Quality Classes Research Articles

Разновозрастность сосновых древостоев как фактор гармонизации системы лесохозяйственных мероприятий в ленточных борах Алтайского края

The ratio of the same- and uneven-aged pine forests in various types of ribbon forests in Altai Krai, as well as the patterns of forming natural pine plantations, is determined. This issue is important for the harmonization of the entire set of forest management activities in the study area. The research is based on the analysis of an electronic database that contains information on the forest fund of 11 forest districts in Altai Krai (more than 268 thousand stratums with a total area of 1014 thousand ha). With the help of queries using filters and summary tables, a sample of natural plantations with a predominance of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was obtained. For each plantation in the sample, the number of age generations and the distributions of the area of the same- and uneven-aged pine forests by forest districts, forest types, and quality classes were determined. Statistical data processing included cluster analysis and chi-squared test. Pine forests of natural origin in the study area consist mainly of 2-3 pine generations. The share of uneven-aged forest stands accounts for 79.6% of the area. Same-aged pine forests occupy 20.4% of the area. During the transition from damp to very dry growing conditions, the proportion of uneven-aged pine forests increases. In the future it is planned to improve the existing systems of improvement thinning in mature, declining stands of forest-steppes and ribbon forests in the Altai-Novosibirsk forest growing district considering the ratio of the same- and uneven-aged pine forests. The improvement of the system of forest management activities should be performed on a forest-typological basis in combination with the division of plantings into high- and low-quality.

MWD Data-Based Marble Quality Class Prediction Models Using ML Algorithms

Brønnøy Kalk AS operates an open pit mine in Norway producing marble, mainly used by the paper industry. The final product is used as filler and pigment for paper production. Therefore, the quality of the product has utmost importance. In the mine, the primary quality indicator, called TAPPI, is quantified through a laborious sampling process and laboratory experiments. As a part of digital transformation, measurement while drilling (MWD) data have been collected in the mine. The purpose of this paper is to use the recorded MWD data for the prediction of marble quality to facilitate quality blending in the pit. For this purpose, two supervised classification modelling algorithms such as conventional logistic regression and random forest have been employed. The results show that the random forest classification model presents significantly higher statistical performance, and it can be used as a tool for fast and efficient marble quality assessment.

Experimental analysis of lithium-ion cell procurement: Quality differences, correlations, and importance of cell characterization

Since every production process exhibits slight variances, lithium-ion cells are usually tested for their function and quality by the manufacturer during end-of-line testing, whereby specific tolerance limits are generally not communicated to end users. In addition, commercial cells are usually sold through various distribution channels and intermediaries, creating a black box regarding the actual cell properties delivered, unless a clear requirement specification supplier commitment has been defined. In this work, 250 cylindrical 18650 cells from the same manufacturer and model were obtained via two distribution channels and quality grading categories and extensively characterized using established methods of cell characterization. The relationship between the various measurements and cell characteristics was evaluated and visualized to reveal interrelated factors which remain hidden in aggregate observations. The results show that the choice of vendor can have a significant impact on the performance characteristics obtained for the supposedly same product, with strong scatter being evident both between and within the three batches. In addition, the given grading classes do not correlate with the measured cell performance in terms of capacity, internal resistance, cycling performance or a combination of the aforementioned criteria. This could be caused by an imperfect classification by the manufacturer or a mixing of quality classes at the vendor. Hence, the investigation encourages the implementation of appropriate cell quality categorization depending on the application and a profound exchange of data between vendors and customers, in order to prevent the utilization of under-performing cells.

ANATOMICAL INVESTIGATION OF FIVE GENERA THE LEAST-KNOWN TIMBER OF APOCYNACEAE AND THEIR POTENTIAL UTILIZATION

Doubtlessly, wood identification is critically important for a number of sectors, including government organizations, the wooden-based industry, museums, law enforcement, and scientists working in the fields of botany, ecology, forestry, and wood technology. Unfortunately, most wood species listed as “the least-known species” lack essential knowledge or even their anatomical feature and basic properties to promote their usage. This research aimed to investigate the anatomical characteristics and fiber quality of the least-known timber species of Apocynaceae family, which are authentic wood collection from Xylarium Bogoriense, namely , Ervatamia. sphaerocarpa, E. aurantiaca, Kopsia flavida, Lepiniopsis ternatensis, Plumeria acuminata, P. rubra, and Voacanga foetida. Wood samples have indistinct growth ring boundaries, diffuse-porous vessels in diagonal and/or radial pattern, vessels in radial multiples of 4 or more cells, simple perforation plate, alternate intervessel pits; distinct borders of vessel-ray pits, similar with those of intervessel pits in size and shape throughout the ray cell, and septate fibers with simple pits to minutely bordered pits which are common in radial and tangential walls. Based on the fiber length and the derived values of fiber dimension, some species are classified into Quality Class II and III, and the rest of them are classified into Quality Class II or III for pulp and paper manufacturing. Based on general characteristics, commonly Apocynaceae can be used as handicrafts raw material. Based on the fiber quality, some species which are classified into Quality Class II, are predicted to have potential as pulp and paper material with medium quality.

Physico-mechanical and energy properties of pellets made from ground walnut shells, coniferous tree cones and their mixtures

The aim of this study was to verify the possibility of obtaining good-quality pellets from mixtures of materials with different particle structures and shapes. The paper describes the pressure agglomeration of ground walnut shells and coniferous tree cones as well as their three mixtures. The process involved the production of pellets with a diameter of 6 and 8 mm at the temperatures of 95 and 120°C by applying the force of 5 and 6 kN. The fraction distribution of the particles from which the pellets were made was assessed. It was found that the pellets made only of cones, as opposed to those made only of nutshells, have a fairly even distribution, i.e. the particles were of similar size. The size parameters of the pellets (length and diameter) were measured, on the basis of which the density of individual pellets was calculated. Compressive stresses of the pellets were tested on an endurance testing machine. It was found that the pellets with a greater share of nut shells were less durable than those made with the addition of ground cones. The pellets with a diameter of 6 mm and formed at a temperature of 120°C also showed a higher strength than those with a diameter of 8 mm and compacted at a temperature of 95°C. Increasing the force did not statistically significantly improve the compressive strength of the pellets. Tests of the elemental composition and the amount of ash allowed for concluding that pellets are a good energy material, as evidenced by their average calorific value of about 19 MJ kg−1. Due to exceeding the permissible limit of nitrogen content (ISO 17225), the pellets made solely of cones were classified as quality class B, while the addition of ground walnut shells shifted them to class A2.

DETERMINATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL STATE OF THE KREMENCHUK RESERVOIR ON THE BASIS OF INFORMATION ENTROPY

It was established that the water does not meet the upper limit of the 1st quality class according to DSTU 4808:2007 by all indicators except for chloride ions, SPAR and suspended substances. There is a decrease in the level of BSK5 at the monitoring post in the lower part of the reservoir, which indicates the entry of substances into the watercourse that inhibit biochemical processes. There is also an increasing trend in the content of sulfates, phosphates, nitrogen compounds and HSC in water for control points located within the influence of industrial cities, along the reservoir. The highest values of the entropy index of water quality are characteristic of points p2, p. Adamivka, Chygyryn district (0.59015) and p3, village. Pronozivka Globyn district, (0.63092). These control points are located at a considerable distance from industrial centers, so pollution caused by agricultural production (application of phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers) probably plays a decisive role in the formation of water quality. The smallest value of the index (0.39397) is characteristic of item p1 – c. Sokirne, drinking water intake in the city of Cherkasy. The value of the non-torsion water quality index is in the range from 0.39397 (point p1) to 0.63092 (point p3).

Technology for preparing silage in rolls with the use of biological and chemical preservatives

The task of producing large feeds through the dissemination of modern technologies and the creation of a high-quality forage base is paramount for animal husbandry. The aim of the study is to study various biological and medical preparations and their complex use while maintaining the senate in the expanded, revealed in the film, to clarify its quality and safety. The scheme of the experiment provides for the use of benzoic acid and powdered sulfur for surface treatment in case of detection with biological preparations Biotrof and Biosil NN, as well as only with benzoic acid in searches with the preparation of haylage without preparations. For harvesting haylage, oriental goat's rue mixed with cereals is used. The laying of experimental batches of haylage is carried out under production conditions according to the generally accepted methodology of laboratory experiments. The quality of haylage was controlled by organoleptic parameters, acidity, content and ratio of acid fermentation. As a result of the research, it was found that canned haylage drugs have the best organoleptic characteristics characteristic of high-quality feed. The best effect of conservation was the combined treatment of silage powdered sulfur and lactic ferment Biosil NN. The use of these preparations increases the formation of butyric acid in the haylage, the dominance of lactic acid in the residues of acid fermentation (83.0%) has been identified, due to the fact that the feed is better acidified (pH=4.7) than haylage without consumption (pH=5, 38). According to the result of a comprehensive assessment of the quality of haylage for all assessed indicators, this feed is applied to the 1st quality class, which to the greatest extent gives an assessment of ruminant tests.

Long-term assessments of cotton fiber quality in response to plant population density: Reconciling fiber quality and its temporal stability

Regulation of plant population density is crucial for optimizing cotton fiber quality. However, the relationship between plant density and fiber quality stability under contrasting climatic conditions remains unclear, and the compromise between fiber quality and temporal stability is unknown. In this study, based on a long-term field experiment with various plant densities (1.5–10.5 plants m–2) conducted from 2008 to 2021, cotton fiber quality variability, including fiber length, fiber strength, elongation, uniformity index, and micronaire, and their temporal stability, were evaluated. We determined the optimal plant density for cotton cultivation and elucidated the contributions of plant density and climatic conditions to the variability of cotton fiber quality and its temporal stability in China’s Yellow River Valley. The results revealed that cotton maintained its upper-intermediate quality throughout the study period, with fiber length, strength, elongation, uniformity index, and micronaire values ranging between 28.04 and 30.03 mm, 26.15–30.05 cN tex–1, 5.90–6.83%, 83.85–85.44%, and 4.24–5.14, respectively. An increase in plant density improved fiber quality but impaired temporal stability (P < 0.01), and slight increases in stability at lower plant densities resulted in substantially decreased probabilities of years with major declines in fiber quality class. Plant density and climatic conditions regulated the quality traits (23.5% and 69.3% of the explained variance, respectively), including fiber length, fiber strength, and micronaire, while climate was the most important factor (75.9% of the explained variance) in determining their temporal stability. Photosynthetically active radiation and maximum and mean temperature exhibited significant positive effects on fiber quality, whereas mean diurnal temperature range had the opposite effect. A plant density of 3.3–5.1 plants m–2 ensures the highest temporal stability of cotton fiber quality without declines in the fiber quality class. This study first provides insights into balancing cotton fiber quality and temporal stability through agronomic interventions, with implications for the quantitative prediction of future crop quality changes owing to climatic variation.

The shape of the trunk of Scots pine in the stands of the Ukrainian Polissia

Due to the transition of Ukraine in 2019 to new regulatory documents on standardisation regarding the classification of round timber by quality classes, it became necessary to develop standards for evaluating volumes in accordance with the new requirements. The purpose of the study was to develop a mathematical model of the forming stem of Scots pine for trees of two groups of diameters. The study is based on the use of empirical material collected in different years by researchers of the Department of forest taxation and forest management of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, which is 583 model pine trees. The Kozak model was use as the basic model for modelling the forming Scots pine. A mixed effect model was calibrated to characterise the variability in the tree stem shape of Scots pine. Parameters for the role of random effects were selected based on their coefficients of variation using the bootstrap process. Data were grouped into two groups of diameters by analysing modelling residues and evaluating the quality of models based on the use of the Akaike information criterion (AIC). By dividing the data array into two groups of thickness degrees and developing models of the creator for each of the groups separately, a decrease in the indicator of the Akaike information criterion (AIC) was achieved to the level of AIC=7433.02 for a group (8-28 cm) and AIC=13154.67 for the group (32-76 cm), which increased the accuracy of the developed models. Enabling random effect parameters in model by A. Kozak for the developed mathematical equations allowed more accurately describing the variability of the tree stem of Scots pine. The obtained models give a clear and fairly accurate prediction of the determination of tree stem diameters along the entire length. The use of the developed models can serve as a basis for improving forest traction standards for estimating the volume of tree stem in the process of forestry production and predicting the yield of roundwood volumes by quality classes

Comparative Assessment of the Application of Four Water Quality Indices (WQIs) in Three Ephemeral Rivers in Greece

In this work, the possibility of using four water quality indices (WQIs) to evaluate the quality status of small rivers in the Mediterranean region (Northern Greece) was investigated. The WQIs selected were the NSF WQI, Oregon WQI, CCME WQI and Prati’s Index of Pollution and were applied to three rivers, namely Laspias, Kosynthos and Lissos, located in the prefectures of Xanthi and Rhodope, Northern Greece. The individual indices were calculated based on the values of 11 physicochemical parameters derived from field measurements and chemical laboratory analyses of water samples at two monitoring stations in each river. The in situ measurements and samplings were executed at a frequency of approximately 10 days and lasted 20, 12 and 10 months for rivers Laspias, Kosynthos and Lissos, respectively. The comparative results from the four indices in the three rivers showed that for rivers Kosynthos and Lissos, which had comparable values of physicochemical parameters, Prati’s and CCME indices classified these water bodies into the highest quality classes, the NSF WQI into a slightly lower class and the Oregon WQI into the lowest classes of quality ranking. Regarding Laspias River, whose physicochemical parameter values indicated inferior water quality than the other two rivers, the Oregon index ranked this water body in the lowest quality class, while the other indices in slightly higher classes. In conclusion, regarding the water quality of ephemeral streams in the Mediterranean, it seems that the Oregon index is stricter followed by the NSF, and then, Prati’s and CCME WQIs.

An integrated estimation approach to incorporate latent variables through SEM into discrete mode choice models to analyze mode choice attitude of a rider

Mode Choice preference of each individual commuter depends on a number of factors. The classic models for choice estimation have majorly focused on the quantifiable variables such as travel cost, travel time, socio-economic characteristics of riders, trip characteristics, and mode characteristics. This paper aims at analyzing the hidden impact of latent variables integrated with observed variables on mode choice attitude of a rider for an integrated public transport system with environment-friendly feeder mode. The study is in a tier II type metropolitan city of Vadodara, Gujarat. For the purpose a new class of model, Integrated Choice and Latent Variable (ICLV) model is introduced. It integrates the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) through Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) approach for the analysis of latent variable with the classic type choice model analyzed through Biogeme regression. The study precisely captures the attitude of a rider towards the need for comfort and convenience, safety and security, services and facilities, and riding attraction and quality class of latent variables. 26 of initially considered 41 latent variables clubbed into four latent constructs through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and SEM approach were incorporated in the ICLV analysis. The results explain the riders’ attitude driven choice for comfort and convenience and service and facilities over the safety and security and riding quality aspects of the mode. The shift demand governed by these latent variables helps to develop a methodological framework, which sets up a base for transport system design oriented policies’ implications as future scope of the research.

Aging of Wood for Musical Instruments: Analysis of Changes in Color, Surface Morphology, Chemical, and Physical-Acoustical Properties during UV and Thermal Exposure.

The acoustic features of old resonance wood in violins exhibit a superior quality when compared to those from new resonance wood. This study focuses on an assessment of the sound quality of two types of wood for musical instruments, spruce and maple (class A and D), before and after aging via thermal and UV exposure. The samples were characterized before and after UV aging in terms of color change (using a Chroma meter), surface morphology (using a MarSurf XT20 instrument), chemical changes (monitored by FTIR spectroscopy), and sound propagation speed (using an ultrasound device). After UV treatment, the wavier surface increased the area of exposure and degradation. Also, the color changes were found to be more accentuated in the case of spruce compared to sycamore maple. The FTIR results indicated more advanced aging processes for spruce when compared to maple under the same experimental conditions. This difference resulted mostly from the increased formation of carbonyl-containing chromophores via oxidative processes in spruce rather than in maple, which is in agreement with the color change findings. Exposure of both species to thermal and UV radiation led to an increase in sound propagation speed, both longitudinally and radially, and to a greater extent in wood quality class A when compared to quality class D.

Phytoplankton Diversity and Bioindication of the Lakes in the Burabay National Natural Park, Northern Kazakhstan

The problem of assessing the impact of pollution in protected areas prompted us to apply a combined method of bioindication and spatial mapping of phytoplankton data from six lakes in the Burabay National Nature Park in Northern Kazakhstan. The issue of monitoring planning was quite acute for this landscape-homogeneous area among the Kulunda steppes. Phytoplankton in each of the six lakes was collected in the summer season of 2019 at a total of 54 sampling stations. In total, 139 species of algae and cyanobacteria from seven taxonomic phyla were found in the phytoplankton of the Burabay Park during the study period. Three phyla were the richest in species: diatoms, green algae, and cyanobacteria. Based on species richness, abundance, and biomass, as well as bioindicators and calculated indices of organic pollution and toxic effects, the current ecological state of the lake was assessed as being under the influence of pollution, of the mesotrophic type and with a high capacity for self-purification. Statistical mapping, calculated by the correlation of the species composition and categories of indicators, revealed the zones of anthropogenic impact located on the shores of the lake, and the water of the lakes as weakly alkaline, quality classes 2–3. An increase in the number of cyanobacteria in coastal communities was revealed, which may be associated with an increase in the biogenic load on the lake ecosystems. The results of the analysis and mapping of indicators revealed that two major factors regulated phytoplankton: salinity and organic pollution. The sources of organic pollution are mostly associated with the intake of substances from the coastal zone, where resorts, roads, and settlements are located.

Characterizing groundwater quality for a safe supply of water using WQI and GIS in Bahir Dar city, northwest Ethiopia

Abstract Although both urban and rural residents benefit from drinking enough high-quality water in the right amounts, the degree of contamination from artificial sources has been increasing. The study aims to assess the quality and availability of groundwater potential in Bahir Dar City using geographic information systems (GIS)-based ordinary kriging (OK) and analytical hierarchy process methods, respectively. The concentrations of pH, alkalinity, Escherichia coli, nitrite manganese, and iron in the groundwater of built-up areas were found to exceed the limits set by the World Health Organization. The groundwater quality distribution contained 69.6% of good water, 19.6% of the excellent class, and 10.8% of the poor class. The high potential of groundwater, particularly in the Lake Tana shoreline sedimentation areas, revealed the poor quality class. The results suggest that improving groundwater quality should be prioritized in areas with high potential groundwater availability.

Land Quality Index for Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivation Area Based on Deep Learning Approach using Geographical Information System and Geostatistical Techniques

Türkiye has ideal ecological conditions for growing rice, and its yield per hectare is often higher than the average worldwide. However, unbalanced fertilization, nutrient deficiency, and irrigation problems negatively affect paddy production when soil characteristics are not considered. The present study was conducted on a 1763-hectare field (652000-659000E-W and 4528000-4536000N-S) in 2019. This study's primary goal was to categorize land quality for rice production using 15 different physicochemical parameters and a GIS (Geographical Information Systems) and deep learning (DL) technique. Using these parameters soil types were classified and regression analysis was performed by DL. Different soil parameters as network outputs used in this study caused different performance levels in models. Therefore, different models were suggested for each network output. The R2 values indicated a respectable level for parameter prediction, and an accuracy of 88% was attained when classifying "class" data. The findings of the study demonstrated that deep learning may be used to forecast soil metrics and distinguish between different land quality classes. Additionally, a field investigation was used to validate the indicated land quality classifications. Using statistical techniques, a substantial positive link between rice yield and land quality classes was discovered.

Unsupervised Classification of Water Quality Using Artificial Intelligence: The Case of the Moulouya Wadi's Surface Waters (NE, Morocco)

Due to its cruciality, water requires a high care to its physicochemical and microbiological properties to ensure the quality of several utilizations. The particles it carries are likely to be ingested, breathed, or come into contact with the skin. For the classification of the quality of surface water in the Moulouya River (NE, Morocco), this study presents many unsupervised classification methods. The overall quality of surface water in the Moulouya River in northeast Morocco was assessed using nine physicochemical parameters (pH, T°C, EC, O2-diss, NH4+, NO3-, SO42-, PO43-, and biological oxygen demand after 5 days (BOD5)) from March to August 2014. Over a 600-kilometer stretch, twenty-two sites were examined, from the river's source in the High Atlas to its mouth in the Mediterranean. During the first stage, three quality classes (excellent, good and poor) were defined by the calculation of the water quality index (WQI) and water quality evaluation system (QES-Water). In the second stage, the K-means algorithm, the fuzzy C-means algorithm and the self-organizing maps (SOM) of Kohonen were applied to the nine physicochemical parameters used as input variables for the model. The classification method used is capable of projecting high-dimensional data into a lower dimension, typically 2D. This nonlinear projection can be useful in classes’ analysis and their discovery. In terms of performance, the SOM classification showed very close results compared to the K-means and the fuzzy C-means algorithms, with only an insignificant difference across the three models, with SOM maps having a slight advantage.

Assessment of the ecological state of water bodies of the drainless area of the Ob-Irtysh River basin

Aim. Assess the current state of water bodies, compare with retrospective study data, update the bank of hydrological, hydrochemical and hydrobiological information.Material and Methods. Three groups of indicators were used: hydrological, hydrochemical and hydrobiological. Hydrological measurements were carried out to determine the flow of water in the rivers and their sections not covered by the Roshydromet observation system. Hydrochemical analysis of samples was carried out by ion chromatography and spectrophotometry and included the determination of basic cations and anions, organic substances and biogens. The assessment of water quality by hydrobiological indicators was carried out using the structural characteristics of phyto- and zooplankton.Results. According to environmental and sanitary indicators, the water quality of only three rivers - Solonovka, Cheremshanka and Burla (downstream) - belongs to class 4 (polluted waters). Most of the rivers have the 2nd class of water quality (clean).Conclusions. A trend towards an increase in the level of mineralization and metamorphization of the chemical composition of natural waters in the inland region of the Ob-Irtysh interfluve was revealed. The pollution of water bodies with organic substances and biogens was noted.

Study of the quality indicators of modern winter wheat varieties developed by the FSBSI ARC “Donskoy”

The current paper has presented a three-year estimation of 14 new winter bread wheat varieties, recently developed in the laboratory of half-intensive type of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”, according to such indicators as kernel hardness, grain nature weight, protein and gluten percentage in grain, IDK, SDS-sedimentation, flour strength, volume yield of bread from 100 g of flour and general baking assessment. The main way to improve the quality of winter bread wheat grain and flour is breeding, the development of varieties and samples with optimal values of these indicators. The purpose of the current study was to estimate current winter bread wheat varieties developed by the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” according to the main quality indicators of grain and flour. Breeding for high flour-grinding and baking quality of grain has always been one of the priority areas for winter bread wheat breeding at the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. There has been identified more than 14 % of protein in grain on average for all studied varieties in 2019 (14.14 %) and 2021 (14.10 %). The average value of gluten content in grain was at the level of 27.1 %. More than 28.0 % of gluten was found in such varieties as ‘Volnitsa’ (28.9 %), ‘Podarok Krymu’ (29.5 %) and ‘Zolotoy Kolos’ (28.9 %). According to a set of quality indicators, the studied genotypes belonged to the second and third quality classes according to GOST 9353-2016. According to the study results, there have been determined significant positive correlations between protein percentage and gluten content in grain (r = 0.71±0.19); volume yield of bread and general baking assessment (r = 0.95±0.05); gluten content and flour strength (r = 0.57±0.22); grain nature weight and SDS-sedimentation (r = 0.62±0.21); SDS-sedimentation and flour strength (r = 0.63±0.21).

Health risk assessment according to exposure with heavy metals and physicochemical parameters; water quality index and contamination degree evaluation in bottled water

ABSTRACT This survey analysed 71 bottled water brands in Tehran, Iran. The laboratory analysis was investigated for ten physicochemical parameters and 16 elements, including heavy metals comprising (bicarbonate, fluoride, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, sulphate, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), Na, Mg, Ca, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ba, and, Zn). Statistical analysis were performed with R software. The water quality index (WQI) approach was applied to investigate water quality, the carcinogen risk (CR) and hazard index (HI) methods were used for assessing the health risks, and the cumulative impacts of heavy metals were evaluated with contamination degree (Cd) and heavy metal evaluation index (HEI). The results showed that among the physicochemical parameters, EC, TDS, TH, and HCO3 and heavy metals like Sr > Zn > Cu > Ni had the Highest values. The WQI value in totals was 91.86 and had good quality class, and the order was good (60.56%), poor (35.21%), and very poor bottled water (4.22%). The correlation results demonstrated that WQI ~ Fe and Zn ~ Mn had significant correlation coefficients (r = 1). Moreover, there is a significant correlation between TH with Mg and Ca and also between HCO3 with EC, TH, and Ca, and then between SO4 with Na. Carcinogen risk for Cr in children and adults was 2 × 10−4 and 6 × 10−4, respectively. The responsible pollutants in non-carcinogen risk assessment were F and NO3, and their HI was greater than one in adult and child subgroups. The values of Cd and HEI were lower than critical limits. Also, Pb had a significant correlation with Cd and HEI (r = 1). This study revealed that bottled water contains minerals and may possess heavy metals, which pose significant human health risks, especially for children.

Изменение качества корма по укосам на долголетнем сенокосе

The results of studies of the quality of grass raw materials for harvesting hay obtained on a long-term hayfield by mowing over the past 5 years (2017–2021) are presented. The quality of herbal raw materials is estimated by the content of crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, crude ash, the content of metabolic energy in 1 kg of dry matter, feed units, digestible protein in 1 feed unit in accordance with GOST. The quality of feed depends on the prevailing weather conditions during the development of vegetation and the provision of soil with nutrients. In years with unfavorable weather conditions for the development of plants on the option without fertilizers (control), the resulting feed is characterized as extracurricular, under normal conditions – the first and second class of quality. With sufficient provision of the soil with nutrients through the use of mineral fertilizers, the feed in terms of crude protein, fiber and metabolic energy in dry matter belongs to the first class of quality.