Qualification Work Research Articles

Progress of the ITER Feeder in China

The Procurement of Feeder system in Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP) for The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) Tokamak device has been carrying out after the signature of Procurement Arrangement in October 2011. The relevant main tasks in 2012 and 2013 are the qualification of some key subcomponents, including high temperature superconducting current leads (HTS-CL), superconducting joints, 80-K thermal shield (TS), vacuum barrier, in-cryostat feeder, cold mass support, etc. The production of manufacturing drawings, preparation of manufacturing plan, manufacture and qualification of tooling, and qualification of subcomponents are all involved in this phase. This paper describes the progress made by ASIPP and some sub-contractors for the feeder's qualification work.

Об организации выполнения выпускной квалификационной работы по направлению подготовки бакалавров 15.03.02 «Технологические машины и оборудование»

Об организации выполнения выпускной квалификационной работы по направлению подготовки бакалавров 15.03.02 «Технологические машины и оборудование»

“Has Microelectronic MCM Technology Matured and is it Capable of Servicing the Widespread Needs of Down Well 225°C Operating Applications in the Oil and Gas Industry?”

This paper reviews development and qualification work performed on 225°C operating temperature modules based on ceramic thick film multi-layer substrates supporting embedded thick film resistors, assembled passive and active components with ‘chip and wire’ connections and sealing in hermetic metal and ceramic cavity packages. It considers aspects of development and importantly investigates product qualification which includes shock and vibration at elevated temperatures as well as thermal shock and temperature cycling. In conclusion there is an attempt to answer the question “Has microelectronic MCM technology matured and is it capable of servicing the widespread needs of down well 225 °C operating applications in the Oil and Gas industry?”

Technical Work Processes for Qualifying Geological CO2 Storage

This paper is a condensed version of a technical guideline for maturing proposed offshore CO2 storage complexes towards investment decision [1]. Workflows to ensure compliance with legal requirements, industry best practices and project criteria are proposed.The qualification work progresses along two main dimensions; a maturing process which aims at selecting and qualifying one storage candidate, and an iterative evaluation process which is repeated throughout the maturation phases and ensures the right technical focus. Through four maturing phases (screening, site selection, qualification and development planning) a storage complex is progressively defined and storage project risk reduced to a level where the site is considered qualified. Iterative evaluation processes are grouped under Risk analysis and evaluations, Data collection and assessments, Storage complex descriptions, Dynamic predictions and Concept development and planning.For Data collection and assessment the purpose is to ensure that data is collected, processed and analyzed according to industry standards and storage qualification needs. Specification of what data to be collected is an output from the risk management process. The purpose of Storage complex descriptions is to identify and describe suitable CO2 storage complexes and their associated uncertainties. Through Dynamic predictions an injection and storage strategy is developed and via activities under Concept development and planning a technical site development concept is established. Dynamic predictions provide forecasted CO2 plume migration and the associated pressure build up within the storage complex. Concept development and planning assess and recommend solutions with regards to technical and economic viability of well- and development concepts. Potential consequences for the environment and adjacent commercial activities should be included. Risk analysis and evaluations identify, list and pursue storage concept risks in order to meet project criteria. Risk management is a continuous activity, but revisions at regular review meetings and at project milestones are recommended. The risk review meetings reveal what data elements should be further evaluated in order to reduce uncertainty and risk to an acceptable level.

Experience with dispersant application: Long-path recirculation cleanup trial at byron unit 1 during spring 2011 and online addition update

The use of dispersants in pressurized water reactors (PWRs) has been extensively qualified by EPRI over the past 14 years. Building on the demonstrated success for reducing the rate of corrosion product accumulation within recirculating steam generators (SGs), dispersant injection has more recently been qualified for application during the post-outage startup long-path recirculation cleanup period [1] and for application during SG wet layup [2]. These latter two applications are also of value for plants with once-through SGs.Dispersant application during the long-path recirculation (LPR) cleanup process can reduce the amount of corrosion products available for transport to the SGs by more effectively flushing the condensate and feedwater systems prior to initiating flow to the SGs. The first application occurred at Byron 1 in Spring 2011 under EPRI sponsorship. Extensive qualification and preparation led to a successful outcome. Dispersant was added in two batches while the unit was transitioning from short-path to full LPR cleanup. The target maximum concentration was 800 ppb, while the largest measured dispersant concentration during the application was approximately 650 ppb. There were no difficulties in decreasing the dispersant concentration below the target threshold value prior to reaching Mode 1 entry at the conclusion of the cleaning application. The application was very successful, resulting in the following conclusions:• Approximately 10-20 lb (5-9 kg) of additional iron mass was removed during the LPR cleanup as a result of dispersant addition.• It appears that the added cleanup resulting from dispersant addition during the outage caused a significant decrease in the amount of iron transported to the SGs during the early part of the subsequent cycle. Specifically, on the order of 10-15 lb (5-7 kg) less iron was transported than would otherwise have been expected based on prior plant experience.The qualification work, application details, and an assessment of the results are the first focus of this paper.Since 2009, Exelon and then STP Nuclear Operating Company have implemented online dispersant technology at six PWR units to reduce corrosion product fouling of recirculating SGs. In most cases, dispersant addition has led to a rapid, appreciable increase in SG steam pressure and a consequent improvement in the operating thermal margin (i.e., margin above the turbine valves wide open (VWO) condition). In addition, all treated units have observed substantial increases in the SG iron removal efficiency, leading to a reduction in the SG deposit fouling rate. The second part of this paper summarizes the online experience to date at the Exelon and STP plants on the effects of dispersant on:• blowdown iron removal efficiency,• SG heat-transfer efficiency and• ion exchange resin performance.

Methodical aspects of work on the qualification work of future teachers of fine arts

In article process of performance of qualifying work is considered, motives and methods of creation of a picturesque composition are analyzed.

The Electrical Insulation of the TF Coils of ITER

The Toroidal Field (TF) system of ITER consists of 18 coils in which the winding pack (WP) is formed by 7 stacked double pancakes (DP). The conductors in the TF coil are operated in steady state mode with a current of 68 kA providing a flux of 5.4 T at the plasma axis. The conductors are wrapped with turn insulation and embedded in grooves manufactured in so called radial plates. The grooves are closed with covers, wrapped with glass and polyimide tapes and vacuum impregnated. This layout of the TF WP prevents the accumulation of stresses in the turn insulation, making unlikely the occurrence of a turn-to-turn short circuit. The insulation of the WP will undergo during ITER design lifetime fast neutron fluencies up to 3.2x1021n/m2, which is equivalent to 10 MGy. Standard epoxies degrade if submitted to such doses, developing mechanical properties that would not withstand the estimated operation in-plane shear stress in the range of 45 MPa. The use of a radiation-hard thermoset for glass-fiber composites (cyanate ester) is considered and the on-going extensive qualification work will be presented. The technical solution of how to isolate critical High Voltage (HV) areas like the joint connections or voltage taps is also discussed.

Development of a guideline for the qualification of CO2 capture technology

Abstract This paper presents a guideline for qualification of CO 2 capture technology. The guideline provides a systematic and transparent procedure for the qualification of natural gas power generation technologies with CO 2 capture. For new technology, there is generally a lack of relevant codes and standards. Qualification according to a set of requirements is therefore the only rational approach. The CO 2 capture technologies available today need considerable efforts to integrate, optimize, and to scale up the process components to industrially mature processes. To secure the success and minimize the time to commercialisation of research and development projects for new CO 2 capture technologies, it is vital that the technology is qualified in a step-wise and systematic manner. The guideline was developed as a joint industry project and was carried out through three phases: (1) Development of a draft guideline, (2) Test of the draft guideline in case studies, (3) Final guideline developed based on feedback from the case studies. The scope has been to develop a guideline that could cover the major routes to CO 2 capture, post combustion, pre combustion and oxy-fuel processes. Thus, the qualification work process itself is described in a rather general way to be applicable for all three capture concepts, whereas further specifications are given as specific examples of applications to CO 2 capture technologies.

Improving of Normative Document Study on the Basis of Improving the Methodological Support of Diploma Projects

Modern engineer has to get knowledge and skills in use of standard documents for fulfilment his own functional duties. Different methods of study of normal documents in technical university have been examined. We identify the important role of diploma designing to set skills in standard documents usage. We have proved the necessity of creation of organization standard Graduate qualification work. Structure and rules of fulfillment, principles of its formation are given.

Design and Qualification of ITER CS and TF Cooling Inlets

In the ITER superconducting magnets, the CIC conductors cooling is insured by supercritical helium forced flow in the central and annular parallel channels. In the Central Solenoid, with a thick square jacket conductor, the helium inlet is in the highest field region at the inner bore pancake joggle, and it has to support the high hoop force stress level with a very low stress concentration factor. In the TF magnets, a thin jacket circular conductor is wound in double pancakes, inserted into radial plates, stacked and embedded into a steel case. The helium inlets are located at the inner bore, in the limited space between the radial plates and the coil casing. The PF coils helium inlets, not studied here, are similar to the CS ones, but with a lower stress level. A complete qualification work on the CS and TF helium inlets is presented. A design optimization was performed, by FEM analysis, resulting in acceptable stress level for both helium inlets. The welding procedure was qualified and specific fatigue life mock-ups were designed, analyzed and manufactured using representative jacket materials. Fatigue life qualification at 4 K was performed in the FZK test facility applying the relevant loading and number of cycles. Hydraulic mock-ups were manufactured and qualified in the CEA test facility using GN2 at relevant Reynolds number. Pressure drop as well as flow repartition inside the conductors' petals were measured. The mechanical and hydraulic results are presented

Calculation of BWR cycles with CASMO-3-MICROBURN-B and comparison with measurements

The complexity of modern fuel assembly designs, together with heterogeneous core loading patterns, high enrichments and discharge burnups and unconventional reactor operation concepts, challenge the accuracy of BWR steady-state core simulators. The Siemens program system CASMO-3-MICROBURN-B is based on modern concepts and detailed physical modelling for both neutronics and two-phase thermal hydraulics and as such is suited for the analysis of current reactor cores and operation modes. A description of the main models and system qualification work mainly for reactors in the USA is presented in the first part of this report. The second part details the system validation for three German reactors with highly heterogeneous core loadings. Core reactivity for reactor power operation and cold shutdown tests are provided for 17 cycles together with comparisons of calculated and measured γ-TIP signals. Calculated data based on an older program system are given as well. The results show that within relatively tight uncertainty margins CASMO-3-MICROBURN-B is qualified for the analysis of modern heterogeneous BWR cores.

State of the art of radio-frequency ion sources for space propulsiona)

After 30 years of research, development, and qualification work of radio-frequency ion thrusters (RIT), the RIT 10 engine has now been tested successfully in space onboard the European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA). RIT 10 produces a thrust of 10 mN and is designed for north–south stationkeeping of geosynchronous satellites. Besides, the European Space Agency (ESA/ESTEC) plans to implement ion propulsion in their technological satellite ARTEMIS, where ion thrusters shall be used operationally for north–south stationkeeping. In parallel, development and tests of a scaled-up 50 mN engine RIT 15 have been continued successfully with xenon and krypton as propellants. A large ion engine with a 35 cm ionizer diameter, the RIT 35, has been developed for primary propulsion of interplanetary probes aiming at a thrust level in the 250 mN range. A laboratory prototype has been subjected to extensive testing and performance mapping. Recently, this work has been continued in European cooperation due to a redirection of contracts. The ion source diameter has been reduced to 26 cm but the performance should be kept using a British high perveance grid at the German rf-ion source.

State of the art of radio-frequency ion sources for space propulsion (abstract)a)

After 30 years of research, development, and qualification work of radio-frequency ion thrusters (RIT), the RIT 10 engine has now been tested successfully in space onboard the European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA). RIT 10 produces a thrust of 10 mN and is designed for north–south stationkeeping of geosynchronous satellites. Besides, the European Space Agency (ESA/ESTEC) plans to implement ion propulsion in their technological satellite ARTEMIS, where ion thrusters shall be used operationally for north–south stationkeeping. In parallel, development and tests of a scaled-up 50 mN engine RIT 15 have been continued successfully with xenon and krypton as propellants. A large ion engine with a 35 cm ionizer diameter, the RIT 35, has been developed for primary propulsion of interplanetary probes aiming at a thrust level in the 250 mN range. A laboratory prototype has been subjected to extensive testing and performance mapping. Recently, this work has been continued in European cooperation due to a redirection of contracts. The ion source diameter has been reduced to 26 cm but the performance should be kept using a British high perveance grid at the German rf-ion source.

Benchmarking: Survey profiles the who and what of environmental auditing practice

AbstractIn late 1990, the Environmental Auditing Roundtable's Auditor Training and Qualification Work Group determined that it needed reliable information about those in industry currently doing health, safety, and environmental audits. The work group would use this information to develop appropriate standards for auditors. It was also felt that such information would be helpful to others establishing internal audit programs. The work group, under the leadership of Donald P. Duffy, developed and refined a survey questionnaire during 1991. This article details the results of this survey and provides companies with timely information to benchmark their TQEM auditing efforts.

Radio-frequency ion sources for space propulsion (invited)

After more than 25 years of research, development, and qualification work at Radiofrequency Ion Thrusters, so-called RIT, the RIT 10 engine, designed for north–south stationkeeping of geosynchronous satellites, is now ready for a space test onboard the European Retrievable Carrier EURECA. Since two years, the European Space Agency ESA/ESTEC is working at a new technological satellite, called ARTEMIS, at which ion propulsion shall be used operationally for north–south stationkeeping. In the scope of the RIT 10 ground qualification work, an ion beam diagnostic device has been designed and built up to determine the mechanical beam parameters. Moreover, a small test stand has been designed that allows full thruster operation in order to measure the radiated electromagnetic spectrum in an anechoic test chamber. Besides, the development and tests of a scaled-up 50 mN engine RIT 15 have been continued successfully with xenon, krypton, and also argon as propellants. The ion beam profiles have been measured and the influence of the accel-decel ratio on the beam divergence has been studied. A large ion engine with 35 cm ionizer diameter, the RIT 35, has been developed for primary propulsion aiming at a thrust level in the 250 mN range. A laboratory prototype has been subjected to extensive testing and performance mapping. This preliminary work has been finished waiting for further programmatic decisions.

GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor device and IC technology for high-performance analog and microwave applications

GaAs-AlGaAs n-p-n heterojunction bipolar transistor (GaAs HBT) technology and its application to analog and microwave functions for high-performance military and commercial systems are discussed. In many applications the GaAs HBT offers key advantages over the alternative advanced silicon bipolar and III-V compound field-effect-transistor (FET) approaches. TRW's GaAs HBT device and IC fabrication process, basic HBT DC and RF performance, examples of applications, and technology qualification work are presented and serve as a basis for addressing general capability issues. A related 3- mu m emitter-up, self-aligned HBT IC process provides excellent DC and RF performance, with simultaneous gain-bandwidth product, f/sub T/, and maximum frequency of oscillation, f/sub max/, of approximately 20-40 GHz and DC current gain beta approximately=50-100 at useful collector current densities approximately=3-10 kA/cm/sup 2/, early voltage approximately=500-1000 V, and MSI-LSI integration levels. These capabilities facilitate versatile DC-20-GHz analog/microwave as well as 3-6 Gb/s digital applications, 2-3 G sample/s A/D conversion, and single-chip multifunctions with producibility. >

GaAs Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor Device and IC Technology

ABSTRACTGaAs/AlGaAs N-p-n heterojunction bipolar transistor (GaAs HBT) device and integrated circuit technology which offers key advantages over advanced silicon bipolar and III-V compound field-effect transistors is maturing towards system insertion. The TRW device and IC fabrication process, basic HBT dc and RF performance, examples of device and IC applications, and technology qualification work are presented and serves as a basis for discussing overall technology issues and impact. A relaxed 3-μm emitter-up, self-aligned base ohmic metal (SABM) HBT process and simplified molecularbeam epitaxial profiles are used for near-term producibility. The HBTs have simultaneous fT, fmax≈20–40 GHz and dc current gain ß≈50–100 at collector current density JC=3 kA/cm2 and Early voltage VA≈200–300 with capability for MSI-LSI integration levels. Versatile dc-20 GHz analog, 3–6 Gb/s digital, and 2–3 Gs/s A/D conversion functions are demonstrated with a common 3-μm SABM HBT process which facilitates single-chip multifunctional capability. Key improvements are realized over Si bipolar and GaAs-related FET (e.g. MESFET and HEMT) approaches in operational frequency, gain-bandwidth product, harmonic distortion, 1/f noise, power consumption, and size reduction.