Quality Diesel Research Articles

Diesel molecular composition and blending modeling based on SU-BEM framework

Diesel molecular compositional model has important application for diesel quality prediction, blending, and molecular-level process model development. In this paper, different types of diesel molecular compositional and blending models were constructed based on the SU-BEM framework. More than 1500 representative molecules were selected to form the molecular structure library. The probability density functions (PDFs) combination was determined by experimental data and experience. A quadratic optimization strategy combining genetic algorithm with local optimization algorithm was adopted to improve the accuracy of the compositional model. The model results show good agreement with the experimental data. The diesel blending model was constructed at the molecular-level based on the above diesel compositional models. The properties of the blending model accord with the experimental regulations. It is proved that the compositional models and blending model constructed have high accuracy and strong prediction capability, and are applicable to the industrial process.

Development and Validation of an EHN Mechanism for Fundamental and Applied Chemistry Studies

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Autoignition enhancing additives have been used for years to enhance the ignition quality of diesel fuel, with 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) being the most common additive. EHN also enhances the autoignition reactivity of gasoline, which has advantages for some low-temperature combustion techniques, such as Sandia’s Low-Temperature Gasoline Combustion (LTGC) with Additive-Mixing Fuel Injection (AMFI). LTGC-AMFI is a new high-efficiency and low-emissions engine combustion process based on supplying a small, variable amount of EHN into the fuel for better engine operation and control. However, the mechanism by which EHN interacts with the fuel remains unclear. In this work, a chemical-kinetic mechanism for EHN was developed and implemented in a detailed mechanism for gasoline fuels. The combined mechanism was validated against shock-tube experiments with EHN-doped n-heptane and HCCI engine data for EHN-doped regular E10 gasoline. Simulations showed a very good match with experiments.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">EHN chemistry fundamentals were also studied. Under LTGC-AMFI engine conditions, EHN generates NO<sub>2</sub>, formaldehyde and a combination of ~85% 3-heptyl and ~15% 1-butyl radical and butoxy diradical. Results show that the 3-heptyl and 1-butyl radicals are responsible for the autoignition-enhancing effect of EHN. Each mole of these radicals rapidly generates 2 moles of OH, which accelerate the low-temperature chemistry of the fuel, increasing its reactivity. The effects of the operating conditions on the effectiveness of EHN to increase the autoignition reactivity of the fuel were also studied. EHN’s effectiveness for increasing the autoignition reactivity is highest in the low-temperature regime, and it decreases as the temperature increases. EHN’s effectiveness to increase autoignition reactivity decreases with the combination of intake-pressure boost and EGR for typical engine operation. The effect of EHN on autoignition reactivity increases as equivalence ratio increases, enhancing the fuel’s φ-sensitivity. Therefore, with fuel stratification, EHN’s larger enhancement of autoignition reactivity for richer regions makes stratification techniques more effective.</div></div>

Quality of automobile gasoline and diesel fuel on the Ukrainian market

Quality of automobile gasoline and diesel fuel on the Ukrainian market

Experimental studies on the influence of diesel quality and additive for fuel on the smoke emission of diesel cars

The paper presents experimental determinations that highlight the substantial reduction of smoke in the exhaust gases for a car with a diesel engine with pollution norm Euro 4 in the case of using OMV MaxxMotion diesel and Super Diesel additive from Liqui Moly. For the load determinations when running on a horizontal road (by simulation on the chassis dynamometer V-Tech Dyno VT-2/B1), in case of using diesel with CN55 and Super Diesel additive from Liqui Moly, was found a smoke reduction of up to almost 50%, the larger reductions being at speeds above 110 km/h, which indicates a substantial reduction in smoke when running in extra-urban mode. At the same time, only the superior quality of diesel with cetane number 55 compared to that with cetane number 51, led to better combustion, so that the smoke emission was reduced by up to 33% at high speeds, this reduction being quite important up to 27% for lower speeds below 90 km/h.

Hydrodeoxygenation of fatty acid over La-modified HZSM5 for premium quality renewable diesel production

In the present study, a series of La-HZSM5 catalysts were prepared through wet impregnation and investigated for the production of premium quality diesel fuel via hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of oleic acid (OA). Several parameters were evaluated, such as reaction temperature (360–400 °C), H2 pressure (1–5 MPa), La concentration (5–20%), catalyst loading (1–7 wt%), and reaction time (1–4 h). At a reaction of 400 °C for 2 h under 5 MPa H2 pressure, the La(10)HZSM5(90) catalyst showed 97% hydrocarbon yield with 92% of diesel selectivity. The superior HDO activity by La(10)HZSM5(90) in producing high quality diesel is due to a sufficient number of weak + medium acid sites and its mesoporous structure. Vacuum distillation was complementary for producing high quality diesel fractions consisting of C17 fractions. The reusability of the La(10)HZSM5(90) catalyst was also demonstrated, though the catalyst still had coking activity.

Non-catalytic desulfurization of model diesel using synthesized biodegradable ionic liquid

ABSTRACT The conventional processes generally used by petroleum refineries for eradication of sulfur compounds from diesel, namely, diesel hydrotreating is associated with the problem of high cost in terms of energy consumption, catalyst regeneration, etc. The present work has spotted a diesel desulfurization process at ambient temperature (25°C) without using any catalyst. Solvent extraction was applied to eliminate heterocyclic sulfur compounds from model diesel using a novel ionic liquid, which was synthesized from basic raw materials and characterized by common techniques like Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A preliminary biodegradation study of the synthesized ionic liquid revealed 49.98% biodegradability after 35 days. The compounds present in the synthesized ionic liquid are 1,3-diethyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-3-ium acetate ([Etim][OAc]), 1,3-diethyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium ([Eiim][OAc]), and 1-ethyl-3-methyl-3H-pyrazol-1-ium acetate ([EMpim][OAc]). The maximum desulfurization efficiency was 99.09% for dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 97.94% for thiophene using a solvent to feed ratio of 1:1 and applying a stirring time of 60 minutes. The quality of the model diesel has been checked with respect to flash point, aniline point, diesel index, and cetane index both pre- and post-desulfurization.

Pengujian Kualitas Solar dan Statistik Control Mutu di Laboratorium Pusat Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia Minyak dan Gas Bumi Cepu, Jawa Tengah

Solar merupakan jenis bahan bakar yang berasal dari minyak untuk mesin-mesin diesel. Jaminan mutupengujian bahan bakar solar telah dilakukan menggunakan metode statistik control mutu yaitu InternalQuality Control (IQC). Pengujian kualitas solar dilakukan berdasarkan batas spesifikasi minyak solarCN 48 yang mengikuti American Standard Testing and Material (ASTM). Hasil uji analisis jaminanmutu pengujin solar dengan beberapa parameter IQC (Internal Quality Control) telah memenuhispesifikasi solar CN 48.

Development and experimental validation of reactor kinetic model for catalytic cracking of eugenol, a potential bio additive fuel blend

Abstract An integrated kinetic model representing catalytic cracking of eugenol in a fixed bed reactor is developed. Eugenol, a major component of clove oil can act as the most potential bio additive fuel for improving the diesel quality thereby reducing the exhaust emission of the engine. The proposed integrated model includes four lump kinetic model which is plugged with catalyst deactivation model. The reactor design parameters are also included in the integrated model. The effectiveness of the proposed integrated model is compared with the conventional kinetic models and the results are presented. The proposed integrated model is validated against the real time data obtained by conducting an experiment in a real time setup with MoS2(Ni2P) Al-SBA-15(10) as the catalyst. The advantages of the proposed integrated model are highlighted.

Derived and optimized mathematical model to estimate the rate constants of adsorption, desorptionand sulphur content based on physical properties of diesel using bio waste of coconut

The novelty of this work represents in three main points. First, improved the quality of diesel fuel using bio-waste of coconut to produce modified ash activated carbon. The modified ash activated carbon is applied as an adsorbent to remove sulfur contain from diesel fuel to develop high quality diesel. The experimental depends on three hybrid treatments, namely; physical, chemical and mechanical. Among the noticeable achievements is that the rate of Sulphur adsorption is raised to about 37% without using any chemical reaction. The fixed bottom technology that is utilized in this work is adopted and tuned to deliver an environmentally friendly process, where the absorption of toxic gases is reduced leading to safer fuel utilization and therefore less pollution. Second, estimated physical properties of diesel are changing with the treatment time of diesel fuel to make active interaction with sulfur content. Third, employing the modified mathematical model to estimate and optimize the effect of the rate constants of adsorption and desorption of modified ash activated carbon on the concentration of solute for four treatments of physical and mechanical, water, solvent and carbonate potassium treatments are 4.128, 11.905, 2.061 and 2.06 respectively. Outcomes that obtained from mathematical model are compared with experimental results and a high degree of accuracy obtained for four treatments of physical and mechanical, water, solvent and carbonate potassium treatments are 89.69%, 91.998%, 90.979% and 91.15% respectively. Newton Raphson is optimizing technique applied to determine the optimal values of rate constants adsorption of the modified ash activated carbon for sulfur to increase the accuracy of the mathematical model for physical and mechanical, water, solvent and carbonate potassium treatments are 95.698%, 98.944%, 96.955% and 98.898% respectively. Still, further studies are required to accentuate with the results of this study using this new technique.

Investigating the Effects of Pentanol and Biodiesel Blends on the Performance and Emission Characteristic of Compression Ignition Engine

Emissions from use of fossil fuels have consistently posed significant threat to the environment and wellbeing of man. This has prompted several studies aimed at finding solution to the emissions and their effects. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of adding pentanol and biodiesel from Moringa Oleifera seed to pure diesel content of 70% by volume. pentanol and biodiesel make up the remaining 30 percent by volume and were also varied, with pentanol percentage being increased from 2 percent to 8 percent so as to carefully monitored the effects of adding pentanol while the Moringa oleifera biodiesel made up the balance for the 30%. These blends were labelled according to the percentage composition of biodiesel and pentanol (B28P2, B26P4, B24P6, B24P6, and B22P8). The physicochemical properties of all blends such as viscosity, density, pour point, acid value and iodine value determined. From the result of the engine performance and emission tests, B24P6 blend has been noted to have the best engine performance parameters, haven shown the best engine brake power of 19.787 kW, and with the highest engine brake thermal efficiency of 19.78%.While in term of engine emission, B22P8 blend, have the lowest Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission, with a value of 82.4994 ppm which is about 3% lower than that of pure diesel, while B26P4 have the lowest carbon monoxide (CO) emission among all the samples tested with value of 6.1556 ppm which is about 58% lower than that of Petro diesel. However, blends appeared to have good brake mean effective pressure except for B22P8 which have the lowest BMEP, that’s about 2.8% lower than that of Petro diesels. Conclusively, the addition of Moringa oleifera biodiesel with pentanol improved the diesel quality, yielding good improvement in engine performance and emission.
 Keywords: Diesel, biodiesel, pentanol, biofuel blends, Moringa oleifera seed, engine emissions

Long-term Planning of the Fuel System in Indonesia using Optimization

Biofuel has been considered as an option to substitute petroleum fuels and reduce dependence of fossil fuel importation and greenhouse gasess emissions. Current Indonesia’s biofuel blending mandates are cannot achieved due to technical, price and financial aspects. The objectives of the study are to obtain the optimum fuel supply mix by considering the fuel quality standard, production capacity and resource availability. Long-term fuel system optimization by minimum total system cost up to 2050 is carried out using TIMES-VEDA. The results showed that if goverment does not upgrade the quality of diesel up to EURO 4 and adapted EURO fuel specification with adjustment, the optimal fuel supply mix are FAME 50%-Diesel 50% in 2020-2030 and mix of FAME 47%-HVOSMR 53% in 2035-2050. For adapted EURO specification with adjustment except the sulphur content has fuel supply mix of HVOSMR 30%-Diesel 70% in 2020, FAME 20%-Diesel 80% for 2025-2030 and FAME 47%-HVOSMR 53% for 2035-2050. For gasoline, the optimum supply mix is Ethanol 5%-Gasoline 95% in 2020 and Ethanol-Ethanol2G 20%-Gasoline 80% in the 2025-2050. The utilization of biofuels can reduce the diesel and gasoline consumption for about 67-79% and 19% and reduce carbon intensity by 65-78% and 27%, respectively.

РЕШЕНИЕ ЗАДАЧИ МНОГОКРИТЕРИАЛЬНОГО ВЫБОРА ВАРИАНТА РЕКОНСТРУКЦИИ УСТАНОВОК ГИДРООЧИСТКИ ДИЗЕЛЬНОГО ТОПЛИВА

The article describes a diesel fraction hydrofining plant as a rather complex object of management where an important criterion is the optimal resource management of the processes of technological units. This implies maintaining the optimal mode for regulation of the main parameters of the plants, which determine the output product quality. Under inadequate temperature and pressure values, as well as other insufficient operating parameters, the sulfur content in the raw material increases and the cost of the output product decreases. There are several types of hydrofining plants on the Russian market, each of them shows high operating efficiency under different modes. An iterative-fragmentary approach for developing a model of multifactor preferences for selecting the efficient hydrofining plants with optimal modes has been proposed. The results of hydrofining plants processing the different concentrations of sulfur in the raw material and different amounts of the raw material per year were taken as the initial data. Testing of the plants chosen for the study was carried out under different power loads for the raw materials, volumetric feed rates, tempera-ture and hydrogen-containing gas circulation. The optimal choice of the hydrofining plant model and its operating parameters guarantees the high quality of diesel fuel.

The mathematical model of producing winter diesel fuel (including logistic costs)

The authors reviewed the statistics of winter diesel fuel consumption in the Russian Federation for 2000–2017, revealed a positive growth rate. On this fact, the relevance of the study was substantiated. The complexity and importance of the refining process leads to the need for digitalization of oil refineries. The object of the study is obtaining winter diesel fuel, taking into account transport costs. The subject of the study is digitalization of the oil refining process on the base of constructing the mathematical model for obtaining winter diesel fuel, taking into account delivery costs. Main research methods: retrospective data analysis, synthesis, comparison, linear programming methods. The authors considered two stages of winter diesel fuel production: dewaxing a mixture of stages of hydrocarbon raw materials on zeolite and subsequent compounding. For each stage, the authors compiled a system of equations describing the process. The authors also compiled a target function for obtaining winter diesel fuel, taking into account the costs of receiving and delivering. The obtained mathematical model can be used to ensure the required quality of winter diesel fuel (in terms of sulfur content, density and flash point).

Investigation of the environmental characteristics of a diesel engine when operating on activated fuel

The internal combustion engine is the most widespread source of energy for vehicles. The main requirements for an internal combustion engine include: the efficiency of functioning as part of a vehicle, high performance indicators, as well as environmental parameters of the emission of exhaust gases into the environment. The fulfillment of these conditions is possible by improving the design of the engine, as well as improving the working process of the diesel engine while increasing the quality of diesel fuel or additional impact directly on the fuel itself. One of the most effective ways to influence diesel fuel is to transfer a certain amount of heat to it in the high-pressure fuel line in front of the injectors. At the same time, the physical and mechanical properties of diesel fuel change, which leads to a change in mixture formation and the combustion process in the engine cylinder. To intensify the combustion process, a method of preliminary high-temperature local heating of diesel fuel in the fuel supply system in front of the injectors was proposed. To achieve this goal, several main directions were identified, including the study of environmental indicators during the intensification of the combustion process. The tests were carried out in stages. At the first stage, the operation of the fuel injector when operating on activated fuel (bench, laboratory tests) was investigated. At the next stage, the indicators of the diesel engine in the main modes of its operation were investigated. Bench (laboratory) tests made it possible to draw a conclusion about the operability and compliance of the aggregate with the technical requirements of the manufacturer and the parameters of GOST. The bench tests proved the possibility of a diesel engine running on activated fuel without deteriorating environmental performance in the exhaust gases; at the same time, changes in the toxicity and smoke of the exhaust gases from different values of the average effective pressure were revealed.

Problems of water separation from diesel fuel

This study presents the effect of water on the quality of diesel fuel, including the chemical effects of its presence in the fuel. The issues of purifying diesel fuel from water (i.e. its separation from fuels) with the currently used filtering materials were analysed. The possibilities of improving the efficiency of the water pollution removal process through the use of filters made of graphene materials were presented, based on tests performed for other types of fuels. Additionally, the bactericidal properties of graphene compounds were indicated, which show the ability to eliminate a microbial contamination of fuels occurring in the presence of water. Keywords: diesel fuel, water separation, graphene filters, fuel filtration

CORRECTION OF PROPERTIES OF MODERN DIESEL FUELS USING ADDITIVES

Creation of high quality diesel fuels for internal combustion engines that meet stringent operational and environmental requirements is currently an urgent task. The most rational way to improve the performance characteristics of diesel fuel, its environmental properties, as well as to reduce losses during its storage, is to use polyfunctional additives. Requirements for the structure of polyfunctional additives are formulated. It is shown that their stabilizing and protective effects are the higher, the greater the value of the dipole moment and total electron density on heteroatoms. Amides and esters of higher aliphatic acids, synthesized from renewable diesel raw materials, as well as molecules of azo compounds including aromatic fragments and electron-donating functional groups, are promising multifunctional additives to diesel fuel.

DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL FUEL RESOURCE AUTOTRACTOR DIESEL EQUIPMENT BY MATHEMATICAL MODELING WITH METHOD APPLICATION SMALL DEVELOPMENTS

The reliability of automotive internal combustion engines is a function of the reliability of their mechanisms and systems. For many years, domestic and foreign engineers have tested many auto-tractor internal combustion engines and it has been proven that if mathematical models reliably describe physical phenomena, cycles or processes that take place in engines, then the theory of small deviations for theoretical research is much better than any experiment on control characteristics and many second parameters The theory of small deviations for fuel equipment of autotractor diesel engines is considered in the article. The method of transition from the ordinary differential equations describing the quality of diesel fuel spraying to the equations in small deviations. Equation of kinematics and hydrodynamics of precision pairs of fuel equipment in small deviations. Consumption characteristics of fuel in the process of injection in small deviations. Methods of similarity, dimension theory, mathematical statistics, and probability theory, which are used in determining the resource and predicting the operation of tractor engines. It is shown that the most practically accepted method for determining the residual life of autotractor engines is the method of mathematical statistics and probability theory. The role of mathematical modeling in determining the residual life of fuel equipment of autotractor diesel engines is established. It is also noted that it is advisable to use the small deviation method to accurately describe the processes in the fuel equipment of autotractor diesel engines. The mathematical model is based on the known physical laws that describe the interdependencies of the two groups of parameters, control and operational, both within and between groups. The transition of the classical differential equations describing the processes of fuel supply and injection, taking into account fuel leaks in precision pairs, into equations with small deviations of parameters, is shown. The relationship between injection, fuel supply and fuel leakage is analyzed and the most influential parameters found. Impact coefficients are found and their dependencies are plotted on their corresponding parameters. Using the obtained dependencies, the influence of the technical condition of precision pairs on the effective performance of the engine is characterized. Dependences of change of injection characteristics on small deviations of parameters characterizing the technical condition of precision pairs of fuel equipment are also established.

Catalytic Pyrolysis of Waste Engine Oil over Y Zeolite Synthesized from Natural Clay

Cheap alumino-silicate materials such as clay materials and Y zeolite were selected for the catalytic pyrolysis of waste engine oil in a fixed bed reactor. A cheaper route of Y zeolite synthesis involving hydrothermal activation of the raw clay and hydrothermal synthesis was employed. X-ray diffraction technique, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infra-red, and nitrogen desorption method were used to characterize the intermediate phases formed during the hydrothermal treatment of the clay and the synthesized Y zeolite during the hydrothermal processes. The chemical compositions of the liquid phase of catalytic pyrolysis were characterized by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC–MS). The results revealed that the alkaline concentration strongly influenced the activation of the raw clay to obtain a useful phase for the subsequent synthesis of the Y zeolite. The synthesis improved the surface area from 29 m2/g for the clay to 745 m2/g for the zeolite. The catalytic pyrolysis resulted in diesel fractions of 64.8 and 54.7%, respectively for the Y zeolite and the clay. It was observed that the gasoline fractions increased to 20.5 and 19.1%, respectively for the zeolite and the clay. In the diesel fraction, the zeolite selectively improved the yield of the cyclo-alkanes which are key constituents in terms of the quality of diesel. Y zeolite was successfully derived from a natural clay and tested in the pyrolysis of waste engine oil. The synthesis route provides the opportunity to improve the catalytic property of the natural clay.

The role of ZnO in reactive desulfurization of diesel over ZnO@Zeolite Y: Classification, preparation, and evaluation

A series of metal oxides (CuO, ZnO, CeO2)-modified zeolite Y nanocomposites were successfully synthesized via procedure comprising (i) ion-exchange (ii) precipitation and (iii) calcination method. Structural analysis of the products confirmed the nanoscale formation of nanocomposites. This study focused on hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of crude oil fraction (isodiesel) in a single reactor loaded with nanocomposites of metal oxide with high specific area and high reactivity under various operating factors such as temperature (350–390 °C), pressure (1–4 MPa), catalyst dosage (0.7–1.3 g) and weight hour space velocity (1–2 h−1) to achieve high quality of diesel. Nanocomposites could efficiently reduce sulfur compound concentration from 2000 ppm to less than 10 ppm according Euro-5 standard. High levels of sulfur compounds (98%) were removed using ZnO-zeolite Y nanocomposite under determined conditions (1 g catalyst, H2/oil mole ratio = 500, LHSV = 1 h−1, temperature = 370 °C). We could recycle ZnO-zeolite Y, 5 times without a significant decrease in catalyst activity that is useful for industrial application. Furthermore, Power Low model confirms that the HDS reaction is irreversible in fixed-bed reactor.

Production of renewable diesel from Jatropha curcas oil via pyrolytic-deoxygenation over various multi-wall carbon nanotube-based catalysts

Jatropha curcas is a highly toxic plant that produces seed containing viscous oil with productivity (2 ton/ha), it grows in tropical and sub-tropical regions and offer greater adaptability to a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. Its oils have been noted as an important alternative to produce green diesel via deoxygenation reaction. This study, deoxygenation of jatropha curcas oil (JCO) was carried out over NiO–Fe2O3 and NiO–ZnO catalysts that supported onto multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). It had found that high Fe and Zn dosages were ineffective in deoxygenation and greatest activity was observed on NiO(20) Fe2O3(5)/MWCNT catalyst. Structure-activity correlations revealed that low metal loading, large density of weak + medium acidic sites and strong basic sites play key role in enhancing the catalytic activities and n-(C15+C17) selectivity. Comparing carbon nanostructures and carbon micron size supported NiO-Fe2O3 revealed that green diesel obtained from NiO–Fe2O3/MWCNT catalysed deoxygenation had the highest heating value and the lowest amounts of oxygen content. Thereby, it confirmed the importance of carbon nanostructure as the catalyst support in improving the diesel quality. Considering the high reusability of NiO-Fe2O3/MWCNT (6 consecutive runs) and superior green diesel properties (flash point, cloud properties and cetane index) demonstrated the NiO–Fe2O3/MWCNT catalyst offers great option in producing excellent properties of green diesel for energy sector.