Purification Plant Research Articles

Two different purification systems at Istanbul-Tuzla and Adana-Kozan, their characterizations.

In most developed countries, wastewater treatment plants are presently utilizing efficient purification technology meeting the sufficiency requirements of quality and quantity. However, in developing countries, the number of wastewater treatment plants is limited. As a result, the establishment of a connection between the wastewater collection system and wastewater purification plants is increasingly becoming a top priority for researchers. The aim of this article is to analyze wastewater collection and purification systems and establish the links between these two processes. In the present study, the efficiency of the present purification system at the Istanbul-Tuzla and Adana-Kozan plants was investigated with the aim of enhancing their performance. The findings pertaining to the model sewage system revealed a decrease in NH3-N by 20-70%, total nitrogen (T-N) by 25-75%, biological oxygen demand (BOD5) by 50-60%, chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 35-55% and suspended solids (SS) by 55-85%. As a result of studies performed in the Tuzla sewage treatment system, we can confirm that T-N decreased by 50-75%, suspended solid particles by 24-57%, and BOD5 by 34-57%, while 35-55% of COD was removed. Similarly, in the canal exit at Kоzan, BOD5 decreased by 40-55%, COD by 30-50%, SS by 25-45% and T-N by 5-40%.

Optimisation approaches for the synthesis of water treatment plants

Efficient water treatment design has progressively been growing in importance as the usage of water resources increases with population rise and industrial development. Their availability has been reduced with the more evident effects of climate change. Addressing this challenge necessitates more and efficient purification plants which can be realised by optimal design at conceptual stage. In this work, a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model for the synthesis and optimisation of water treatment processes is proposed. Due to its numerous non-linearities and consequently, its non-stability, various linearisation, approximation and reformulation techniques have been implemented. Consequently, two improved formulations are derived, i.e. a partially linearised MINLP (plMINLP) and a mixed integer linear fractional programming (MILFP) models. The applicability of the mathematical formulations are investigated in case studies of seawater desalination and surface water treatment for the production of potable water. Finally, the models performance is analysed and compared against each other.

直方体水槽内において遠心式水流発生機が作る循環流

The water velocity field in a rectangular reservoir driven by a previously unexplored water streamer is investigated experimentally and numerically. Firstly, the velocity field on the water surface induced in a rectangular reservoir is estimated from trajectories of floating passive tracers. Secondly, the velocity at the several fixed points below the surface is directly measured with the aid of an electro-magnetic velocimetry. These measurements elucidate that the streamer activates an underwater circulation between the surface and the bottom in the reservoir. Additionally, a numerical simulation is examined to realise the induced three-dimensional flow below the water surface. The obtained results provide an evidence that the induced flow structure is three-dimensionally spiral, which is distinct from that induced by the water streamers traditionally utilized in aquacultural reservoirs. The investigated streamer may be utilized for the purpose to particularly enhance the underwater vertical mixing in aquacultural reservoir or purification plant.

Filtration of sunflower oil in the field of vibroacoustic effects

Purification of crude unrefined sunflower oil along with the removal of primary oxidation products is an urgent task to remove the solid constituents formed during the processing of sunflower seeds. All of them irrespective of the chemical composition negatively affect the quality of the food product and, over time, saturate the oil with coagulants that affect its organoleptic and physico-mechanical characteristics. The problem of cleaning unrefined sunflower oil by filtration with the use of vibroacoustic action is considered. The calculation scheme of the process is given, and an experimental setup has been developed that makes it possible to vary the angle of inclination of the filter element. The research of sunflower oil filtration in the field of vibroacoustic impact is carried out. In the study, a decision was made to expand the energy effects to create a cumulative system in the liquid medium that improves the hydrodynamic situation at the scale of the oil purification plant. It is established that the process speed can be intensified by creating additional microflows that provide an active influence on the motion of liquid, gas and solid particles. The results are obtained, which testify to the effectiveness of the use of vibroacoustic effects during the filtration of sunflower oil.

Efficiency of Polymeric Membrane Graphene Oxide-TiO2for Removal of Azo Dye

Achieving the desired standard of drinking water quality has been one of the concerns across water treatment plants in the developing countries. Processes such as grid chamber, coagulation, sedimentation, clarification, filtration, and disinfection are typically used in water purification plants. Among these methods, unit filtration which employs polymers is one of the new technologies. There have been many studies about the use of semiconductive TiO2with graphene oxide (GO) on the base of different polymeric membranes for the removal of azo dyes, especially methylene blue (MB). Polymeric GO-TiO2membranes have high photocatalytic, antifouling property and permeate the flux removal of organic pollutants. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of different polymeric membranes such as anionic perfluorinated polymer (Nafion), cellulose acetate, polycarbonate (PC), polysulfone fluoride (PSF), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The result of this study showed that the GO-TiO2membrane can be used in the field of water treatment and will be used for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from wastewater.

LCA of different energy sources for a water purification plant in Burkina Fasso

This article presents a natural coagulant obtained from Moringa oleifera seeds used to reduce water turbidity. The residue generated by an oil extraction plant from M. oleifera seeds is valuated as coagulant in an automatized water purification plant that needs power supply. The main objective of this study is to find the most suitable and sustainable power supply option with regards to a specific zone of Burkina Faso. This article discusses the possibility to deploy a sustainable system providing water purification and electricity to a village of Burkina Faso. Three scenarios are considered to power up the water purification plant (A: electricity grid, B: diesel generator and C: solar panels supported by second life EV batteries). The environmental impact of these three scenarios is done following the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology based on energy and resources consumption during the material extraction, elements manufacturing, use and dismantle phases. The less pollutant option for this case in Burkina Faso is the “solar panels supported by second life EV batteries”. In comparison to the other scenarios, this system entails a significant reduction of the environmental impact, mainly in the categories of climate change and fossil depletion.

Determination of fluoride level in drinking water from water samples in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra

Introduction: The concentration of fluoride in drinking water influences the dental caries situation in the region. There are no studies reported determining the fluoride levels in drinking water supplies of Navi Mumbai. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the fluoride level in drinking water samples from different areas of Navi Mumbai region. Materials and Methods: In an in vitro experimental study, water samples were collected from seven different locations of Navi Mumbai region. Water samples were collected from the Morbe dam, water purification plant at Bhokarpada in Raigad district, and five randomly selected residential areas of Navi Mumbai region. A total of 35 water subsamples were analyzed for fluoride content using fluoride analysis kit (HiMedia AQUACheck Fluoride Testing Kit). Results: The mean concentration of fluoride level in water samples from dam, water purification plant, as well as the five random residential areas was 0.5 mg/L (1 mg/L = 1 ppm). The fluoride level remained constant throughout from the source till the end consumer. Conclusion: There was no effect of water purification process at the plant on fluoride content of water samples. Similarly, the fluoride content was constant in the distributed purified water to residential areas. In this study, it was observed that the fluoride level in drinking water of Navi Mumbai was below the recommended levels by the World Health Organization as well as the Ministry of Health, Government of India.

Investigation on the Seismic Damage of the Concrete Water Purification Plant through Finite Element (FE) Analyses

Investigation on the Seismic Damage of the Concrete Water Purification Plant through Finite Element (FE) Analyses

A fast method to evaluate water eutrophication

Water eutrophication has become a worldwide environmental problem in recent years. Once a water body is eutrophicated, it will lose its primary functions and subsequently influence sustainable development of society and economy. Therefore, analysis of eutrophication becomes one of the most essential issues at present. With the ability to deal with vague and uncertain information, and express knowledge in a rule form, the rough set theory (RST) has been widely applied in diverse domains. The advantage of RST is that it can compress the rule and remove needless features by reduction inference rule. By this way, the rule gets effectively simplified and inference efficiency gets improved. However, if data amount is relatively big, it could be a process with large calculated amount to search rules by looking up tables. Petri nets (PNs) possesses so powerful parallel reasoning ability that inference result could be obtained rapidly merely by simple matrix manipulation with no need for searching rules by looking up tables. In this work, an integrated RPN model combining RST with PN was used to analyze relations between degrees of water eutrophication level and influence factors in the Pengxi River of Three Gorges Reservoir. It was shown that the RPN model could analyze water eutrophicaion accurately and quickly, and yield decision rules for the decision-makers at water purification plants of the water quality and assist them in making more cost-effective decisions.

Occurrence and formation of haloacetamides from chlorination at water purification plants across Japan

The occurrence of six haloacetamides (HAcAms), which are a group of emerging nitrogenous disinfection byproducts, was investigated in drinking water across Japan in September 2015 and February 2016. At least one of the six HAcAms were found in all of the drinking water samples and their total concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 3.8 μg/L. The detection frequencies and concentrations of 2,2-dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) and 2-bromo-2-chloroacetamide (BCAcAm) were the largest among the targeted HAcAm species. The total HAcAm concentrations in the raw water after chlorination ranged from 0.8 to 11 μg/L. The bromine incorporation factors (BIFs) of the targeted dihalogenated HAcAms (di-HAcAms) (DCAcAm, BCAcAm, and 2,2-dibromoacetamide) in the drinking water samples correlated well with those in the raw water after chlorination. The total HAcAm concentrations and the BIF of the di-HAcAms in the raw water after chlorination correlated with trihalomethane concentrations. HAcAm concentrations after chlorination increased with chlorination time. While the formation of di-HAcAms after chlorination was higher at higher pH, that of 2,2,2-trichloroacetamide remained unaffected by pH.

Physicochemical Properties of Water Treatment Residuals Generated from Different Water Purification Plants and the Growth of Vegetables Using these Residuals as a Plant Growing Medium

Physicochemical Properties of Water Treatment Residuals Generated from Different Water Purification Plants and the Growth of Vegetables Using these Residuals as a Plant Growing Medium

Steroids contents in waters of wastewater purification plants: determination with partial-filling micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography and UV detection

ABSTRACTPartial-filling micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (PF-MEKC) with UV detection was applied for determination of human-based steroids in water samples of Finnish wastewater treatment plants. The samples were purified with solid-phase extraction (SPE) on octadecyl substituted polymer sorbents obtaining analyte enrichment of 20,000-fold. The steroids studied were androgens, estrogens, and progesterone. Three of the steroids could be quantified with the PF-MEKC method. The detection and quantification limits were 0.05–1.06 μg/mL and 0.15–3.2 μg/mL, meaning in the SPE concentrates as 2.5–53 pg/L and 7.5–160 pg/L, respectively. In the influent waters, the total amount of testosterone glucuronide, androstenedione, and progesterone was up to 350 ng/L. In effluent water samples the total steroid quantity was maximum at 320 ng/L. Remarkably high quantity of androstenedione was quantified in both influent and effluent water samples. The cleanest effluent waters were produced in Western Finland. Correspondingly, the highest quantities were located near the largest lake and river areas in South-Eastern Finland. The concentration variation in effluent waters was explained with differences in the purification materials and processes at the plants and with steroid adsorption on soil and organic material suspended into water.

Retention of Atmospheric Particles by Local Plant Leaves in the Mount Wutai Scenic Area, China

To evaluate the characteristics of atmospheric particle retention by plant leaves during the tourism season in Buddhism-based scenic areas, plants distributed in the core area of the Mount Wutai scenic area were selected for study: Populus davidiana (Po. davidiana), Rosa hugonis Hemsl. (R. hugonis), Betula platyphylla Suk. (B. platyphylla), Rosa xanthina Lindl. (R. xanthina), Periploca sepium Bunge (Pe. sepium), Spiraea salicifolia L. (S. salicifolia), Vitex negundo var. Heterophylla (V. negundo var. heterophylla) and Pinus tabuliformis Carrière (Pi. tabuliformis). Before rain, the atmospheric suspended particle-retaining weight of the plant leaves varied in the range of 6.95 ± 1.55 (Pi. tabuliformis) to 38.60 ± 18.32 mg/cm2 (Po. davidiana); the light shaded areas caused by particles on leaves were in the range of 7.25 ± 0.04 (Pi. tabuliformis) to 126.50 ± 6.66 cm2/leaf (Po. davidiana); and the atmospheric particle-retaining horizontal density of leaves varied in the range of 110 ± 2 (Pi. tabuliformis) to 255 ± 11 per cm2 (Po. davidiana). After rain, the atmospheric suspended particle-retaining quality of plant leaves varied in the range of 0.65 ± 0.23 (Pi. tabuliformis) to 3.50 ± 1.83 mg/cm2 (Po. davidiana); the light shaded areas by particles on leaves were in the range of 4.26 ± 0.02 (Pi. tabuliformis) to 45.96 ± 2.42 cm2/leaf (Po. davidiana); and the atmospheric particle-retaining horizontal density of leaves was in the range of 97 ± 2 (Pi. tabuliformis) to 147 ± 7 per cm2 (Po. davidiana). The broad-leaved plants, particularly Po. davidiana, R. hugonis and B. platyphylla, were appropriate species for purification of atmospheric particles. Plants with lower dust-retention abilities than the above three species (e.g., R. xanthina, Pe. sepium, S. salicifolia and V. negundo var. heterophylla) could be alternative plants for purification. However, the needle-leaved plant Pi. tabuliformis was not recommended as a tree species for purification of atmospheric particles in the core area of the Mount Wutai scenic area.

Fauna of infusoria in Hovsan and Sahil water purification plants of Absheron peninsula

Fauna of infusoria in Hovsan and Sahil water purification plants of Absheron peninsula

Initiatives for utilizing renewable energy in water supply treatment

Maintaining a safe and reliable public water supply uses massive amounts of energy, prompting calls for energy saving measures. The Yokohama Water Works Bureau has established the goal of building a water supply system that is environmentally friendly by implementing a variety of initiatives, starting with efforts in renewable energy. These efforts have featured installing solar power and micro hydropower generation facilities at our purification plants and distribution reservoirs. The Yokohama water treatment facilities include purification plants based on gravity systems (Nishiya and Kawai plants) and pumped systems (Kosuzume plant). As the purification plants employing gravity systems place a smaller load on the environment, we use them as effectively as we can. When it was time to refurbish the distribution pumps, we reviewed the pump control system and identified initiatives for reducing pumped system power consumption.

Identification of bacteria responsible for Nitrification and its correlation with physicochemical properties of water resources.

In this study, many findings were observed by monitoring seasonal variations of physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of raw water of seven main canals used by Water Purification Plants in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate; those findings elucidated the quality of these resources and how would they become affected by pollutants especially during winter season and low demand period of Nile River. This study discussed nitrification process occurrence and how would this process and those characteristics affect each other. These seasonal changes during winter season are affecting and altering physicochemical and microbiological parameters of raw water in a bad way causing many problems especially in drinking water purification plants located on Nile River and main canals. Identification of ammonia oxidation and degradation responsible bacteria revealed that Nitrosomonas europaea and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were involved in ammonia removal and nitrification process.

Cover Picture: Structural Concrete 2/2016

AbstractWith a catchment area of approx. 269 km2, the waste water treatment plant in Wuerzburg is one of the largest purification plants in Bavaria, Germany. Due to the limited capacity of the plant, just under half of the sludge that was produced could be digested. Consequently, the decision was made to construct two new digesters with an additional volume of 5,000 m3 each. (© DSI)

Material Degradation Due to Erosion and Preventive Measures

In industrial applications, surface of different equipments are damaged by solid particles entrained in a fluid stream. This type of wear is generally characterized as erosion. Probably the most considerable erosion problems which found in industry are those connected with the equipment used such as in coal-fired power plants, hydraulic turbines, fluid-bed system and coal purification plants etc. Erosion may come into play, when the moving particles strike-out the material from the surface of the equipment which reduces the life and efficiency of the plant equipments. The various factors named as particle shape, particle velocity, angle of impingement and properties of target material, affect the erosion rate. Hardfacing is one of simple and most effective technique to increase the erosion resistance by different welding processes. The soft surface of the component is deposited by suitable alloys or composites which enhance the surface properties. Hardfacing is a useful technique for either repair of failed components or manufacturing of new components.

Previsão consumo diário de água: um estudo de caso de Nobres (Brasil)

Para obter eficiência operacional em sistema de abastecimento de água (SAA) a previsão de consumo de água em curto prazo (para o próximo dia) é necessária. Esse trabalho teve o objetivo de desenvolver um modelo matemático de previsão do consumo diário de água da cidade de Nobres, Estado de Mato Grosso, no Brasil. As etapas metodologicas realizadas foram: (1) revisão de literatura; (2) descrição da área de estudo; (3) coleta e análise de dados (consumo de água e clima); (4) proposição de modelo de previsão de consumo diário de água; (5) calibração e verificação do modelo; (6) aplicação de modelo. As técnicas de modelagem matemática empregadas foram regressão linear, Séries de Fourier e sistema especialista. Os resultados indicaram um erro médio percentual do modelo inferior a 10% indicando que apresentou bom ajuste e pode ser utilizado para prever o consumo de água. Como principal conclusão apresenta-se que o modelo desenvolvido que pode ser utilizado para o planejamento operacinal do SAA estudado.

Humic substances as precursors for trihalomethanes yields upon chlorination

AbstractThe role of humic substances (HSs) in the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) through the chlorination process in drinking water purification plants was investigated. A series of batch experiments, under different experimental conditions (reaction time, levels of HSs, and pH) were designed. In addition, trihalomethanes formation potential (THMFP) was assessed. The results showed that the average concentration of total THMs formed was 7.63 μg/L. Chloroform was the main species of THMs, while bromoform was not generated during this study. Prolonging the reaction time with increasing HSs concentrations and alkaline pH resulted in increasing the total THMs formed. The contribution of humic acid to the THM precursor was greater than fulvic acid. Therefore, the complete removal of HSs, or at least optimizing the operating conditions, is recommended to minimize the formation of THMs.