Public Life Research Articles

Talking while walking but not with the locals: Social support and domesticity in public space before and during COVID-19 in Berlin, Germany

ABSTRACT How has the COVID-19 pandemic changed the spatiality of social support? Did people turn to local ties when they were requested to stay at home, and what impact has this had on the public life of neighborhoods? This paper explores these questions using survey data collected in four neighborhoods in Berlin, Germany, in 2019 and 2020. We show that people received more support in their neighborhoods—but not necessarily from their neighbors. They left their residences more often to digitally contact others in local public spaces. The COVID-19 restrictions in Berlin increased the importance of neighborhoods understood as openly accessible space. Drawing on Lofland’s idea of realms, we argue that this increase may be read as an intensified privatization of public space, as people left their homes to communicate with others on their digital devices, creating a growing sense of domesticity outdoors.

Understanding the Strengthening Cultural-Cosmopolitanism Spirit of Nahdlatul Ulama

The foundations of Islamic philosophy and faith, which go beyond the two primary sources of the Qur'an and Hadith and emphasize the value of Sunni tradition and ijma (ulama consensus), are fundamental to traditional-cultural identity of Nahdlatul Ulama's (NU). In addition, NU is renowned for having adapted the ideas of Abu Al-Hasan Al-Asy'ari, Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, and Junayd Al-Baghdadi, as well as in terms of fiqh, or legal practice, mainly referring to Imam al-Shafi'i, representing Islamic conservatism and cultural traditionalism. This cultural traditionalism initially appears to run counter to the notion of NU's cosmopolitanism advanced by a number of its key figures, in particular Gus Dur. This cosmopolitan notion assumes a contemporary, inclusive belief structure and the segregation of religion from public life. Therefore, it is crucial to consider how the traditionalist-cultural movement founded by NU can coexist with a discourse on world beliefs that is becoming more cosmopolitan and assumes a space that is more open to all peoples. This article focuses on the discourse of cosmopolitanism and how NU, as one of the largest mass organizations in Indonesia, responds to this discourse with its approach and cultural background.

YOUTH ENGAGEMENT IN CIVIL SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

The article outlines the ways of engaging young people in the development of civil society in Ukraine. Socially and politically active young people are one of the necessary conditions for forming a democratic society and establishing sustainable and functioning civil society institutions. Therefore, in this paper, the scholars aim to identify the ways of youth interaction with public authorities in Ukraine and general levels of youth civic engagement, as well as to characterize the culture of citizenship as a factor in involving young people in civil society development. The research reveals the relevant issue regarding the prominent role of civil society in various spheres of activity of state authorities and local self-government bodies, a qualitatively new level of interaction between civil society, especially youth as an active part of it, and state and local self-government bodies in order to establish effective dialogue and partnership relations of state bodies authorities, local self-government bodies with civil society organizations.
 The research combined interdisciplinary approaches of several related scientific fields (political science, public administration and education), which allowed to set broader goals and find new ways for improving youth engagement in the development of civil society in Ukraine. The authors developed and conducted an expert survey on youth engagement in the development of civil society and identified possible ways to improve youth participation in public and political life. Authors interviewed 24 experts aged from 18 to 60 years from various fields who are interested in building a democratic state governed by the rule of law: leaders and members of public organizations, teachers of higher education institutions, scholars, deputies of regional and local councils, civil society activists and businessmen.
 It was determined that the effective participation of youth in decision-making processes consists in creating opportunities to involve youth in influencing, shaping, developing and promoting policy and development of services and programs. These opportunities are created by developing a range of formal and informal mechanisms for youth participation, from youth advisory groups to focus groups, from ongoing consultation work to supporting youth projects. As a result of the study, the authors developed a set of conclusions and recommendations addressed to educational institutions, public authorities, local governments and civil society organizations.

THE NATIONAL STATE IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBAL DEMOCRACY

The article provides a theoretical and methodological analysis of the processes of globalization and global democracy, examining how these processes alter the position, role, and functions of the modern nation-state while it contends with challenges posed by globalization yet strives to maintain its sovereignty.
 It is characterized that under the pressure of globalization, changes are occurring in the political and economic spheres that influence nation-states, leading to a gradual erosion of their sovereignty and increased susceptibility to economic influences from other states or transnational corporations.
 It is noted that the processes of globalization demonstrate the inability of states to fully protect their own interests and citizens from global economic and financial crises, informational impacts, environmental degradation, etc. In such circumstances, the nation-state is no longer the primary actor in the system of international relations, resulting in weakened centralized state institutions, shifts in the perception of state sovereignty, and the emergence of new structures within the global governance system.
 It is substantiated that global democracy, as a phenomenon introduced by the processes of globalization, is a form of implementation of the universal system of political democratic values as the basis for building a democratic society and the formation of public institutions that are the basis of democracy.
 It is determined that global democracy is a process of relations between states based on a certain value and normative basis that unites them and keeps them active in the field of certain relations, characterized by the improvement of interconnection between states through the formation of a single information space and the need for a new political order of the world.
 It is emphasized that the processes of globalization and global democracy are objective processes of convergence of political systems of the world, formation of a policy of common standards and approaches to solving common civilization problems.
 It is concluded that for Ukraine, in the context of globalization and global democracy, the main factors of strengthening its sovereignty are the establishment of relations with the international community on the principles of democratic governance, development of a competitive economy, democratization of all spheres of public life, socio-political unity of a civil nation, territorial integrity, and sustainable development of the state.

PENETRATION OF BORROWED HYBRIDS INTO THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

Nowadays the history of linguistics is characterized by an intensive period of replenishment of the Kazakh language with foreign terms. The introduction of considerable amount of international words of foreign background and their quick combination in the Kazakh language is explained by fast changes of public and academic life. Many borrowed words were introduced to Kazakh language by different ways and the reason for these were connected with scientific, economic, political and cultural ties. The examples of hybrid words in Kazakh language and their origin within the unique dialects are given in this article. The structure for creating hybrid words using English and Kazakh languages and their functional characteristics are presented in this article. Hybrid words are considered to be borrowed words. Loan words are words which came from other dialects and they refer to the process of speakers adopting words from a source language into their native language. The penetration of hybrid terminology into Kazakh language and the development of Anglo-Kazakh bilingualism is a result of this very «internationalism» of the English language. This leads to the creation of a new language situation, the study of which is very relevant nowadays. Keywords: hybrid, language, loan words, lexicology, neologism, foreign words, word-building, terminology.

The Ego-Text of a Bibliophile: D.V. Ulyaninskyʼs Diary Entries in the “Catalog of New Library Acquisitions”

The article analyzes the handwritten “Catalog of New Library Acquisitions” by the famous bibliographer and bibliophile D.V. Ulyaninsky (1861—1918), stored in the department of Rare books (the Book Museum) of the Russian State Library. It is considered as an ego-text that directly reflects the bibliophile life of the author and his experiences related to it. In the text, the bibliophile not only recorded all receipts to his personal library, but also left diary entries. From them, you can learn about the folding of the library structure, changes in the accounting system, and the exclusion of publications from its composition. In his diary entries, which became acts of self-communication and self-reflection, the bibliophile described his relationship with booksellers, difficulties in collecting, justified for himself the high costs of books, rejoiced at successful acquisitions, noted some events of public and personal life, etc. It is concluded that the “Catalog of New Library Acquisitions” acted as a draft, a pre-text for a detailed bibliographic description of the library of D.V. Ulyaninsky, which received a printed embodiment. Many of his notes remain only in manuscript. This fact makes them a unique source both for studying the biography of D.V. Ulyaninsky and for the history of the world of antique book trade and bibliophilia of the late 19th — early 20th century.

STATE POLICY TO COUNTER CRIME IN BORDER REGIONS IN A DIGITAL SOCIETY

Relevance. Crime in border regions poses the greatest danger to society and the state in the digital world. During the period of digitalization of society, the problem of criminal law risks with the use of information technology is becoming more dangerous, large-scale and intractable. As you know, the era of the dominance of digital technologies has not only positive consequences, opening up new opportunities for the development of society and the state, but also creates additional criminal threats to national security. In such circumstances, government policy is aimed at building an effective system of digital confrontation. In a digital society, the crime prevention system in the border regions of the Russian Federation, although based on the unified legal framework of state policy in the field of combating crime, cannot be the same for all regions of the country. Its construction should take into account regional economic, social, demographic, ethno-confessional, territorial, historical, cultural and national characteristics. Purpose and methods. The purpose of the scientific report is to summarize the criminal risks of digitalization for the national security of border regions and to analyze some areas of state policy in the field of combating crime in a digital society. To achieve this goal, the research uses methods of analysis and synthesis; generalization of expert opinions in various fields of science, materials of legal statistics and investigative practice; analysis of messages in mass media; dialectical and sociological methods. Conclusion. The digitalization of society is associated with an increase in the number of criminal law risks in all areas of public life. At the same time, the development of digital technologies also affects the successful organization of preventive activities within the framework of public policy. The use of achievements in the field of digital technologies makes it possible to significantly improve the criminal procedure and penal enforcement policy of

TRANSFORMATION OF THE ELECTORAL SYSTEM IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The article is devoted to the evolution of the electoral system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors on the basis of the analysis of the normative-legal base of the electoral system show its evolutionary way as a political instrument capable to promote both democratic development of society and its stagnation and degradation. A new turn in the development of the electoral system of Kazakhstan was conditioned by the adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 30 August 1995. From that time on, fundamentally new pages of the electoral system of Kazakhstan began, which chose the path of a presidential republic with a bicameral Parliament and a developed system of local representative bodies - maslikhats. Constitutional reforms from 1998 to 2017 had a significant impact on the evolution of electoral legislation of Kazakhstan in the post-Soviet period, expressed in the fact that a number of its provisions were more politically motivated than dictated by the need for further democratisation of public life and compliance with legal logic. Therefore, in order to eliminate these shortcomings of the electoral system, amendments and additions were made to the legislation provided for by the Constitutional «On amendments and additions to the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan» Act № 156-VII Legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan of 5 November 2022. It introduced 174 amendments and additions, including 34 new articles, to the Constitutional Law on Elections of 28 September 1995. They concerned all aspects of electoral law and the practice of its application. The article is set out in a problem-chronological plan, similar or closely related events that took place in different periods of the evolution of electoral legislation, in violation of chronology, but in accordance with their logic, are set out in one place.

Conventional and occasional euphemisms in German economic journalism

This article examines the use of euphemisms in German journalistic texts on economic topics. Euphemisms include lexemes and expressions that soften the names of discordant designations of concepts. The consequences of the 2019-2020 pandemic and the Ukrainian conflict had a definite impact on the German economy and the standard of living of the German population. The rapid rise in prices and the energy crisis that has arisen in the country have led to financial problems reflected in the stratification of society into rich and poor, an increase in the number of protests due to unfavorable working conditions and even to forced closure of enterprises. Such economic difficulties are actively discussed in the German press. In order to switch the reader’s attention and smooth out the designation of acute problems, journalists use euphemized words and expressions in their articles. In a particular historical period, depending on political, economic or social changes, certain spheres of public life were subjected to productive euphemization. In this regard, it seems important to trace this process in diachrony, focusing on the economic problems of Germany in 2021-2023. The aim of the study is to identify euphemistically colored lexemes and expressions in German journalistic texts, as well as to identify groups of euphemisms and the reasons for their use. The research material included articles from the economic section of German electronic publications such as “Der Spiegel”, “Die Zeit”, “Süddeutsche Zeitung”, “Die Tageszeitung”, “Berliner Zeitung”, etc. The study revealed that such economic problems as poverty and wealth, mass protests, rising food and electricity prices, methods of limiting them, and the consequences of the energy crisis are being euphemized. The analysis made it possible to identify both conventional and occasional euphemisms, although it was found that the lexemes and expressions of the second group are noticeably prevalent in German journalism.

Functional and technological concepts of airports (past and present)

The article discusses the impact of security factors, economic and social conditions of public life, and the development of technology, which leads to many changes in the functional and technological schemes of air passenger services. This, in turn, affects the planning and volumetric-spatial solutions of airport terminals and changes in the organization of airport master plans. It is logical to assume that these changes are not the last, and there is a need to predict further possible solutions. But this is not possible without reviewing and systematizing the changes that have already taken place in the design and construction of airports. The article discusses several concepts of functional and planning passenger service, namely: The concept of runways in the form of a circle. The takeoff and landing of the first passenger airplanes depended heavily on wind speed and power. The airfield configuration in the form of a circle allowed solving this problem. Now this solution is outdated and not used. The concept of containerization of passenger transportation. An assumption was made about the construction of large-capacity passenger aircraft with up to 1000 passengers. Accordingly, it was proposed to first place passengers in specialized containers and then attach these containers to specialized aircraft to save time during handling. The concept remained futuristic due to the fact that passenger aircraft of this capacity are not produced, but it may happen in the future. The concept of urban airports. For the comfort of air passengers, it was proposed to build airports directly in the city. After a certain period of time, this concept was forced to be abandoned due to modern requirements and air traffic safety measures. The concept of centralized or decentralized air passenger service. The concept has been evolving throughout the history of airport construction. At the present stage, the concept of centralized service is more widespread, as it is the most comfortable and economically feasible. The concept of additional (non-transportation) passenger services. The commercial industry of air passenger services at the airport, in the form of shops, cafes, hotels, and much more, is now successfully developing. This allows airports to increase the level of comfort and affects the reduction of costs and lower prices for the transportation of each individual air passenger. The article notes that some concepts are outdated, some are too futuristic, some have ceased to exist due to inconsistencies with modern security measures, and some have stood the test of time and become dominant in modern airport design. Analysis, comprehension and summarization of the consequences of the introduction of certain functional and technological concepts of air passenger service leads to changes in the organization of airports. The process of scientific research of these phenomena is the key to the future life of airports and their efficient operation. This task is quite complex and requires a lot of studies, not only in the field of architecture and design, but also in sociology, economics, marketing, and management.

Specific features of obtaining and using electronic evidence in criminal proceedings

The relevance and importance of this research is due to the fact that scientific and technological progress and rapid development of information technology in all spheres of public life have significantly influenced the emergence of new types of criminal offences. Criminals are using computer systems and other portable devices to commit unlawful acts with increasing frequency. Today, many criminal offences are being committed with the help of information technology around the world, ranging from simple online fraud to the threat of a territorial act. Therefore, one of the ways to record (document) such illegal activities effectively is to obtain (collect) electronic evidence by law enforcement agencies in criminal proceedings. In this regard, the key role is played by evidence, which helps to form an evidence base that makes it possible to notify a person of suspicion, send an indictment to the court and make a final court decision on the guilt (innocence) of a person in committing a particular criminal offence. Achievement of this objective undoubtedly necessitates a specific legal procedure for seizure of electronic evidence in criminal proceedings, which is not yet clearly defined in terms of its collection, leading to numerous cases of courts declaring such evidence inadmissible.
 In the course of the scientific research, the author of the article analyses the views of scholars on the interpretation of the concept of electronic evidence; provides the legislative interpretation of this term (unlike the CPC of Ukraine, other procedural codes enshrine the concept of electronic evidence); studies the case law on the issue of electronic evidence being admissible/inadmissible; and identifies the main features of electronic evidence, etc.
 Given the fact that the Russian Federation commits war crimes on the territory of Ukraine on a daily basis, the author states the need to collect and record evidence of such crimes from open sources, which will further ensure the prosecution of the perpetrators.
 In the course of studying the specific features of obtaining and using electronic evidence in criminal proceedings, the author applied general scientific and special scientific methods, in particular, dialectical, formal and logical, and comparative legal methods. The interrelated use of these methods allowed for a comprehensive study, where each of these methods was used at a certain stage of the examination of the specific features of obtaining and using electronic evidence in criminal proceedings.

Право, закон, законность. Анализ взаимовлияния феноменов в контексте общественного уклада жизни людей

This paper, a legal analysis will be carried out from the point of view of the evolution of such phenomena as law, law and legality, which arose as a result of human society. First, consider the mutual influence of law and law, various approaches to influencing public life. After, we will try to determine the criteria for distinguishing between legal and non-legal law through the prism of justice. Understand the definitions of positive and natural law. Let us clarify the concept of legality and its relationship with the studied phenomena.

A case study on the development of the German Corona-Warn-App

The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically changed daily life and required fast responses to new situations, such as restricted public life. A major means to limit infections have been contact-tracing apps that inform an individual about a potential infection, helping to initiate countermeasures faster. While different tracing apps have been compared technologically, we are not aware of studies providing insights into their development processes during the pandemic emergency situation. To address this gap, we report an exploratory case study on how the German open-source Corona-Warn-App has been developed at SAP SE—and how other organizations (e.g., Deutsche Telekom AG), researchers, and individual developers contributed. We elicited data on the process, practices, and challenges by interviewing six developers at SAP SE, analyzing documentation, and discussing our data with an expert on the app’s development. Overall, we provide insights into how the development process of the Corona-Warn-App differed from other projects at SAP SE (e.g., testing), discuss the causes (i.e., public interest causing researchers to perform tests), and study the consequences (i.e., emergency tickets by researchers). Our findings can guide organizations when developing software in similar emergency situations (e.g., pandemics) in which reliable software needs to be developed within a short period of time.

Citizenship of the Conservative Movements in Mexico and Defense of the Formation of the Family: The Case of Frente Nacional por la Familia

The presence of the conservatives in Mexico, and their main characters, is long-standing. In Mexican history, some of the conservative movements have been present in religious thinking, especially in Catholicism, e.g., the quick departure from socio-cultural and political Mexican spaces as a consequence of the evangelical Spanish process, whose roots come from the XVI century Of the population in contemporary Mexico (7.7% belong to Catholicism, 2.5% to Evangelical Christians and Protestants, and 2.5% to non-Christian groups, while 8.1% do not follow a religion. Catholicism has a significant presence and influence on different forms of belief and practice in daily life in Mexico. This paper aims to highlight the role of the conservative movement called Frente Nacional por la Familia. It presents its history as the heritage of other conservative movements in Mexico, the stages of its formation, and the agenda and intervention in public life. The methodological approach is qualitative, using multi-situated ethnography. The results allow us to visualize the construction of the public agenda with legislative strategies that have operated with relative success and national presence, obstructing the progress of the proposals of feminist groups and sexual diversity and the defense of a national and cultural project that has as one of the symbols the traditional family.

Digital blueprints for the urban future: a study on the transformation of urban planning with examples from China and Singapore

Digital technology is one of the most important topics of research today. The rapid development of digital technology has caused major reforms in urban planning and other fields. This digital method is widely used in data collection and artificial intelligence, helping urban planners collect and analyze data more efficiently, thereby making the city operate and develop better. It also enhances citizen participation through online platforms and mobile applications, helping to build a more inclusive and sustainable city. This study mainly evaluates the impact of the combination of digitalization and urban planning, especially in terms of traffic management and public life. This article aims to explore how a combination of digitalization and urban planning can be used to create a more efficient, democratic, and sustainable urban environment. This study uses case analysis and systematic review methods to explore in depth the impact of digital technology and urban planning on urban traffic management and residents' lives. The research results show that a good combination of digital technology and urban planning transforms the efficiency of urban operations and the quality of life of residents, improves the sustainable development of the city, and enhances the efficiency and democracy of urban intelligence. This combination is expected to continue to affect the future development of the city and will bring more opportunities and challenges to urban planning.

Leontiev and Napoleon III: Two Conservatism Tendencies of the Same Century

The subject of the study is the dispute between the Russian philosopher, K. Leontiev, and the French emperor, Napoleon III, regarding the meaning and orientation of historical events. The topicality of the study is determined by the importance of the problem of progress in the modern world and the need to take into account the entire range of previous approaches to it. The novelty is defined by the absence of works in which a comparison of the two analyzed approaches would be presented. The article uses the following methods: hermeneutic, phenomenological, and comparative historical. The policy of Napoleon III is characterized in the artistic works of Leontiev as well as in the works in philosophical and publicistic genres. In the novel Odysseus Polychroniades, the Second French Empire appears as a mechanical structure devoid of a spiritual core. In the autobiographical work Egyptian pigeon, the emperor appears as a usurper. In his philosophical and political writings, Leontiev focuses on the theory of cultural types. Napoleon III's France in this context serves as an illustration of the period of secondary mixing and simplification in the lives of civilizations. But its history is also important to Leontiev as a kind of reference point in the historical coordinate system, which allows us to compare the Western path with the fate of Russia. The Russian thinker strongly emphasized the connection between the history of his country and Byzantine principles. He saw its future in their preservation and support. Leontiev considered France, which rushed along the path of liberal egalitarianism, a decaying state characterized by decomposition and loss of originality and religiosity, as well as by the transition from complexity to a more primitive organization. Napoleon III, on the contrary, considered France the vanguard of civilization, and the principle of nationalities proclaimed by him was seen as the only reliable basis for international politics. Although Leontiev and Napoleon III do not have the same interpretations of progress, in their understanding of the general meaning of history and the laws of civilizational development both considered it necessary to introduce conservative elements into public life. The forecasts of the Russian philosopher regarding the future give more reason to name him (rather than the emperor) a prophet.

МЕМЛЕКЕТ ЖӘНЕ ҚОҒАМ ҚАЙРАТКЕРІ – НӘЗІР ТӨРЕҚҰЛОВ

We see that the statesman and public figure Nazir Torekulov is working in all spheres of public and political life, thereby, ultimately, making attempts to achieve our national independence. Today we must say with great pride that N.Torekulov was the first professional, qualified diplomat, ambassador of Kazakh origin, and his name was recognized and highly appreciated internationally at that time, during his lifetime. Nazir Torekulov suffered a cruel and cruel fate, in which his pain and dignity went hand in hand. Looking at his life path, we see that at all stages of his social and political activities, he first strives for selfless help to his nation, his native people. To this end, he also engaged in science, literature and journalism, picking up a pen. Thanks to this, he wrote many valuable things for Kazakh literature and art, for Kazakh language science and the press, in a word, for Kazakh history and spirituality in general.

Cathedrals in public: bridging the gap between public theology and cathedral studies

ABSTRACT This study demonstrates the value of the field of public theology for cathedral studies. Both of these fields are concerned with the continuing role of religion in public life in contemporary societies, and yet those writing within these fields often do not draw from the work of the other. Therefore, in this study I show some findings of my PhD thesis entitled ‘A critical evaluation of the public theology of Manchester Cathedral’. In this project, I conducted research in both of these fields by employing a publicness-ethnographic approach to collect and analyse data from participant observation, analysis of public data, and 14 semi-structured interviews with key actors at the cathedral. This study analyses three key findings from this research: public theologies of inclusion at the cathedral, the location of theology in the public work of the cathedral, and an understanding of cathedrals as hosts of subaltern counter-publics.

До питання передумов корупції під час повномасштабної війни в Україні

Preventing and combating corruption is one of the main tasks of the state. It should be noted that the war is another reason to fight this negative phenomenon. Unfortunately, Ukraine has an insufficient level of countering and preventing corruption, as statistical studies show that its scale is not decreasing. Therefore, public authorities need to pay special attention to improving anti-corruption mechanisms and measures to ensure the quality and safe functioning of public policy for the benefit of Ukrainian society. The full-scale war on the territory of Ukraine has shifted the focus of the authorities’ efforts towards protecting the state from the enemy, and has also affected the determinants of corruption. The article analyses the main prerequisites for corruption in wartime, in particular, the temporary suspension of the Register of Electronic Declarations, the closure of access to most public data, the weakening of public control over the activities of public authorities, and public procurement without competitive procedures. Socio-economic reasons remain relevant, such as low wages; depreciation of moral norms in state and public life; low level of legal culture, etc. It is emphasised that the effective fight against corruption crime in Ukraine during the war continues and requires the creation of a more effective state system of coordination of anti-corruption policy with proper legislative consolidation and implementation of preventive measures to prevent corruption, especially in wartime. Ukraine’s current anti-corruption legislation needs to be improved and detailed. The activities of law enforcement agencies should not be influenced by corruption-related factors. A combination of law and order in the government and law-abidingness in society will help the Ukrainian state reach a new level of development.

The National and International Legal Framework Related to Family Relations Seen from the Perspective of Gender Equality

Gender-based discrimination is a long-standing problem of society and of the family in particular. While the possibilities of identifying the phenomenon of discrimination in public life are more tangible, discrimination in the family remains mostly in the shadows and not easily evident. It is about the relationships that are built between spouses, children, and other family members. This study aims to analyze the factual and legal situation of the dimensions of (lack of) equality between family members from a gender perspective. Seen through the lens of family relations in particular, this study will reflect in general terms the trend and society's approach to gender equality. This is because of imagining and not only the family as the basic and most important cell of society, the one that transmits values and principles to society. Healthy family and marital relations are an important contribution to the elimination of gender stereotypes not only between family members but also in society in general. Although family relations mainly belong to the sphere and private interest, the legislator has always put a strong emphasis on the special protection of the family and marriage, providing for it in the most important normative acts, such as the Constitution and the Family Code, but also in other acts which indirectly regulate family relations. There are also numerous international legal instruments that mainly protect the institution of the family and mainly the sphere of equality in the rights and obligations of its members. See these in the consideration of equality between men and women in several main directions such as equality and non-discrimination between men and women to the relationship that originates from marriage as an act, equality and non-discrimination of men and women to the rights and obligations towards children, equality, and non-discrimination in the consequences of ending a marriage. The elaboration and legal basis of the situations cited above will be the purpose of this paper, seen from the perspective of domestic and international legislation, as well as judicial practice. Legal reforms in the aspects of legal equality and non-discrimination in family and marital life have been and will remain a dynamic and continuous process as long as the dominant elements is human nature. This is reflected in internal normative acts such as the Family Code, but also in ratified international instruments and the jurisprudence of the ECHR. While the facts and results show that there is still significant gender inequality between family members, this should be taken as an incentive not only for other legal reforms but also for social policies in the future.
 
 Received: 19 February 2024 / Accepted: 21 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024