Quality Classes Research Articles

Optical Genome Mapping for Chromosomal Aberrations Detection-False-Negative Results and Contributing Factors.

Optical genome mapping (OGM) has been known as an all-in-one technology for chromosomal aberration detection. However, there are also aberrations beyond the detection range of OGM. This study aimed to report the aberrations missed by OGM and analyze the contributing factors. OGM was performed by taking both GRCh37 and GRCh38 as reference genomes. The OGM results were analyzed in blinded fashion and compared to standard assays. Quality control (QC) metrics, sample types, reference genome, effective coverage and classes and locations of aberrations were then analyzed. In total, 154 clinically reported variations from 123 samples were investigated. OGM failed to detect 10 (6.5%, 10/154) aberrations with GRCh37 assembly, including five copy number variations (CNVs), two submicroscopic balanced translocations, two pericentric inversion and one isochromosome (mosaicism). All the samples passed pre-analytical and analytical QC. With GRCh38 assembly, the false-negative rate of OGM fell to 4.5% (7/154). The breakpoints of the CNVs, balanced translocations and inversions undetected by OGM were located in segmental duplication (SD) regions or regions with no DLE-1 label. In conclusion, besides variations with centromeric breakpoints, structural variations (SVs) with breakpoints located in large repetitive sequences may also be missed by OGM. GRCh38 is recommended as the reference genome when OGM is performed. Our results highlight the necessity of fully understanding the detection range and limitation of OGM in clinical practice.

Convolutional neural networks for quality and species sorting of roundwood with image and numerical data

Roundwood sorting is still a manual process in many Swiss sawmills, requiring employees to visually inspect and categorize thousands of logs per day. The heavy workload can be both physically and mentally taxing and can lead to increased rates of human error. State-of-the-art automation systems like X-ray log scanners are expensive and difficult to integrate into existing process lines. This paper proposes a novel recommendation system that leverages recent advances in image classification to automate roundwood classification by quality and species. The system integrates a camera to capture cross-sectional images of logs and record numerical data, such as length, taper, and diameter. The analysis of the resulting dataset highlights the challenges of data imbalance and noise, which makes classification difficult and, in some cases, impossible. However, by using selected datasets with reduced noise, state-of-the-art Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) can extract quality and species features. Quality models learn from a manually selected and simplified dataset, featuring samples that experts can clearly classify based on the image’s information. Species models are trained on a label-noise-reduced dataset, reflecting real-world complexity. The accuracy on the selected dataset for three quality classes is 80%. The species determination is less challenging and reaches 91% accuracy on a synchronized dataset for the main species spruce and fir. Overall, this paper highlights the potential of Machine Learning in augmenting the roundwood sorting processes and presents a novel system that can improve the efficiency and accuracy of the process.

Monitoring subtropical aquatic ecosystems: evaluating the use of Trophic State Indices (TSI) and Aquatic Life Protection (API) as baseline indices by monitoring an urban reservoir in southeastern Brazil.

The use of indices is recommended for continuous monitoring and assessment of aquatic ecosystems, as they summarize the technical complexity of the results of multiple analyzes performed and translate these results into quality classes that reflect the actions taken and indicate ways to recover and conserve the resources. Environmental trophic state indices provide information on how nutrients, light availability and other factors promote the development of algal biomass and contribute to increased enrichment status of aquatic systems. Lamparelli's Trophic State Index (TSI) distinguishes between lentic (lower phytoplankton productivity) and lotic (higher phosphorus concentrations and lower chlorophyll-a concentrations) environments. The Aquatic Life Protection Index (ALPI) reflects water quality based on the trophic state of the environment, determines the degree of toxicity to biota and indicates deficiencies in variables and conditions essential for the protection of aquatic life. The indices were applied to a long data series to monitor the Guarapiranga Reservoir, an urban reservoir in the state of São Paulo in southeastern Brazil, which suffers from the urbanization of its surroundings and the discharge of domestic wastewater. The evaluation of the time series from 1978 to 2021 using these indices showed a deterioration in the trophic status and conservation of aquatic life in the reservoir and in one of its tributaries. Considering that the joint assessment of the two indices provides an approach to environmental conservation, their long-term use reflected changes and impacts on the environment and showed the best-preserved sites. Both indices are suitable for application in a baseline network in subtropical environments. They can pinpoint locations for better monitoring and are sensitive to environmental changes.

EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL INDICATORS OF ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE IN THE LOWER DANUBE BASIN

The article explores the nature and trends of hydrochemical parameter connection and changes in the Lower Danube basin. The research examines nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, dissolved oxygen, and biochemical oxygen demand as indicators of anthropogenic influence and surface water quality alterations. The study was conducted between 2015 and 2023 at three sampling points: the Reni and Vilkovo water intakes on the Danube River and the Yalpuh Reservoir, which is connected to the Danube. The study employed mathematical statistics approaches. The research established changes in annual median values, investigated correlation links between chemical components by Spearman correlation, and implemented factor analysis by minimizing residuals. A spatiotemporal analysis of chemical components indicative of anthropogenic impact on the Lower Danube surface water revealed notable changes in the basin during 2019-2021. These changes were manifested as a sharp increase in ammonium concentrations and phosphate growth since 2020-2021, an abnormal decrease in dissolved oxygen concentration in 2019, a decrease in BOD within Yalpuh to the Danube BOD level, and a shift in trends from decreasing to increasing for nitrites. The water quality class also changed. Currently, the Danube River water is of the third quality class for nitrates, phosphates, and ammonium. In the Yalpuh Reservoir, it is of the 2nd class for nitrogen compounds and the 3rd class for phosphates. Two principal groups of chemical components are identified based on their underlying causes and sources, as revealed by correlation and factor analysis. A consistent relationship is observed between ammonium and phosphates across all monitoring sites, suggesting their role as pollutants entering surface waters via wastewater discharge and agricultural runoff and representing the main anthropogenic impact factor. The Danube River displays a specific relationship between nitrates and dissolved oxygen, reflecting the seasonal fluctuations in their concentrations and their underlying causes of changes, which stem from both anthropogenic and natural processes.

Thermodynamic substantiation of ecological-physiological modeling

The forest ecosystem is a classical example of an open system. Its behavior can only be described within the framework of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. The fundamental concept of thermodynamics is the entropy of a system. According to the second law of thermodynamics, the entropy of closed systems takes on the maximum possible value when it reaches an equilibrium state. But in open systems, one can speak of a change in entropy. In ecosystems, the entropies change is represented as the sum of two terms. One term expresses the change in entropy within the system, and the other one is responsible for the connection with the environment. In the work, based on the definition of entropy through the thermodynamic probability of the system (the static weight of the system), a relation was obtained to determine the statistical weight of the forest ecosystem. The statistical weight has determined through the maximum value of biomass achieved during the growth of the stand. As a result, a differential equation has obtained for finding the stand biomass. The analytical solution of the equation is the basis for constructing a basic model of the growth dynamics of a single-species stand. The model was verified for a complete (normal) pine stand of the first five quality classes (1b, 1a, 1, 2, 3). The evaluation of the modeling quality was carried out using the dimensionless Nash-Sutcliffe criterion and showed a very good description of forestry data by the proposed model.

EFFICIENCY OF PRE-SOWING APPLICATION OF COMPLEX FERTILIZERS IN TECHNOLOGY OF GROWS OF WINTER WHEAT SOFT

The article presents the results of research on theoretical substantiation and formation of yield and grain quality of winter wheat in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine, depending on the pre–sowing application of a new type of fertilizers with prolonged action in the technology of pre–sowing application of winter wheat. The purpose of the study was to establish the effectiveness of the use of new fertilizers in different formulations, which were applied during the sowing of winter wheat, compared to the absolute control and the option, which was chosen as a production control – with the introduction of nitroamophoska. The research was conducted during 2019/2020–2021/2022 in the scientific laboratories and stationary crop rotation of the department of plant breeding at the VP NUBiP of Ukraine "Agronomic Research Station", which is located in the Fastiv district, of the Kyiv region. In the experiments, a high–yielding, medium–early ripening winter wheat variety of MIP Valencia was sown. Sowing was carried out in the second decade of September, the sowing rate was 5 million similar seeds per 1 ha. The predecessor was soybean. The experiment was carried out in quadruplicate. The registered area of the site is 50 m2. To establish the effectiveness of the new types of DoraSOP fertilizers, a two–factor field experiment was conducted: factor A – the type of fertilizers (Actibion, Phos, Elite), factor B – the rate of fertilizer application (80; 100; 120 kg/ha physical weight). As a result of the conducted research, the parameters and regularity of the formation of elements of the crop structure were established. With the introduction of Actibion, Phos, Elite fertilizers in all the years of our research, a greater differentiation of grains in the ear was established compared to absolute control and zonal control. The number of grains in an ear when fertilizers were applied increased by 17–50% compared to the control variant. The mass of grain from an ear in the control version was 0.74 g. In the zonal control version, it was 0.97 g in Actibion 125 versions – 1.29 g; Phos – 1.05–1.11 g; Elite – 1.20 –1.22 g. The weight of 1,000 grains is influenced by the weather conditions of the year and the provision of moisture during the period of formation and pouring of grains. The highest indicators of the mass of 1000 grains were noted in the versions using Dorasop – Actibion fertilizers – 42.4–44.1 g.; Phos – 39.0 – 41.5 g; Elite – 42.5–43.0 g. The highest yield among the studied options was obtained in the options with Actibion application, and was 6.51–6.79; Elite – 6.24–6.58; Phos – 5.11–5.56 t/ha, yield in control – 3.17, production control – 4.88 t/ha. The use of fertilizers had a positive effect on the formation of quality indicators of wheat grain. The protein content in grain when Actibion fertilizers were used increased to 13.6–13.8%, in the control variant – 11.1%, and in the production control – 13.5%. The application of Elite provided a protein content of 13.5 to 13.7%. The maximum indicators of crude gluten content were noted in variants with the use of Actibion fertilizers of 23.6 – 24.6%, slightly lower indicators were formed when using Elite – 23.6 – 24%, production control formed indicators of crude gluten at the level of 24.3%, which corresponds to the 2nd quality class. Variants using Phos post–sowing fertilizer – 19.4 – 20.0%, respectively, 3rd quality class. Even lower indicators of the amount of gluten were in the control version without application of post–sowing fertilizer – 17.5%. Conducted complex studies of DoraSOP fertilizers on winter wheat crops, made it possible to draw conclusions about the high efficiency of fertilizers. Fertilizers have a prolonged effect, are characterized by a low rate of application, surpass the production control, which was significantly higher in terms of the total application of the active substance of macroelements. The effectiveness of all types of fertilizers depends significantly on weather conditions, in particular the amount of precipitation.

ҚАЗАҚСТАН РЕСПУБЛИКАСЫНЫҢ СОЛТҮСТІК ӨҢІРІНІҢ ЖОҒАРҒЫ ТОБЫЛ ЖӘНЕ ҚАРАТОМАР СУ ҚОЙМАЛАРЫНЫҢ СУЛАРЫНДА ПЕСТИЦИДТЕР, ХЛОРОРГАНИКАЛЫҚ ҚОСЫЛЫСТАР ЖӘНЕ ОРГАНИКАЛЫҚ ТОКСИКАНТТАРДЫҢ ҚҰРАМЫН КЕШЕНДІ БАҒАЛАУ

The article presents the results of comprehensive studies of the Verkhnetobol and Karatomar reservoirs in Kazakhstan, focusing on the content of pesticides, organochlorides, and organic toxicants such as phenol, petroleum products, and surfactants. Various organochlorine pesticides (alpha, beta, and gamma isomers of HCH, heptachlor, DDT, DDE, DDD, aldrin, hexachlorobenzene, lindane, 2,4-D) were analyzed, as well as levels of bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, benz(a)pyrene, atrazine, simazine, phenol, formaldehyde, and surfactants. Laboratory studies were conducted according to state, interstate, and international regulations on water sampling, quality control, and toxicology of drinking and natural waters using physico-chemical methods. There were no exceedances of the MPC standards for the content of pesticides, organochlorides and organic toxicants. According to the requirements of the unified water quality classification system of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the content of the studied toxicants does not exceed the values of the indicators of the first and second classes of water quality. The waters of these water use classes are suitable for all categories of water use. In case of use for household and drinking purposes, simple water treatment methods are required. The legal and regulatory documents governing state environmental water control in Kazakhstan and scientific recommendations on the quality and toxicology of drinking and natural waters, including hygienic standards for economic, drinking, and cultural use, are considered. The results serve as reference data and methodological recommendations for assessing reservoirs in the temperate climatic zone for pesticides and organic toxicants.

ҚАРАТОМАР СУ ҚОЙМАСЫНЫҢ СУЛАРЫНЫҢ МЕТАЛЛ ЕМЕС БЕЙОРГАНИКАЛЫҚ КӨРСЕТКІШТЕРІНІҢ МӨЛШЕРІН КЕШЕНДІ БАҒАЛАУ

The article presents the results of studies of the water quality of the Verkhnetobol and Karatomar reservoirs in Kazakhstan on inorganic non-metallic indicators. Samples collected in February-March 2024 revealed an exceedance of regulatory limits for total hardness. Other parameters met safety standards for domestic, drinking, and cultural and general water use. Evaluation based on the Unified Classification System showed the following: chlorides in the Verkhnetobol Reservoir correspond to the second purity class (300-350 mg/l), suitable for all categories of water use except drinking water supply; sulfates in both reservoirs fall under the fourth class (350-600 mg/l), suitable only for irrigation and industrial use; suspended solids (14.9-19.0 mg/l) correspond to the fifth and lowest quality class, suitable only for hydropower industry and mineral extraction. For most parameters, RMS deviation and variation coefficients were small, indicating homogeneity in water composition. Ammonium nitrogen and phosphates showed high variability, possibly due to ion mobility at the interfaces between water and solid phases. The results of this study can serve as reference data and methodological recommendations for organizing and conducting comprehensive assessments of the qualitative and toxicological indicators of freshwater flow reservoirs in temperate climatic zones.

PI-based cascade control for Fresnel solar collectors in wastewater reclamation

This work presents a novel demonstration-scale integration of a 36-m2 Fresnel solar collector in urban wastewater reclamation. A prototype plant was designed and installed to study Escherichia coli and total coliforms disinfection in continuous flow mode. The plant modelling was empirically addressed, resulting in different linear first-order models, which were used to design a PI-based cascade control approach for the automatic operation of the photoreactor. Considering EU 2020/741 Regulation, water quality Class D and Class A were achieved when operating the upgraded design of the plant at 50°C (200 L/h) and 60°C (150 L/h), respectively.

A Study on the Effectiveness of Classroom Evaluation for Junior Middle School English Teachers—Taking the 13th Junior High School English Quality Class Competition as an Example

A Study on the Effectiveness of Classroom Evaluation for Junior Middle School English Teachers—Taking the 13th Junior High School English Quality Class Competition as an Example

Использование водных ресурсов в бассейне реки Барада

The purpose of the research is to study the current problems of water use for the Barada River basin (Syria) based on the analysis of the hydrological characteristics of natural water resources and making forecasts of the use of water resources for the future. To achieve this goal, methods are used to construct a theoretical supply curve based on average long-term data on the flow of the Barada River in Syria, as well as a predictive method based on retrospective data and a balance method for assessing the water management situation and the limiting period for the water content of the river during the year. The assessment of water use conditions and water availability periods was carried out for years of 90% availability of river flow for agriculture based on irrigation and for years of 75% availability of river flow for other industrial water users. The assessment of water resources and the analysis of the peculiarities of the use of the waters of the Barada River, taking into account local conditions, were carried out. Diffuse flows from territories are taken into account in water management balances. The pollution of river runoff by water quality class was also assessed. Recommendations are given for restoring the water quality in the river for different years in terms of water content. The recommendations take into account the use of sorbent meliorants for cleaning diffuse and drainage runoff with an efficiency of up to 90%.

Production of Composite Briquette Fuel from Brewery Wastewater Sludge and Spent Grains.

Biomass waste energy recovery is a significant method for recycling energy from waste and capturing it for use in renewable energy sources. The abundance of brewing byproducts, such as brewery spent grain (BSG) and brewery wastewater sludge (BWWS), as well as their high carbon concentrations gives these wastes energy potential. With 20% molasses utilized as a binding agent to maximize the high caloric value of the briquette, this study sought to examine the quality of mixed briquettes made from BSG and BWWS. In order to make composite briquettes with a maximum caloric content of 19.94 MJ/kg, the ideal conditions were chosen, which included a temperature of 350°C, a production period of 60 min, and a 75% BSG mixing ratio. It can be compared to sawdust briquettes, which have a calorific value of 22.88 MJ/kg, by looking at the calorific value of densified with pressure 100 bar for mixed carbonized briquettes vs mixed noncarbonized briquettes (21.13 MJ/kg). The value of R 2 was 0.9607 and indicated that 96.07% of the total validation in the calorific value correlation between experimental and predicted values. The finding of the study showed that the efficiency of the quadratic model in fitting the data would be higher under the conditions of the experiment. Based on ISO 17225-6 fuel quality classes and specifications for graded nonwoody pellets, the study concluded that using BSG and BWWS as alternative energy sources meets those requirements.

ҚАЗАҚСТАН РЕСПУБЛИКАСЫ СОЛТҮСТІК ӨҢІРІНІҢ ЖОҒАРҒЫ ТОБЫЛ ЖӘНЕ ҚАРАТОМАР СУ ҚОЙМАЛАРЫНЫҢ СУЛАРЫНДАҒЫ АУЫР МЕТАЛДАРДЫҢ ҚҰРАМЫН КЕШЕНДІ БАҒАЛАУ

The article presents the results of comprehensive studies on the water quality of the Verkhnetobolsky and Karatomarsky reservoirs in Kazakhstan, focusing on heavy metals. Legal and regulatory documents on state environmental control of Kazakhstan waters were reviewed, along with normative documents and scientific recommendations on water quality and toxicology, including hygienic and MPC standards. State, interstate, and international requirements for water sampling and physico-chemical analysis were studied, including winter sampling methods under ice cover. Concentrations of metals and heavy elements were determined, and heavy metal indicators comply with hygienic safety standards for household, drinking, and cultural and general use. According to the Unified Classification System, the water quality for manganese and cadmium places the reservoirs in the fourth quality class, suitable only for irrigation and industrial use, requiring extensive treatment for household use. The Tobol River is generally classified as polluted. Most metals show small standard deviation and variation coefficients, indicating reservoir homogeneity. However, manganese, cadmium, zinc, copper, boron, and lead show high deviations, suggesting significant content differences due to element mobility and runoff from fields and tributaries. The results serve as reference information and methodological recommendations for assessing heavy metals and elements in freshwater reservoirs in temperate zones.

Mitigating Bias in Aesthetic Quality Control Tasks: An Adversarial Learning Approach

Aesthetic quality control (AQC) is an essential step in smart factories to ensure that product quality meets the desired standards. This operation includes assessing factors such as color, texture, and shape. In the context of AQC, bias can arise when the criteria used to evaluate the aesthetics of a product are subjective and influenced by personal preferences. Bias can also occur due to the background or other objective factors like the geometry of the material. This work will focus on applying an adversarial learning strategy to a pre-trained DL architecture for improving the generalization performance of a predictive model tailored explicitly for solving AQC task classification. Experimental results on a benchmark AQC dataset highlighted the robustness of the proposed methodology for learning only relevant components related to quality classes rather than other confusing traits, enabling the mitigation of the identified bias.

Energy efficient compressed air filtration: An experimental study on the effect of filters selection and configuration on pressure drop

Over the past decades, the industrial sector has been trying to improve the use of resources and the environmental impact they create. Significant work has been done in compressed air systems. However, there is still much room for improvement. The focus of this study is on a new approach to energy efficient compressed air filtration. This approach involves the installation of different filter configurations that enable a lower pressure drop, instead of the conventionally selected filter. The goal is to reduce the pressure drop, while maintaining the same level of air quality. Pressure drop and compressed air quality are taken as key performance indicators that assess the efficiency and sustainability of compressed air system. It has been experimentally proven that compressed air quality classes remain the same for filters with the same grade of filtration, regardless of the number, type, and way of their installation. However, there is a small difference in the case of particulate and coalescing filters. This environmentally friendlier approach provides a win-win situation. The pressure drop is reduced, costs are also reduced, the system operates continuously and more reliably, and the process is more sustainable.

Water quality evaluation of the Danube River basin in Bačka (northern Serbia) using multivariate statistical techniques

The study aimed to analyze changes in water quality based on ten physicochemical parameters for the Danube River in Bačka. Data from three profiles over a twenty-year interval were used and processed using multivariate statistics. An ANOVA indicated that the quality of surface water is mostly at a satisfactory level. Sufficient amounts of dissolved oxygen indicate a favorable aeration regime. The surpassing of the annual and monthly values of suspended solids was recorded for all profiles (especially in summer). The summary results show that most parameters, except for suspended solids, are within the allowed values for water quality Class II. A Pearson’s correlation test indicates a moderate to weak correlation of the analyzed parameters. A PCA analysis determined the influence of (a) eutrophication processes; (b) ecological factors; and (c) concentrated sources of pollution. Changes in the Danube’s water quality, primarily increased concentrations of suspended solids, can exert a limiting influence on some economic activities and their planning.

A SHORT NOTE ON WATER QUALITY AND SOME BIODIVERSITY COMPONENTS IN GURBAN VALLEY, GIURGIU COUNTY

Several field trips were carried out in 2022 and 2023, aiming to investigate the water quality parameters, ichthyofaunal and floristic diversity in some areas of Gurban Valley, located in the protected area Natural Park Comana, Giurgiu County, southern Romania. Throughout the study period were identified fish specimens belonging to nine species: Prussian carp Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782); Gobio obtusirostris Valenciennes, 1842; Dnieper chub Petroleuciscus borysthenicus (Kessler, 1859); Roach Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus, 1758); Danubian spined loach Cobitis elongatoides Băcescu & Mayer, 1969; Belica Leucaspius delineatus (Heckel, 1843); Southern ninespine stickleback Pungitius platygaster (Kessler, 1859); European bitterling Rhodeus amarus (Bloch, 1782) and European mudminnow Umbra krameri Walbaum, 1792. A total of 147 captured specimens were measured, weighed and photographed. For the capture of fish, minnow traps and plankton nets were used, on the Gurban River, right tributary of the Neajlov River, Giurgiu County. The floristic inventory compiled so far included 58 plant species grouped into 31 families, with European, circumpolar, Eurasian, eurasiatic continental or cosmopolitan distribution. Related to physico-chemical characterization of water samples collected from four sampling points (SP), the results of laboratory analysis allowed to frame the water into quality classes and to evaluate if the water meets the requirements for aquatic organisms. Hence, on the basis of nitrite-nitrogen (N-NO2-) and nitrate-nitrogen (N-NO3-) water corresponds to Ist quality class, meanwhile chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphate-phosphorus (P-PO43-) and ammonium-nitrogen (N-NH4+) allowed to associate water quality with IIIrd class. In addition, it has been found very significant correlations between electrical conductivity (EC) and total hardness (TH) with r=0.9230*** and between pH and TH with r=0.8821***, respectively.

Analisis Kualitas Aset Fasilitas Koridor Jalan sebagai Ruang Publik

Braga Street is a commercial area consisting of road corridors and pedestrian paths. Ideally, optimally functioning public spaces have the best quality so that they have the carrying capacity of community activities. Increasing the activities of urban communities creates many ideas, collaborations, and businesses that support economic growth. To realize the effectiveness of public space, facility assets in public space are the main factor that affects the quality of public space. Evaluation of facility assets on Jalan Braga, Bandung is needed to assess the quality of its assets. The evaluation was carried out using the Public Space Quality Index (PSQI) method. The quality of facility assets is assessed based on aspects of accessibility, maintenance, attractiveness, comfort, safety and security. From the evaluation results, accessibility aspects are categorized as quality class A (highest), maintenance aspects are quality class B (high), attractiveness aspects are categorized as quality class A (highest), comfort aspects are categorized as quality class B (high), and safety and security aspects are categorized as quality class B (high). Overall, Jalan Braga's facility assets are categorized as quality class B (high).

Analisis Potensi Riam Jolan sebagai Sumber Air Baku IPA Jagoi Babang Kabupaten Bengkayang

One of the problems with the need for clean water in each region is the inadequate availability of existing raw water. The Jagoi Babang WTP is one of the Clean Water Treatment Plants that once operated with a discharge of 30 liters/second, but it stopped temporarily because the previous source of raw water, namely the Gombul River, did not have sufficient discharge, causing raw water needs to not be met. There is an alternative source of raw water in Jagoi Village, namely Riam Jolan, physically the water quality is very clear, and the flow is very adequate. The aim of this research is to determine the availability and quality of raw water in Riam Jolan. The research approach applied is descriptive quantitative by analyzing the availability of raw water using the mock method with a probability of 99%, analyzing instantaneous discharge, and testing the quality of raw water. The results of this research show that the calculation of reliable discharge using the Mock model with a probability of 99% Riam Jolan obtained the maximum reliable discharge in December, namely 0.0227 m3/second or 22.7 liters/second, and the minimum reliable discharge in September was 0.0018 m3/second or 1.8 liters, then the instantaneous discharge calculation shows a figure of 0.0855 m3/s or the equivalent of 85.5 liters/second, the instantaneous discharge obtained meets the raw water requirements for the Jagoi Babang WTP. The results of the Riam Jolan water quality laboratory test show that the water is suitable for use as a clean water source and meets water quality class I.

Machine and deep learning-based trophic state classification of national freshwater reservoirs in Taiwan using Sentinel-2 data

Since the beginning of the industrial revolution in the nineteenth century water pollution has grown into a global transboundary problem that negatively impacts aquatic ecosystems a risk linked directly to sustainable economic development, human, aquatic, and wildlife health. However, one major impediment to monitoring lake water quality is a lack of data for the relevant monitoring parameters at the relevant temporal and spatial scales. Therefore, this study investigates sixteen major reservoirs on a national scale based on 2020 in-situ sampling and Sentinel-2 MSI satellite data. Machine and deep learning algorithms were employed to classify and predict various water quality classes using Sentinel-2 MSI pixel color values and spectral indices. Multivariate techniques such as PCA transformation and regularized MANOVA were used as input feature preprocessing for variable reconstruction to deal with collinearity. Consequently, this improved the model classification performances overall. The results highlight deep neural net (DNN) and XGBoost as the outstanding classifying algorithms yielding F1-score of 0.94 and 0.93; Recall of 0.93 and 0.92; ROC-AUC of 0.92 and 0.89 respectively. Nutrient pollution affects all of the investigated reservoirs as they are classified as either meso- or hypereutrophic, and the situation is deteriorating. This study does not only give a feasible solution for effective water quality observation, but also provides a unique data pipeline for basic creation of training data for biogeochemical parameters for studying lake water quality using an integrated Google Earth Engine (GEE) Python Application Programming Interface (API) run in Google Colaboratory notebook.