Purchase Price Research Articles

Electric and gasoline vehicle total cost of ownership across US cities

AbstractVehicle electrification can significantly decarbonize the transportation sector. Widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) depends on their cost relative to conventional alternatives. Here we compare the total cost of ownership (TCO) of gasoline, hybrid, and electric vehicles. First, we review previous TCO studies, showing that the components (e.g., purchase price, financing, taxes, fees, insurance, refueling, maintenance, repair, and home charging equipment for EVs), parameters (e.g., vehicle miles traveled, discount rate, and lifetime), and methods differ greatly. Then, we develop a comprehensive TCO model comparing across five vehicle classes, three powertrains, and three EV ranges. Using 14 cities in the United States and multiple charging scenarios, we investigate TCO variability based on location and use pattern. We include adjustments for local gasoline prices, electricity rate plans, home charging access, and the impact of local temperatures and drive cycles on fuel economy, among other factors. We show that for a 300‐mile range midsize electric SUV, TCO varies by $52,000, or nearly 40%, across locations. Home charging access reduces the lifetime cost by approximately $10,000 on average, and up to $26,000. EVs are more competitive in cities with high gasoline prices, low electricity prices, moderate climates, and direct purchase incentives, and for users with home charging access, time‐of‐use electricity pricing, and high annual mileage. In general, we find that small and low‐range EVs are less expensive than gasoline vehicles. Larger, long‐range EVs are currently more expensive than their gasoline counterparts. And midsize EVs can reach cost parity in some cities if incentives are applied.

Access to essential medicines used in the management of noncommunicable diseases in Southern Ethiopia: Analysis using WHO/HAI methodology.

This study aims to assess access to essential medicines used in the management of noncommunicable diseases through analysis of the availability, prices, and affordability of these essential medicines in Arba Minch town, Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional design was carried out using the World Health Organization/health action international methodology between 2 March and 2 May 2023, within public and private healthcare facilities located in Arba Minch town, Southern Ethiopia. The median price ratio served as a metric. Statistical tests like the Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov were utilized to assess the normal distribution of price data. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U test was also employed to compare median buyer's prices (patient prices) between public and private healthcare institutions. Treatment affordability was determined by estimating the number of days' wages required by the lowest-paid government employee in Ethiopia to afford the prescribed medication regimen. Among 23 health facilities surveyed, the pooled availability of essential medicine used in the management of noncommunicable diseases was 18.7% (range: 0%-30.1%), with the public and private facilities contributing 16.3% and 38.3%, respectively. The overall percentage of availability originator brand versions was 1.1% for overall health sectors, 0.6% for public sectors, and 1.2% for private sectors. The overall percent availability of lowest price generics was 36.2% (range: 0%-26.2%; public: 32.0%; private: 37.1%). Only seven lowest price generics satisfied the World Health Organization target of 80% and above. The overall median price of lowest price generic medicines in private was two times higher than in public sectors. The top five median price scorers were amlodipine, furosemide, insulin, beclomethasone, and salbutamol. The Mann-Whitney U test showed that 11.6% of lowest price generics medicines had a statistically significant median price disparity between the public and private sectors (p < 0.05). The overall percent of unaffordability was found to be 100.0%, (public: 70.4; private: 100.0%). This study revealed the limited availability and potential financial burdens on patients seeking essential noncommunicable disease medications. Limited availability suggests the need for better supply chain management and consistent stock availability. The price disparities and affordability challenges identified underscore the necessity for policy interventions such as price regulation and subsidized programs to ensure equitable access to essential noncommunicable disease medications in Arba Minch town, Southern Ethiopia.

Adjusted Purchase Price as A Method of Valuing Financial Assets and Liabilities

The development of accounting in modern times is accompanied by the emergence of new valuation methods. Today, assets and liabilities are disclosed not only in simple categories, such as purchase price, nominal value or production cost. National and international regulations introduce more complex valuation methods. One of them is the adjusted purchase price method, known in international regulations as the amortized cost method. The following article will present the essence of the adjusted purchase price method, the assets and liabilities that can be valued according to this method, as well as a comparison of the discussed valuation method with accounting principles.

Comparative analysis of decision making factors of hybrid and emission free heat source users in single family houses

Aim/purpose – Energy is traditionally produced using fossil fuels as raw materials, which impacts the environment negatively. Due to the scarcity of fossil fuel supplies, rising prices of energy carriers, and global trends, consumers are turning to renewable energy sources (RES) for home heating. The aim of this study was to determine whether the choice of house heating system using different sources than fossil fuels is driven by any additional components of single-family house users’ purchasing decisions besides cost. Based on research results, the prospects for further transformation of thermal ener- gy in single-family housing in Poland towards RES were determined. Design/methodology/approach – The research on the inhabitants of single-family houses was conducted in December 2022 in Poland. The research method used was a survey using the CATI and CAWI techniques. 600 respondents filled out the question- naire. The results were statistically analyzed. A non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test (non- -parametric ANOVA) and a post-hoc test were used. The distributions’ normality and the variances’ homogeneity were measured using Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Brownian– –Forsythe tests. Calculations were performed using Statistica software. Findings – The choice of heating energy source in single-family houses, taking CO2 emis- sions into account, is not dictated by income level. Instead, it is determined by the number of people in the household. More numerous households opt for a zero-emission heat source. Households using emission-based heating energy sources are significantly more driven by the cost of using heating appliances; their purchase price, reliability, and product quality are more important than those using zero-emission methods. The partial use of renewable energy source solutions promotes further investment in emission-free heat sources. Research implications/limitations – The analysis illustrates the state of thermal trans- formation in single-family houses during the energy transition process at the national level. A limitation of the research is that it samples only one EU country struggling with too high CO2 emissions compared to other countries. Originality/value/contribution – A unique approach used in this study is to address the variation in incentives for renewable energy purchasing decisions, considering CO2 emissions. This aspect, although noticeable to some extent, is not directly taken into account by users who do not have the tools to assess their CO2 emissions. However, the proposed research approach showed that the CO2 emission level of a heating system is a factor differentiating some aspects of the decision-making process of system users. In particular, it showed what elements of the decision are essential in households that have not yet taken any action towards energy transformation. Keywords: energy, decision-making process, heat source, hybrid heat sources, emis- sion-free heat sources, consumers’ characteristics. JEL Classification: Q56, G51, O13.

Погодные условия и продовольственные цены в 2023 году в России и за рубежом

The article notes favorable weather conditions in the Russian Federation for agricultural production. A comparative analysis of domestic and foreign food prices in the 4th quarter of 2023 is given. Producer prices and consumer prices for agricultural products are considered. There was a decrease in export prices for food on the world market during the year compared to 2022. The increase in Russia’s domestic purchasing and retail prices for meat in the 4th quarter of 2023 is analyzed.

The structure analysis of the commodity market and the meat raw material supply management

In the modern world, the market of raw meat and meat products is constantly growing and developing. It is quite dynamic and characterised by a constant increase in competition. The structure of the commodity market is evaluated not only by local region producers of the region, but also by producers from other regions, and each of them in general and in particular occupies a certain market segment. The article presents information on the analysis of the structure of the raw meat market, in particular beef. The characteristics of the main supply competitors to the Omsk region and the Siberian zone are presented Based on a questionnaire survey, the main trends in the selection of raw meat for representatives of the food industry were identified. This analysis is also based on such factors as the purchase and market price, as well as in the framework of public nutrition for finished products made from meat raw materials. Based on the results obtained, a number of conclusions were drawn, and an idea of the market for these products was formed.

Analysis of the Willingness to Pay for Energy-Efficient Inverter AC using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)

Consumers tend to pay less attention to the hidden long-term energy costs than the more noticeable upfront purchase prices. Regarding this condition, this study will estimate the acceptable additional price for an energy-efficient inverter AC by applying the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). The study gathers primary data by delivering the questionnaire with the payment card inside to the 328 Semarang City participants as the research sample. Nevertheless, nine respondents indicated their reluctance to buy at an extra price. Hence, this study modified the number of samples to 319 respondents. Based on the data processing, this study found that individual characteristics are critical in determining willingness to purchase energy-efficient inverters AC. The monthly income level factor seems to positively influence the willingness to pay a premium price for an energy-efficient inverter AC. This study also indicated that consumers with higher education levels, especially those familiar with energy-saving concepts, positively impact their willingness to pay a premium price for energy-efficient inverters AC.

An economic order quantity model under constant purchasing price increments

An economic order quantity model under constant purchasing price increments

ИНВЕСТИРОВАНИЕ В ОТДЕЛЬНЫХ СЕГМЕНТАХ АГРАРНОГО СЕКТОРА РФ: СПЕЦИФИКА, ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ТРЕНДЫ

Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the investment process determine the prospects for the development of any industry, including agriculture. The paper attempts to systematize the features, benefits and risks of investing in certain sectors of the agricultural sector (grain production, vegetable growing, animal husbandry, poultry farming). The main problematic points in the development of investment processes in the sub-sectors of agriculture have been identified, related both to objective reasons (long payback period of investments, significant capital intensity, risks due to natural factors) and subjective aspects (Western sanctions, protectionism in the export of products, leading to restraining purchase prices for agricultural products). The analysis of indicators characterizing the conditions, dynamics and results of investment activities in the industry as a whole and the specifics of investing in individual segments has been carried out. It is concluded that there is a general positive trend in the investment activity of agricultural producers in 2018-2022, both due to maintaining good profitability of activities and due to government subsidization of interest rates on loans. In the context of individual sub-sectors, different rates, volumes and results of investment processes are noted. An assessment of the sources of financing investments in the agricultural sector is given, according to which the main source of investment is the enterprises' own funds. At the same time, state financial support through concessional lending to agricultural producers retains an important role. The conditions and promising directions for the development of investment in agriculture, including those related to import substitution, are outlined.

Взаимоотношения МТС и колхозов Западно-Сибирского края в 1930-е гг.

The article investigate the problem of relations between machine and tractor stations (MTS) of the West Siberian region and collective farms. Author shows practices of their interaction, reasons for the emergence of conflict situations. The determining role of the state, which set low purchase prices for agricultural products and high prices for services rendered by MTS, is revealed. For this reason, the income received by collective farms decreased, which was reflected in the amount of a labor day. The peasantry, dissatisfied with the current situation, resorted to various tricks and tried to refuse the MTS services imposed on them.

An economic order quantity model under constant purchasing price increments

An economic order quantity model under constant purchasing price increments

Variability in Drug Procurement within Group 1B of the Pharmaceutical Specialized Scheme in Brazil

In the Brazilian Health System (SUS), drugs covered by the Specialized Pharmaceutical Scheme (CEAF) receive federal funding and can be procured either centrally (Group 1A) or by individual states (Federal Units - UF) (Group 1B). Unlike other countries where national procurement prices are negotiated centrally by the government, public procurement in Brazil follows a public auction procedure, potentially resulting in varying purchase prices. To facilitate price comparisons, it is a legal requirement to register public acquisitions in the Health Prices Registry (BPS). This study aimed to assess the variability in the procurement prices for Group 1B drugs across the 27 Brazilian states during 2021. Data on the acquisitions of Group 1B drugs by the 27 Health Secretariats were obtained from the BPS. Drugs with no reported reimbursement prices as of December 2021 were excluded from the analysis. The total reimbursement amount for each state was sourced from the SUS Ambulatory Information System. The findings revealed significant variability in drug procurement prices both across and within states. The study underscored a potential disparity in CEAF access, favoring wealthier states (those with larger populations and higher economic status) by securing lower drug prices.

Pricing decision for recycling and remanufacturing supply chain considering consumer online consumption preferences and recycled products’ quality

With the organic integration of the Internet and remanufacturing industry, traditional manufacturers can recycle used products and sell products (including new and remanufactured products) through e-commerce retail platforms. A recycling and remanufacturing supply chain with three members (manufacturer, e-commerce retail platform, third-party recycler) is constructed in this paper. Manufacturer has remanufacturing capabilities, and the e-commerce retail platform can provide logistics service. In response to the organic integration of the Internet and remanufacturing industry, we mainly consider the pricing decisions of consumer preferences for online sales models and recycled products’ quality. Based on the impact of consumer used product recycling promotion activities on supply chain, a pricing game model was constructed for three recycling channels: manufacturer, e-commerce retail platform, and third-party recycler. Optimal pricing decision, logistics service level, used product recycling promotion intensity index, and recycling rate were obtained. Research has shown that consumer preferences can significantly improve supply chain logistics service level, pricing, market demand, and profits; Strengthening consumer awareness of remanufacturing used products and improving recycled products’ quality can not only lower consumer purchase prices and expand consumer demand, but also increase profits of supply chain members.

미술품 NFT 서비스 모듈별 기능 프레임워크 연구

The goal of this study was to identify the problems of art NFTs through quantitative surveys and qualitative FGIs, and then propose module-specific functions and services of a web platform for fair use of NFT artworks. The survey results showed that NFT artworks have high rarity as a collectible value based on the reliability of blockchain technology, but purchase and sale prices that are not fair and reliable, and copyright and license disputes are serious. Therefore, this study proposed a framework and presented a model centered on the requirements and functions of each module of the art NFT web platform service, such as art artist achievement service, artwork concept and production intention service, copyright/ownership/license original authentication service, expert qualitative evaluation score and opinion service, and public recognition and popularity service. This research can be used as a framework for fair use of NFT art purchase/sale, transparency of NFT art market, and design and implementation of NFT art web platform system services.

Analisis Dan Perancangan Sistem Informasi Penilaian Harga Perolehan Barang Dagang Dengan Metode Moving Average

The Indrayana Jaya Outdoors store requires an accurate and timely information system for the valuation of the purchase price of merchandise so that the flow of information needed runs as expected. The method of determining the moving average price (Moving Average), the acquisition price is not carried out at the end of the period, but at every purchase transaction. The results of the problem analysis found many things that caused the goals of the system not to be achieved. In knowing the information on the inventory of merchandise in the warehouse, it takes a duration of more than 10 minutes because you must first find and collect the required data one by one. Recording data that is still in handwriting or using working papers also hinders officers from finding the information needed because the document is not legible or multiple writing errors are made. As well as to determine the selling price, the purchase price of the goods is only an estimate, so the possibility of receiving only a small profit. By using the Moving Average Method, Indrayana Jaya Outdoors Stores can process data and present information on the acquisition price of merchandise accurately and on time.

Pricing and Replenishment Decision of Vegetable Products

Most vegetable products have a short shelf life and need to be restocked according to demand after being sold on the same day. Therefore, it is of great significance to accurately price and make effective replenishment decisions for vegetable products under unknown specific unit and purchase prices. This article analyzes the sales information and wholesale prices of various types of vegetables. Using the system clustering method in cluster analysis, the Euclidean distance and shortest distance are obtained based on the characteristic values between different individual products, and the sales volume correlation is classified according to their strength. Then, the chi square test and Fisher exact probability test are used to obtain the sales volume correlation based on the characteristic values between two different categories. The paper constructs a linear programming model with the goal of minimizing daily transportation costs.

The Influence of Brand Trust and Price Perception on Purchase Decisions at Rotte Bakery Pasir Putih Branch

This research aims to determine the influence of brand trust and price perception on purchasing decisions at the Rotte Bakery Pasir Putih branch. This research is quantitative research with brand trust and price perception variables on purchasing decisions. This research uses data collection techniques by distributing questionnaires. The total sample for this research was 97 respondents taken using the lameshow technique. The data analysis techniques used are descriptive statistical analysis techniques and inferential statistics. The research results show that brand trust partially influences purchasing decisions and price perception partially influences purchasing decisions. Meanwhile, brand trust and price perception have a simultaneous influence on purchasing decisions. Then it was also discovered that the contribution to the presentation of influence provided by brand trust and price perception was 73.8% and the remaining 26.2% came from other variables not included in this research. It can be concluded that brand trust and price perception influence purchasing decisions at Rotte Bakery Pasir Putih Branch.

ОЦІНКА ЕКОНОМІЇ СИСТЕМИ ЕЛЕКТРОННИХ ПУБЛІЧНИХ ЗАКУПІВЕЛЬ: КЕЙС PROZORRO 2018-2022 РР.

The paper examines savings in the system of public cigarette lighters in 2018-2022 in terms of key product groups: gasoline, flour, eggs, potatoes, milk, sugar. It is substantiated that the introduction of ProZorro electronic competitive procedures has a positive effect of savings on the analyzed types of products in almost all the studied years due to the fact that the purchase price was ultimately lower than the average market prices. The median margin has shown unstable values throughout all years, this situation is explained by the dispersion of prices and the variety of purchases. In general, according to the results of the study of selected homogeneous goods, which collectively constitute 0.007% of all purchases by the amount of concluded contracts for 2018-2022, it turned out that the electronic procurement system of ProZorro gives a significant effect of savings, and the cumulative difference between the actual cost of the purchase and the market value - increases starting from 2021. In the conditions of monopolization of prices, the economic effect of using ProZorro is much weaker or absent, and the reduction of corruption rent cannot always be achieved exclusively at the expense of procurement transparency, because in some cases there is a threat of non-competitive bidding. That is why competitiveness through the ProZorro system is the best way to save money in the budget sphere.

Role of car segment and fuel type in the choice of alternative fuel vehicles: A cross-nested logit model for the English market

In this article, we study the role of car segment and fuel type in the choice of alternative fuel vehicles and in the prediction of its market. For this purpose, we propose a joint choice cross-nested logit model to understand the demand for alternative fuel vehicles (AFV) and to study substitutional patterns between fuel types and vehicle segments with a full revealed preference approach, using only publicly available real data at disaggregate (household) level in England. Our results show that, as hypothesised, fuel type choice is not independent from car segment choice. The correlation patterns in the chosen specification reveal that individual car alternatives belonging to the same car segment are strongly correlated, while a weaker correlation exists between alternatives from different segments which share the same fuel type. The results suggest that creating awareness for cleaner fuel alternatives might be more effective if a targeted approach that considers these substitutional patterns is used. From a policy standpoint, while purchase prices play an important role and government policies have been concentrated in reducing the gap between ICE vehicles and AFVs in this dimension, our models stress the relevance of the operating cost variable, suggesting that its effect might also be crucial in the purchase decision.

ANALISIS PERHITUNGAN PENYUSUTAN ASET TETAP MENURUT STANDAR AKUNTANSI KEUANGAN PADA BENGKEL TOGAR

The purpose of writing is to determine the depreciation value of fixed assets according to Financial Accounting Standards at Togar Workshop. The analytical method used is quantitative descriptive analysis, namely calculating the depreciation value on fixed assets in the business.The research results show that building fixed assets experience accumulated depreciation based on their useful life of 20 years amounting to IDR 1,500,000,- with a purchase price of IDR 30,000,000,-. Machinery fixed assets experience accumulated depreciation based on their useful life of 7 years amounting to IDR 1,164,286,- with a cost of IDR 8,900,000,-. Furthermore, vehicle fixed assets experience accumulated depreciation based on their useful life of 10 years amounting to IDR 2,000,000.- with a purchase price of IDR 20,000,000,-. Then the fixed assets of workshop equipment experience accumulated depreciation based on their useful life of 5 years amounting to IDR 2,100,000,- with a purchase price of IDR 12,000,000,-.&#x0D; Keywords: Depreciation, Fixed assets