Pulp Industry Effluent Research Articles

Optimization of Cultural Conditions for the Treatment of Pulp and Paper Industrial Effluent by Pleurotus ostreatus (L.)

Optimization of Cultural Conditions for the Treatment of Pulp and Paper Industrial Effluent by Pleurotus ostreatus (L.)

Remediation of Pulp and Paper Industry Effluent Using Electrocoagulation Process

Electrocoagulation of pulp and paper industry effluent with SS-304 electrode has been carried out under varying process variable such as pH, current density, time and dose of electrolyte to find out the optimum conditions. Maximum reduction efficiency of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 82% and color more than 99% from pulp and paper industry wastewater at the following conditions pH = 7, current density = 24.80 mA/cm2 time = 40 min and dose of electrolytes = 1.0 g/L. Moreover, effects of electrolytes dosage on electricity consumption were observed and found to be that NaCl is better in comparison of Na2SO4 in respect of lower down the electricity consumption. But application of NaCl causes the formation of hazardous compounds as secondary pollutants within treated water. Therefore, Na2SO4 could be a potent replacement of NaCl to enhance the conductivity of paper industry effluent treated by EC process. The treated water has been compared with standard of Central Pollution control board (CPCB) and World Health organization, and found to be suitable for the reuse in irrigation.

Ecofriendly Remediation of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater by Electrocoagulation and Its Application in Agriculture

In the present study pulp and paper industry effluent was treated with the help of aluminum electrode using electrocoagulation (EC) process with feasible sludge management. The influences of pH, time, current density and electrolytes dose were investigated and optimum conditions were established to reduce the maximum amount of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and color. At optimum conditions 70% of COD and 98% of color were removed. Additionally, the behavior of electrolytes (NaCl and Na2SO4) was determined; it has shown that Na2SO4 results in the generation of less secondary pollutants than that NaCl and thereby could be used as better replacement in paper industries for electrocoagulation mediated treatment of wastewater. The residual amount of operational parameters in EC treated water was compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of India. It was found to be safe for utilization in irrigation. Furthermore, sludge produced during the EC process has been analyzed for physicochemical characteristics. To understand the physical and elemental phases of sludge, the analytical technique such as field emission electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy has been used to find out the possible management alternative.

Bioremediation of Paper and Pulp Industrial Effluent Using Bacterial Isolates

Bioremediation of Paper and Pulp Industrial Effluent Using Bacterial Isolates

Biobleaching of paper pulp with xylanase produced by Trichoderma asperellum.

This study is aimed at assessing the biobleaching activity of fungal xylanase on paper pulp isolated from Tirumala forest, Eastern Ghats of India. Of the 98 fungal isolates obtained after initial screening, eight isolates were selected and one potential strain was further cultivated under submerged fermentation for production of xylanase. The biobleaching efficiency on waste paper pulp and paper industry effluent was tested with crude enzyme. Xylanolytic activity by the chosen organism in submerged fermentation reached the maximum (981.1U ml-1) on the 5th day of incubation. Molecular characterisation of the isolate led to its identification as Trichoderma asperellum which exhibited the production of enzyme even at alkaline pH of the culture medium. Xylanase pretreatment of paper pulp had shown reduction in the Kappa number by 4.2 points and increased brightness by 4.0 points. FTIR and SEM studies revealed loosening of pulp fibres after enzyme treatment. In conclusion, xylanase of Trichoderma asperellum was effective as a pulp biobleaching agent and the process is economical as well as eco-friendly.

Flavonoid-rich agro-industrial residues for enhanced bacterial laccase production by submerged and solid-state fermentation.

Laccases have potential applications in industrial, biotechnological, and environmental set ups. Development of cost effective and efficient production technologies has gained significant attention in recent years. To enhance the laccase production from Rheinheimera sp. (Gram negative) using submerged fermentation (SmF) and from Lysinibacillus sp. (Gram positive) using solid-state fermentation (SSF), the inducing effect of various flavonoid-rich agro-industrial residues was investigated. Peels of citrus fruits, soybean meal, tofu dreg, lignin monomers, and lingo-cellulosic waste, used tea leaves and peels of onion and kiwi, paper, and dying industry effluents were tested as inducers. In SmF, 0.1% of soybean meal, tofu dreg, and powdered orange peel were best, enhancing the laccase production 2.57-, 2.11-, and 2.05-fold, respectively. In SSF, 10mg (w/w) of used tata acti green tea leaves per 5g of wheat bran, 1% pulp and paper industry effluent (agro based), and 1% wine made from Sygium cumini enhanced the laccase production 2.69-, 2.61-, and 2.09-fold, respectively. These results suggest the utilization of these flavonoid and phenolic-rich waste materials to be potential enhancers of industrially important laccase production.

Comparison of different approaches for color and COD removal from paper and pulp industry effluent

Comparison of different approaches for color and COD removal from paper and pulp industry effluent

Biological treatment of pulp and paper industry effluent by oleaginous yeast integrated with production of biodiesel as sustainable transportation fuel

Worldwide pulp and paper industry is recognized as a serious threat due to the discharge of various toxic contents present in its effluent to the surrounding environment. To combat this challenge, the role of oleaginous yeast to utilize the pulp and paper industry effluent for the integrated toxic contents removal and sustainable biodiesel production were undertaken. Oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae HIMPA1 was used as a model organism for its unique ability to utilize pulp and paper industry effluent as a culture medium and accumulate high quantity of triacylglycerol or neutral lipids as large size lipid droplets of 4.56 ± 0.24 μm within its cellular compartment. The maximum cell dry weight (13.87 g/L) with total lipid yield of 8.56 g/L was obtained after 144 h of cultivation. Data showed significant reduction in effluent toxic components i.e. color, 89%; lignin, 94.27%; phenol, 99.60%; biochemical oxygen demand, 77.36%; total dissolved solids, 84.59%; and chemical oxygen demand, 94.22%. Fatty acid methyl esters profile revealed high quantity of long chain monounsaturated fatty acids (45.43%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (15.91%) that improves biodiesel quality under low temperature condition in terms of low cold filter plugging point along with good oxidative stability and cetane number as per American Society for Testing and Materials D6751-02 and European Committee for Standardization - EN14214 guidelines.

Ceramic Filters and their Application for Cadmium Removal from Pulp Industry Effluent

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the performance of ceramic filters made from a mixture of natural clay, rice bran, and iron powder in removing cadmium from pulp industry effluent. Some parameters were examined such as acidity, total dissolved solid (TDS), total suspended solid (TSS), electrical conductivity (EC), and cadmium concentration. Results showed that the composition percentage of the ceramic filter, which in this case amounted to 87.5% natural clay, 10% rice bran, and 2.5% iron powder, may decrease cadmium concentration in pulp industry effluent by up to 99.0%. Furthermore, the permeate flux decreased after 30 minutes of filtration time, and subsequently became constant at one hour of contact time. In addition, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) micrographs of the ceramic filter surfaces indicate that ceramic filters have a random pore structure and can be categorized as microfiltration filters.

Sono assisted electrocoagulation process for the removal of pollutant from pulp and paper industry effluent.

In the present work, the efficiency of the sonication, electrocoagulation, and sono-electrocoagulation process for removal of pollutants from the industrial effluent of the pulp and paper industry was compared. The experimental results showed that the sono-electrocoagulation process yielded higher pollutant removal percentage compared to the sonication and electrocoagulation process alone. The effect of the operating parameters in the sono-electrocoagulation process such as electrolyte concentration (1-5g/L), current density (1-5A/dm2), effluent pH (3-11), COD concentration (1500-6000mg/L), inter-electrode distance (1-3cm), and electrode combination (Fe and Al) on the color removal, COD removal, and power consumption were studied. The maximum color and COD removal percentages of 100 and 95%, respectively, were obtained at the current density of 4A/dm2, electrolyte concentration of 4g/L, effluent pH of 7, COD concentration of 3000mg/L, electrode combination of Fe/Fe, inter-electrode distance of 1cm, and reaction time of 4h, respectively. The color and COD removal percentages were analyzed by using an UV/Vis spectrophotometer and closed reflux method. The results showed that the sono-electrocoagulation process could be used as an efficient and environmental friendly technique for complete pollutant removal.

Performance evaluation of activated neem bark for the removal of Zn(II) and Cu(II) along with other metal ions from aqueous solution and synthetic pulp & paper industry effluent using fixed-bed reactor

The fixed-bed adsorption experiments are performed for the removal of copper [Cu(II)] and zinc [Zn(II)] by utilizing activated neem bark as an adsorbent. The present study demonstrated the effect of various parameters such as inlet concentration, adsorbent mass and inlet flowrate for the removal of Cu(II) and Zn(II) from aqueous solutions. Various kinetic parameters such as EBRT, stoichiometric capacity, breakthrough time, etc. are evaluated using the experimental data. Yoon–Nelson and Yan model available in the literature are also validated with the experimental data. The developed adsorbent is also tested for the simultaneous removal of multiple metal ions [Cr(VI), Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), Ni(II) and Cd(II)] from the synthetically prepared pulp & paper industrial effluent.

Biodegradation of catechol by free and immobilized cells of Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain 15DKVB isolated from paper and pulp industrial effluents

Abstract The aim of the current study was to isolate and characterize a strain which could utilize catechol as sole source of carbon and energy. The strain Achromobacter xylosoxidans 15DKVB was isolated from paper and pulp industrial effluent contaminated site of Harihar. In the present study 38 bacterial strains isolated were investigated for their ability to degrade catechol in MBM at different concentrations ranging from 100 mg/L to 2000 mg/L. The taxonomic position of strain 15DKVB was studied by sequencing of 16SrRNA gene with a GenBank accession number HQ448950. The maximum-likelihood algorithm showed that, strain 15DKVB formed a coherent cluster with the clade that comprised type strains of Achromobacter genus. The optimal temperature and pH for biodegradation of catechol by strain 15DKVB were 37 °C and pH 7.5 respectively. Among the carbon and nitrogen sources tested, glucose (83.4%) and yeast extract (99.6%) showed highest catechol degradation. Interestingly the strain 15DKVB was able to degrade catechol completely up to 1600 mg/L within 198 h. Immobilization experiment demonstrated that freely suspended cells could degrade 500 mg/L catechol within 60 h of incubation, whereas, the same cell population in alginate-immobilized flask, amended with 500 mg/L catechol was degraded in 42 h. Our results evidently depict that physicochemical parameters of Harihar industrial effluents does not comply with national standards set by ISI to discharge the effluents into irrigation waters. The isolated strain 15DKVB could be a good alternative for the bioremediation of catechol contaminated paper and pulp industrial effluent water and soil. These findings may open new bioremediation applications for the degradation of catechol.

Studies on various operating parameters for the removal of COD from pulp and paper industry using electrocoagulation process

This study describes a batch electrocoagulation process for treating pulp and paper industry wastewater using iron plates. The effect of various operating parameters such current density, initial effluent pH, initial COD concentration, electrode combination and interelectrode distance on the removal of percentage COD and power consumption were investigated. The experimental results showed that 85% COD removal with 5.16 kWh/m3 of power consumption was observed for initial COD concentration of 2,500 ppm with current density of 0.40 A/dm2, initial effluent pH of 7.0 with interelectrode distance 1 cm at the end of the 120 min of operation. It was observed that, an increase in current density, decrease in the effluent COD concentration, Fe/Fe electrode combination, and decrease in interelectrode distance improved the COD removal efficiency. Optimum initial effluent pH for highest COD removal was 7.0. Furthermore in this investigation, extraction of lignin from the pulp and paper industrial effluent also carried out and analyzed by FT-IR system.

Application of vertical flow constructed wetland in treatment of heavy metals from pulp and paper industry wastewater.

The paper production is material intensive and generates enormous quantity of wastewater containing organic pollutants and heavy metals. Present study demonstrates the feasibility of constructed wetlands (CWs) to treat the heavy metals from pulp and paper industry effluent by using vertical flow constructed wetlands planted with commonly available macrophytes such as Typha angustifolia, Erianthus arundinaceus, and Phragmites australis. Results indicate that the removal efficiencies of the planted CWs for iron, copper, manganese, zinc, nickel, and cadmium were 74, 80, 60, 70, 71, and 70%, respectively. On the other hand, the removal efficiency of the unplanted system was significantly lower ranging between 31 and 55%. Among the macrophytes, T. angustifolia and E. arundinaceus exhibited comparatively higher bioconcentration factor (10(2) to 10(3)) than P. australis.

Bacterial Degradation of Pulp Paper mill Wastewater Isolated from Contaminated site: A Review

Pulp and paper mills are considered as a core sector industry and are the fifth largest contributor to industrial water pollution. Pulp and paper industrial effluent contains high diversity of xenobiotic and recalcitrant compounds and causes pollution. In pulp and paper industries, lignocellulose is treated by alkaline sulfide during which waste by product known as kraft lignin (KL) is formed. The toxicity and color of the plant effluent is due to the presence of Kraft lignin. Lignin is highly resistant to degradation by microorganisms because of its structural complexity, high molecular weight and variety of biologically stable linkages. However, a variety of microorganisms could be found in nature that degrades lignin involving Bacteria, Fungi and Actinomyces. This article reviews generation and impact of major pollutants present in the pulp and paper mill wastewater and their degradation through bacteria.

INFLUENCE OF PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY EFFLUENTS ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL & BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL

Effect of Paper and Pulp Industry effluents on soil was assessed for Physico-chemical & Biological properties of soil in the present study. Discharge of Paper &Pulp Industry effluents on to the soil caused changes in Physico-chemical &biological properties of soil. These changes include increase in clay and silt percentages, Electrical conductivity, Water Holding capacity, and Organic matter, total N, available P, and K in test over control sample. However, there was a less sand, higher bacterial and fungal populations were recorded in test soil. Also, cellulose degrading bacteria were isolated from paper and pulp Industry effluent contaminated soil by Cellulose Congo Red Agar Medium.

Evaluation of 4-bromophenol biodegradation in mixed pollutants system by Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6 in an upflow packed bed reactor.

Bromophenol is listed as priority pollutant by U.S. EPA, however, there is no report so far on its removal in mixed pollutants system by any biological reactor operated in continuous mode. Furthermore, bromophenol along with chlorophenol and nitrophenol are usually the major constituents of paper pulp and pesticide industrial effluent. The present study investigated simultaneous biodegradation of these three pollutants with specially emphasis on substrate competition and crossed inhibition by Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6 in an upflow packed bed reactor (UPBR). A 2(3) full factorial design was employed with these pollutants at two different levels by varying their influent concentration in the range of 250-450 mg l(-1). Almost complete removal of all these pollutants and 97 % effluent toxicity removal were achieved in the UPBR at a pollutant loading rate of 1707 mg l(-1) day(-1) or lesser. However, at higher loading rates, the reactor performance deteriorated due to transient accumulation of toxic intermediates. Statistical analysis of the results revealed a strong negative interaction of 4-CP on 4-NP biodegradation. On the other hand, interaction effect between 4-CP and 4-BP was found to be insignificant. Among these three pollutants 4-NP preferentially degraded, however, 4-CP exerted more inhibitory effect on 4-NP biodegradation. This study demonstrated the potential of A. chlorophenolicus A6 for biodegradation of 4-BP in mixed pollutants system by a flow through UPBR system.

Effect of paper and pulp industry effluent on cell mediated immune response in mice

The effect of paper and pulp industry effluent on cell mediated immune response was studied in two weeks old 256 mice procured from Small Animal Experimental House, CVASc, Pantnagar. The mice were randomly divided into four equal groups of 64 mice each viz. control (group 1), vaccinated (group 2), effluent treated (group 3) and vaccine+effluent treated (group 4). Groups 2 and 4 mice were immunized with Ranikhet disease vaccine (R2B) strain at every 15 day up to 120 days. Group 1 was kept as control, while groups 3 and 4 mice were given paper and pulp industry effluent daily orally ad libitum instead of drinking water. Cellular immune response in mice was measured by Lymphocyte Stimulation Test (LST), Macrophage Function Test (MFT) and Total Leucocyte Count (TLC). The results revealed significant decrease in lymphocyte stimulation index, MFT and TLC, resulting in suppression of cell mediated immune response in paper and pulp industry effluent administered mice in comparison to control.

Biological Approach for the Treatment of Pulp and Paper Industry Effluent in Sequence Batch Reactor

Pulp and paper industrial effluent is rich in recalcitrant compounds and causes pollution. For the treatment of such compounds activated sludge process is frequently used in which F/M ratio is kept low. This treatment results in effective biochemical oxygen demand removal but other waste water parameters are not reduced effectively due to lack of dissolve oxygen. In the present study sequential batch reactor was used for the removal of pollutants from the waste water of pulp and paper mill by using bacterial consortium (Klebsiella sp., Alcaligens sp. and Cronobacter sp.). The aim of present research is to identify the influences of F/M ratio and dissolved oxygen concentration on the microorganism’s growth and pollutant removal. The process of bioremediation was optimized by Taguchi approach. Bioremediation experiment resulted in reduction of chemical and biochemical oxygen demand up to 72.3% and 91.1%, respectively. A significant reduction in colour (55%), adsorbable organic halides (45.4%), total dissolve solids (22%) and total suspended solids (86.7%) was also observed within 14hrs while, the sludge volume index was 52. The wastewater after the treatment process meets the standard given by regulatory agencies and can be discharged into the environment without any risks.

Biodegradation of a Paper and Pulp Effluent by Rhodococcus sp. NCIM 2891 and Its Toxicity Assessments

AbstractThis investigation is aimed to reduce the pollution and ecotoxicological impact of the paper and pulp industry effluent by Rhodococcus sp. NCIM 2891. It was observed that the Rhodococcus sp. NCIM 2891, when grown in the presence of the effluent, there was a significant decrease in levels of biological oxygen demand (81.25%) 30 mg/L and chemical oxygen demand (53.23%) 363 mg/L as compared to untreated samples with 160 and 776 mg/L, respectively. Reduction in total dissolved solids could be observed (81%) along with reduction in heavy metal concentration. Further analysis of the degraded effluent compounds was carried out by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The eco‐compatibility of the effluent and degraded product was checked in terms of their toxicity on Allium cepa, Acantopsis choirorhynchus, and different microorganisms. The degraded products obtained after biodegradation are found to be eco‐compatible and non‐toxic.