Pulp Treatment Research Articles

Traditional Versus Advanced Pulp Capping Materials in Primary Teeth.

In situations where pulp degeneration and carious lesions may coexist, pulp therapy is a regularly employed method. Mineral trioxide aggregate, a material that is now utilized for indirect pulp treatment (IPT), is nontoxic and nonmutagenic. There is proof that the restoration margin can be sealed to manage the caries lesion. In terms of the clinical and radiological outcome, it has been demonstrated that IPT is more effective and secure than direct pulp capping and pulpotomy. The pulp capping treatment's goal is to protect the pulp from microorganisms as well as from thermal, electrical, chemical, and physical stimulation. There is evidence that suggests targeted caries clearance and composite restoration may stop caries lesions more effectively than full dentin removal. Various pulp capping materials that are available in the market were highlighted in this review, and the discussion of each material was expanded to demonstrate its clinical efficacy. Articles were specifically selected and discussed for the materials used for the IPT in the primary teeth as very few studies have been done so far in relation to this subject. A literature search in various libraries, including PubMed, Cochrane, ResearchGate, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and other libraries, was done for several available materials that have been used for the IPT procedure in primary dentition in the last 20 years.

Comparative Clinical and Radiographic Success Rate of Bioceramic Premix vs Biosilicate-based Medicament as Indirect Pulp Treatment Materials in Primary Molars: A Double-blind Randomized Trial with a Follow-up of 12 Months.

To evaluate and compare the clinical and radiographic success of NeoPUTTY® and Biodentine™ as indirect pulp treatment (IPT) materials in primary molars. This clinical trial was conducted on children aged 5-9 years. Class I carious lesions in primary molars indicated for IPT were divided into two groups-group I, NeoPUTTY®, and group II, Biodentine™. IPC was performed as per the standard protocols. The treated teeth were evaluated for clinical and radiographic success, along with the presence of a dentinal bridge at 6 and 12 months, by three blind examiners independently. All the data were tabulated, and statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Interexaminer reliability was analyzed using Fleiss κ statistics, and it showed "good" agreement. Clinical success was 100% in both groups at 6- and 12-month follow-up, while radiographic success was also 100% at 6-month follow-up for both groups. However, at 12-month follow-up, it was 93.33% for group I and 100% for group II. The difference was statistically nonsignificant. The presence of a dentinal bridge at 12-month follow-up was seen in 86.66% of cases in group I and 100% of cases in group II, but there was no statistical difference observed between them with a p-value of 0.555. Within the limitations of the study, we conclude that NeoPUTTY® and Biodentine™ are equally effective as IPT agents in primary teeth. Kothari P, Mathur A, Tirupathi S, et al. Comparative Clinical and Radiographic Success Rate of Bioceramic Premix vs Biosilicate-based Medicament as Indirect Pulp Treatment Materials in Primary Molars: A Double-blind Randomized Trial with a Follow-up of 12 Months. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(7):748-753.

Manmade waste flotation with combined pulp treatment

Manmade waste flotation with combined pulp treatment

Exploring deep caries management and barriers to the use of vital pulp treatments by primary care dental practitioners.

The European Society of Endodontology outlines best practices for the management of deep caries and the pulp. Despite evidence supporting vital pulp treatments (VPTs) as predictable alternatives to conventional endodontic treatment, studies have shown they are not widely adopted in the UK. This study aimed to explore the barriers to implementation of VPTs by primary care general dental practitioners (GDPs). Qualitative one-to-one semi-structured online interviews were conducted with purposively sampled UK GDPs. Interview transcripts were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Recurring themes were iteratively refined as additional transcripts were reviewed. Eleven participants were interviewed. A range of barriers to the provision of VPTs were identified, which aligned with two core themes: 'Motivational barriers to service provision' and 'Educational access & opportunities'. Sub-themes included lack of access to materials and equipment, deficiencies in knowledge of treatment (including protocols, outcomes and prognosis), lack of confidence (in treatment efficacy and clinical ability), time constraints and public dental service funding and remuneration. This study identifies barriers to the widespread adoption of VPTs among primary care GDPs in public and private settings. Economic constraints, practitioner confidence, time limitations and educational gaps are key challenges. Addressing these may require systemic changes such as policy interventions, education and improved resource allocation.

Microbial Community Organization during Anaerobic Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater Treatment

Microbial Community Organization during Anaerobic Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater Treatment

Frequency of posterior teeth that presented with pulpal calcifications after orthodontic treatment; a retrospective radiographic assessment.

Objective: To assess the pulpal calcification that was presented on radiographs after the completion of orthodontic treatment. Study Design: Retrospective Observational study. Setting: Department of Orthodontic, Ayub Medical College Abbottabad. Period: October 2023 to November 2023. Methods: Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the current study was carried out on patients who had reported and registered for orthodontic intervention within the previous five years and had case records from the orthodontics department available. A total of 670 case records were assessed for selecting 191 cases as per sample size. Results: Among 191 patients, 30.4% were male and 69.6% were female. The highest percentage belonged to the 14-16 age group (32%), followed by 20-22 (28.3%), 17-19 (26.2%), and 23-25 (12.6%) age groups. Pre-treatment calcification was 17.8% (n=34), rising to 28.3% (n=54) post-treatment. Pulp calcification significantly increased after orthodontic treatment (p<0.05). No significant differences were found between gender and age groups regarding pulp calcification (p>0.05). However, a significant association existed between pulp calcification and treatment duration (p<0.05). The 25-30 months treatment duration had the highest occurrence (n=27), followed by 31-36 months (n=19). Mandibular teeth had a higher prevalence of pulp calcification (53.7%) than maxillary teeth (46.3%), with tooth number 36 having the highest prevalence (25.9%). A significant relationship was observed between the left and right sides of the dental arches, with the left side exhibiting greater tooth calcification (68.5%) than the right side (31.5%). Conclusions: The present study concluded that there was an increase in the frequency of pulpal calcifications in the observed posterior teeth after orthodontic treatment. Pulpal calcifications were significantly more prevalent in the posterior teeth of the mandibular arch compared to the maxillary arch. Moreover, the likelihood of pulpal calcification increased over the duration of orthodontic treatment.

Discriminatory performance of the pulpal inflammatory biomarkers; Interleukin-8 and TNF-α in patients with symptoms indicative of reversible and irreversible pulpitis: A diagnostic accuracy study.

The success of vital pulp treatment (VPT) procedures is dependent on an accurate diagnosis of the pulpal inflammatory condition. Compared with current subjective pulpal diagnostic tests, inflammatory molecular biomarkers involved in the pathogenesis of pulpitis represent potential objective indicators of the degree of pulpal inflammation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify level of inflammatory biomarkers - Interleukin 8 (IL-8) and TNF-α in patients diagnosed with reversible pulpitis (RP), irreversible pulpitis (IR) and normal pulp (NP) and investigate their diagnostic accuracy in differentiating between healthy and inflamed conditions. This prospective, cross-sectional study enrolled 72 patients aged 14-53 years with extremely deep carious lesions after establishing a clinical diagnosis of RP (n = 42), symptomatic IR (n = 22) and NP (n = 8). 50 μL of pulpal blood sample was collected from all the patients using a micropipette after pulpal exposure. The level of IL-8 and TNF-α was assessed in pg/mL using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Mann-Whitney U test was applied to establish the association between IL-8/TNF-α level and degree of pulp inflammation. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis was carried out to calculate area under the curve (AUC) for RP versus IR. Cut-off values were established using Youden's index. IL-8 and TNF-α levels differed significantly between RP and IR groups (p ≤ .001). The median value of IL-8 in RP and IP groups was 259.8 pg/mL [187.5-310.0] and 1357.8 pg/mL [1036.7-2177.6] respectively. The AUC-ROC curve for RP versus IR was 0.997 with 95.5% sensitivity and 99.76% specificity. The median value of TNF-α in RP and IR groups was 75.4 pg/mL [62.7-95.8] and 157.6 pg/mL [94.1-347.3]. The AUC-ROC curve for TNF-α was 0.812 with a sensitivity and specificity of 59.1% and 92.1%, respectively. IL-8 and TNF-α levels were below detection levels for all NP samples. This study showed that pulpal blood could provide an excellent medium for establishing pulpal diagnosis under extremely deep carious lesions. The selected cytokines, IL-8 and TNF-α, demonstrated excellent discriminatory performance for reversible and irreversible pulpitis. Future studies should correlate the IL-8/TNF-α levels with VPT treatment outcomes.

Negotiation of Calcified Canals.

The gradual formation of hard tissue along the root canal walls is a natural process associated with aging, typically progressing slowly over time. In reaction to tooth wear, operative procedures, vital pulp treatments, or regenerative endodontic procedures, hard tissue may also accumulate within the pulp canal space at a slow rate. In certain cases, such as dental trauma, autotransplantation, or orthodontic treatment, this deposition of hard tissue can accelerate unexpectedly, resulting in rapid narrowing or complete closure of the root canal space. This situation is called calcific metamorphosis (CM), root canal calcification, or pulp canal obliteration (PCO). Performing conventional endodontic therapy on severely calcified canals presents significant challenges and increases the risk of procedural accidents. Calcified canals introduce such complexity that dedicated negotiation concepts and specially designed instruments have been developed to deal with the challenge. This article seeks to review the existing methods for effectively navigating calcified canals and to introduce the buckling resistance activation test (BRAT) technique.

Fractionation of cassava pectins and their detailed structural analyses using various pectinolytic enzymes

In this study, we analyzed the pectin structure within the pulp of cassava. Cassava pectin, derived from cassava pulp treatment at 120 °C for 90 min, was separated into four fractions (CP-P, CP-SD1, CP-SD2F, and CP-SD2R) based on variations in water solubility, electrical properties, and molecular weights. Sugar composition analysis demonstrated an abundance of homogalacturonan (HG) in CP-P and CP-SD2F, rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) in CP-SD2R, and neutral sugars in CP-SD1. Because RG-I possesses a complex structure, we analyzed CP-SD2R using various pectinolytic enzymes. Galactose was the major sugar in CP-SD2R accounting for 49 %, of which 65 % originated from arabinogalactan I, 9 % from galactose and galactooligosaccharides, 5 % from arabinogalactan II, and 11 % from galactoarabinan. Seventy-four percent of arabinose in CP-SD2R was present as galactoarabinan. The methylation (DM) and acetylation (DAc) degrees of cassava pectin were 11 and 15 %, respectively. The HG and RG-I regions exhibited DAc values of 5 and 44 %, respectively, signifying the high DAc of RG-I compared to HG. Information derived from the structural analysis of cassava pectin will enable efficient degradation of pectin and cellulose, leading to the use of cassava pulp as a raw material for biorefineries.

A Combined Endodontic Management Approach in immature Permanent Molar tooth with Periapical Lesion: Case Report

Immature dental pulp, which has a highly cellular structure and a rich vascular nutrition system, is highly resistant to inflammation, In these teeth, determining the treatment option based on clinical and radiographic findings alone may result in the removal of diseased pulp tissue as well as vital pulp tissue. In order to increase the prognosis of these teeth, vital pulp treatments are highly recommended to preserve pulp vitality. By evaluating the condition of the root pulps of young permanent molars separately, it is possible to increase the prognosis of the tooth by combining regenerative endodontic treatment and pulpotomy treatment according to the condition of the pulps. In this case report, regenerative endodontic treatment and pulpotomy treatment were applied to different root canals of the first molar, which became necrotic before completing its maturation due to caries and had an apical lesion, and excellent healing was demonstrated. Key words: Biodentine, immature permanent teeth, periapical lesions, pulpotomy, regenerative endodontic treatment.

A New Strategy for a Separate Manufacture of Arabinooligosaccharides and Oligogalacturonides by Hydrothermal Treatment of Sugar Beet Pulp

Sugar beet pulp (SBP) samples were subjected to a two-step non-isothermal autohydrolysis process in order to obtain mixtures enriched in oligogalacturonides (OGalA) and arabinooligosaccharides (AOS) in separate streams. Operating at a maximum temperature of 130 °C, mixtures containing up to 30.4% oven-dry basis (o.d.b.) of OGalA with an OGalA/AOS ratio of 5.0 g/g were obtained during the first stage. Then, the treated solids were subjected to a second treatment at temperatures in the range 160–175 °C. When those solids were treated up to 175 °C, a mixture mainly made up of AOS (37.5% o.d.b.) with an AOS/OGalA ratio of 3.91 g/g was obtained as an effluent from the reactor. In order to increase their purity, both streams were then subjected to different refining steps. A product enriched in highly methylated and partially acetylated OGalA (42.5% o.d.b., degree of methylation (DM) = 69.2% mol/mol and degree of acetylation (DA) = 36.4% mol/mol), containing 17.2% o.d.b. of non-volatile non-identified compounds, was obtained by membrane filtration of the first-stage liquors, whereas a second one, mainly made up of AOS and galactooligosaccharides (GalOS) (55.0% AOS o.d.b., 13.8% GalOS o.d.b., and 13.3% non-volatile non-identified compounds, o.d.b.), was manufactured after an ion exchange treatment followed by membrane filtration of the second-stage liquors. This strategy was demonstrated to be a suitable and scalable alternative for the separate production of refined mixtures rich in OGalA or neutral pectic-oligosaccharides. Both types of products can result in different effects on the intestinal microbiota: AOS and GalOS show a significant bifidogenic effect and they could be consumed alone or combined with selected probiotic strains of Bifidobacteria for improving an unbalanced microbiota, whereas OGalA has been demonstrated to have a variety of biological properties and can promote the growing of some bacteria such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, a butyrate-producing microorganism underrepresented in patients with active IBD and infectious colitis.

A literature review on various materials which can be used for obturation in primary teeth

Treatment of primary teeth or permanent teeth in children presents a challenge to the clinician. In today’s time, dental caries found to be the most common oral disease affecting the oral cavity of the children’s. And most of the cases of dental caries when not treated in the initial time leads to inflammation of the pulp and once the pulp got inflamed, patient presents with pain, at that time only option left for the dentist is removal of the inflamed pulp from the pulp chambers and then fill the root canals with obturating materials and form the apical seal, so that there will be no communication of the tooth with the external environment. Pulp pathologies when not treated on time, might leads to problem which is known as malocclusion of the teeth. Pulp treatment in children/or in primary teeth are different as compared to the permanent teeth, and simultaneously the obturating materials for the primary teeth are also different as compared to the obturating materials for the permanent teeth. It has been found that adequate cleaning of the canal and irrigation of the canal is quite difficult in primary teeth due to the complex anatomy of the root canal morphology. There are different materials which can be used as an obturating materials for the primary teeth for example zinc oxide eugenol material, has been into the use since long time as an obturating material of choice in the primary teeth, and also zinc oxide eugenol material can not considered as an ideal root canal filling material as this obturating material shows very much little anti-microbial action and this material also shows slower rate of resorption.

Comparative assessment of the prognostic value of laser assisted root canal treatment and conventional root canal treatment

: Endodontics is a branch of dentistry which deals with complex architecture of dental root associated pathology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of dental pulp and associated periradicular tissue. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of prognostic value of laser-assisted root canal treatment (LART) and conventional root canal treatment (RCT).: A retrospective analysis of 50 cases equally divided between Laser-assisted root canal treatment (LART) and conventional RCT, was done using Clinician-reported Outcome (ClinRo) protocol by modifying Chugal et al scoring criteria. : Statistical analysis using Mann-Whitney U tests revealed no significant correlation between gender and total treatment quality score. However, significant correlation was found between treatment modalities, and with laser assisted RCT treatment it showed a superior correlation and better prognostic results.: The radiographic analysis focused on periapical lesions and root canal filling quality. Laser-assisted RCT demonstrated a higher proportion of complete healing cases for periapical lesions and improved root canal filling quality compared to conventional RCT. : The study supports the potential benefit of laser assisted RCT in non-surgical endodontic interventions. Laser-assisted RCT showed better prognosis in terms of periapical healing and root canal filling quality when compared to conventional RCT. The study encourages further research and clinical validation to establish laser assisted RCT as a viable option in endodontic therapy.

Evaluating paper’s optical properties after separate and combined use of nanofibrillated cellulose with cationic starch and cationic polyacrylamide

Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and its combined usage with cationic starch and a cationic copolymer of acrylamide were studied in relation to the properties of paper. Independent pulp treatments using additives separately included 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% refined long fiber pulp, 3 and 6% NFC, 0.75 and 1.5% cationic starch and 0.07% and 0.15% cationic polyacrylamide and combined treatments. Handsheets were made of the above treatments, and finally their optical and microscopic properties were evaluated. Increasing the NFC content to 6% increased the brightness and yellowness of the white liner by 13% and 21%, respectively. The liner opacity was also reduced by 1%. Additionally, increasing NFC by 6% compared to imported long fibers, the brightness and yellowness of the white liner increased 5.44% and 6.3%, respectively. The liner opacity was also reduced by 1%. A 1.5% cationic starch addition to NFC increased the brightness of the white liner by 4.4%, its whiteness increased 1.5%, and its yellowness increased 2.1%. The opacity of the liner was also reduced by 7.1%. The use of NFC and cationic starch can improve the optical properties of the white liner, while imported long fibers may be problematic.

Endodontic-periodontal continuum of tooth: Systematic literature review

INTRODUCTION. The pathogenetic relationship between periodontal and pulp diseases was first described by Simring and Goldberg in 1964. Since then, the term “endodontic-periodontal” lesion (or “endo-perio”) has been used to describe lesions caused by inflammatory products found to varying degrees in both the periodontal and dental pulp tissues. The pulp and periodontium have embryonic, anatomical and functional relationships. The simultaneous presence of changes in pulp tissue and inflammatory periodontal diseases can complicate diagnosis and treatment planning. The etiology, pathogenesis and treatment methods of endodontic-periodontal lesions can vary from quite simple to relatively complex aspects. Knowledge of the basis of concomitant inflammatory processes in the pulp and periodontium is important for making the correct diagnosis.AIM. Carry out a systematic analysis of the literature and summarize the available data on etiopatogenetic relations, diagnostic features and clinical history of endodontic periodontal dental lesions. MATERIAL AND METHODS. A systematic literature analysis was carried out, as well as a manual search in the databases PubMed, Google Search, eLibrary, disserCat, Cyberleninka. Among national and foreign publications corresponding to the topic of this review, 28 publications were selected for systematic analysis, the results of literature review are presented in this article.CONCLUSION. This systematic review found that dental anatomy and the etiology of endodontic periodontal lesions are the basis for difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with endo-periodontal lesions. Determining the prevalence of infection and the individual characteristics of EPP pathogenesis in patients in this group remains a challenge. In the future, it is necessary to develop new methods of diagnosis, prophylaxis and complex treatment of combined periodontal tissue and tooth pulp, which will improve the prognosis of treatment of injured teeth in the long term.

Cellulose nanofibre films as a substitute for plastic packaging: A comparative environmental life cycle assessment

Accumulation of synthetic food packaging in the natural environment has increased considerably in last few decades, posing serious concerns to human and aquatic life. Hence, substituting synthetic packaging with biobased packaging is one viable option. Cellulose nanofibres can easily be transformed into films, which could be a suitable alternative for petroleum-derived packaging. However, production of these films consumes a significant amount of energy as compared with the synthetic packaging. The main contributors for this high energy consumption are associated with the treatment of pulp, production of fibres and drying of films. This study analyzes the environmental impacts (in terms of energy and water) of spray deposited cellulose nanofibre films and its key drivers through an attributional cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment. Different scenarios were formulated and studied in terms of waste feedstock choice, solid content, forming composite of cellulose nanofibres, and location (Australia, China, Germany, Great Britain and United States of America). The results indicate that the environmental impacts of spray deposited cellulose nanofibre films based on a baseline scenario for a large-scale production were still higher as compared with petroleum-based synthetic packaging. However, establishing a recommended scenario from the studied scenarios could lower the environmental impacts significantly (two to five times) in comparison to synthetic food packaging. This life cycle assessment model has the potential to support the reduction of the environmental impact of the studied green chemistry option and to accelerate the transition towards more sustainable packaging.

Advancing cobalt ferrite-supported activated carbon from orange peels for real pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment

The utilization of agriculture waste-based adsorbents in the treatment of real industrial wastewater represents an unexplored frontier with significant potential. In this study, the cobalt ferrite-supported activated carbon derived from orange peels (CF40-AC) was used as a magnetic adsorbent for the treatment of real pulp and paper mill effluent (PPME). Detailed insights into the properties and functionalities of the CoFe2O4-AC adsorbent were obtained through an accurate characterization analysis that included X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), BET and pore size histogram techniques. Both pure activated carbon (AC) and CF40-AC displayed excellent textural properties with surface area (SBET) equal 2014 and 1345 m2.g−1, respectively. TEM and SEM images display that the magnetic ferrites were well dispersed on the surface of AC. Following the characterization process, the CoFe2O4-AC adsorbent was evaluated for its ability to remove several key pollutants from PPME, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS) and turbidity. Moreover, various operational parameters, such as pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and stirring rate, were investigated to achieve optimal contaminants removal rates. Remarkably, the CoFe2O4-AC adsorbent demonstrated highly efficient removal rates, with 86.9%, 59,9% and 93.1% for COD, TDS and turbidity, respectively, under optimal conditions (pH 7, adsorbent dose 0.4 gm, contact time 60 min, and stirring rate 150 rpm). The CoFe2O4-AC composite material exhibits promising potential for multiple applications reached 5 cycles without a significant loss in its adsorption or functional properties over successive uses. These results favor the promising potential of CoFe2O4-AC as a sustainable and efficient solution for addressing wastewater treatment challenges in the pulp and paper industry, contributing to both environmental protection and resource conservation.

Single visit indirect pulp capping with Biodentine: clinical case report

Introduction. Dental caries is the most widespread dental disease worldwide; it affects population of different ages. If not treated promptly or addressed improperly, dental caries progresses in a deep cavity, with potential signs of pulp inflammation. The minimal invasive principles of treatment of deep carious lesions provide guidelines for the preservation of the dental pulp, techniques known as vital pulp therapies. Among these techniques, indirect pulp capping is a method that has shown high clinical rates of success over time, if performed properly. The applied bioactive dental material plays an important role. The aim of this clinical case report is to describe a clinical case of single-visit indirect pulp capping with Biodentine, along with the algorithm of diagnosis of the pulp health status and treatment used in deep caries lesion in a permanent tooth. Materials and methods. Description of a clinical case of a permanent upper molar with a deep carious lesion, treated by single-visit indirect pulp capping with Biodentine. Clinical and radiological methods of investigations were used; the patient was assessed after 3 and 6 months after the applied treatment. Results. The main complaint of sensitivity to sweet stimuli presented by the patient attenuated shortly after receiving the treatment. After 3 and 6 months, the tooth is asymptomatic; the clinical and radiological findings show no evidence of pulp inflammation. Conclusions. Biodentine showed successful results when used as a bioactive dental material for indirect pulp capping.

Optimization and PID Control of pH and Temperature in an Electrocoagulation Process

In this work, effects of temperature and pH in batch treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater using electrocoagulation has been investigated. Conductivity, temperature, and pH are selected as controlled variables; supporting electrolyte, cooling water, acid and base flow rates are selected as manipulated variables, respectively. Real time experimental multi input-multi output (MIMO) control of conductivity, temperature, and pH under constant current conditions are achieved using MIMO Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control algorithms coded in MATLAB™. A central composite design (CCD) has been applied to the system under controlled conditions and optimum pH and temperature values are obtained using response surface methodology (RSM). Both controlled and uncontrolled experiments are performed using optimum values and results are compared in terms of removal efficiencies of pollutants. Results show that 34.47% chemical oxygen demand (COD), 98.06% total suspended solids (TSS), 99.80% turbidity, 99.93% color, and 13.40% SO42- removal is achieved in 45 minutes of process operation under controlled conditions and COD, TSS, turbidity, color and SO42- removal are increased by 10.92, 2.97, 4.06, 2.89, 3.17 respectively in comparison with uncontrolled operation. The highest removal percentages are obtained under controlled operating conditions as 98.5% and 98.3% for turbidity and color, respectively, for 10 minutes operation. It is concluded that optimum process operating conditions for removal of turbidity and color of pulp and paper mill wastewater is obtained under constant 6.45 pH, 23.24 °C temperature, 1.78 mS/cm conductivity, and power consumption is reduced by 25.3% under controlled conditions.

The Effect of Indirect Pulp Capping Treatment on Oral Health Quality of Life at The Dental Hospital Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Background: Dental and oral health-related quality of life is an individual's assessment of the impact of oral disorders that can affect the overall quality and well-being of their lives. One of the oral disorders that is frequently experienced by the community is pulpitis, which, if left behind, can cause pain and cause the tooth to become necrotic. Indirect pulp treatment can be done to deal with pulpitis and improve the patient quality of life. The study aims to determine the impact of indirect pulp capping treatment on quality of life based on gender, age, educational level, and number of teeth treated. Methods: The data collection technique in this study uses primary data in the form of a questionnaire and secondary data, which is data from the medical records of patients performing pulp capping treatment. The sample in this study is a patient who has completed indirect pulp capping treatment in the dental hospital UMY. The data analysis used in this study is descriptive analysis as well as chi square tests and controls to test the hypothesis. The results of this study are patient gender, the education level, and the number of teeth treated have no influence on quality of life related to oral health (p>0.05) otherwise the patient age has an influence on quality of life related to oral health (p<0.05). Conclusion: Gender, education level, and number of teeth treated have no influence, while age has an influence on quality of life