hybrid and enhanced the total grain starch content at physiological maturity of all hybrids, with the 2010s hybrid (DH618) performing exceptionally well.

Development of methodological approaches to assessing the technological properties of oat grain

The range of methods for assessing the quality of grain and its technological properties in cereal crops, of oat in particular, is extremely limited. The available methods are labor-intensive and not always sufficiently informative. The variety of modern processing methods dictates the necessity in searching for more universal and informative assessment methods. Cereal crop breeding also requires high-speed and low-cost methods for assessing grain quality. The present work is a methodological study that uses a limited set oat accessions from the genetic collection of VIR, differing by geographical origin and contrasting technological properties, with an aim of developing a new grain quality assessment method and testing new methods for analyzing technological properties. The resulting criteria are compared with each other and with more traditional indicators. New systems for assessing the technological properties of grain of naked and covered oat have been proposed. A new method of sedimentation analysis for cereal crops is proposed. The diversity of the oat protein complex is exemplified in the results of sedimentation analysis, and of the carbohydrate complex – in the results of its testing by a micro-visco-amylograph. The variety of interactions between oat grain storage substances and wheat material during joint processing is shown by assessing the rheological properties of the dough mixture using a farinograph. The obtained results can be recommended for the assessment for breeding purposes, as well as for obtaining complete information about the quality of oat grain for the purpose of its further processing.