Public Road Transport Research Articles

A Self-Bounding Branch \& Bound procedure for truck routing and scheduling

In this paper we study a part of a core algorithm of a complex software solution for truck itinerary construction for one of the largest public road transportation companies in the EU. The problem is to construct a cost optimal itinerary, given an initial location with an asset state, the location and other properties of tasks to be performed. Such an itinerary specifies the location and activity of the truck and the driver until the completition of the last routing task. The calculation of possible itineraries is a branch and bound algorithm. The nodes of the search tree have the following arguments: position, time, driver-state and truck-state. For each node we calculate the cumulative cost for the road reaching that state, and a heuristic lower bound for the cost of the remaining road. In each step the procedure expands the next unexpanded node with the best sum for cumulative and heuristical costs. It is hard to give a sharp lower bound if the model contains time windows. To make a sharp heuristic we run the same branch and bound algorithm (from each node) but with simplified data (hypothetical positions and simplified activities: no refuelling, no road costs, etc.). We have reached significant gains in performance and quality compared to the previous approach.

Comparison of life cycle environmental performance of public road transport modes in metropolitan regions

A comparative life cycle energy and environmental inventory has been developed for public road transport modes in metropolitan regions in India. The environmental performance of public bus transport (PBT) and intermediate public transport (IPT) modes, viz. taxi and auto-rickshaw, in Mumbai Metropolitan Region has been assessed and compared at off-peak, average and peak levels of vehicle occupancy. Moreover, the environmental performance of vehicles adhering to Bharat Stage (BS) emission norms has been assessed. The inventory captures both vehicle operation (tail-pipe emissions) and non-operation components (e.g. vehicle manufacturing, vehicle maintenance and fuel production). GaBi 6.5 has been used to assess the environmental impact in terms of global warming, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical ozone creation, abiotic depletion potential and primary energy demand. The functional unit of the study was defined as passenger kilometre travelled in 15 years, the service lifetime of the vehicle. The results show that tail-pipe emissions dominate the life cycle environmental impact of PBT (75% of 17.2 g CO2-eq/PKT), taxi (78% of 85 g CO2-eq/PKT) and auto-rickshaw (78% of 78 g CO2-eq/PKT). However, in case of vehicles adhering to BS-VI stringent emission norms, vehicle non-operation components dominate the life cycle environmental impact of public road transport modes. Therefore, vehicle non-operation components should be considered while addressing the environmental performance of public road transport modes. For all three occupancy levels, PBT is environment-friendly compared to IPT modes. However, the break-even point assessment highlights that the bus services should be operated with at least 11 passengers to make its global warming potential equivalent to IPT modes. In case of shared services of the taxi and auto-rickshaw, this equivalency increases to 23 and 29 passengers, respectively. Eventually, this study provides the benchmark that can lead regional transport planners to more informed and prioritized mitigation measures for improving the environmental footprint of public transportation in metropolitan regions in India.

Development of strategies for the development of urban passenger transport in EurAsEC countries

Currently, in many cities of the Russian Federation and the EurAsEC countries, due to an increase in the level of motorization, there is an increase in traffic congestion, which leads to unproductive losses of time and an increase in transport costs in the economic sector. Therefore, urban infrastructure is currently unable to provide unhindered traffic flow. The scientific and practical purpose of the article is to summarize the best practices of transport planning of the urban route network in large cities of the Russian Federation, and integrate it in cities of the EurAsEC countries. The development of such projects occurs, as a rule, in several stages. The main stages are as it follows: 1) a survey of passenger flows on public road transport, 2) analysis of the data and development of measures to optimize the route network. Based on the task, an analysis is carried out of a survey of passenger flows (transport mobility of the population), stopping points and the intensity of public transport, including: general provisions and a methodology for conducting a survey of urban public passenger transport. The experience of foreign countries in the use of commercial organizations for urban passenger transport, in the organization of transport systems functioning, the definition and justification of the role of each type of transport (for the public and private sectors) is analyzed. The proposals on the development of interconnections and the functioning of various modes of transport are considered. Measures have been proposed to optimize the route network of urban passenger transport based on modeling in a macroscopic model, and quality standards for the provision of services and the introduction of navigation management systems aimed at improving the quality of public services have been determined.

Assessment of respiratory morbidity among bus drivers and conductors of the state road transport corporation, Kochi, Kerala.

Introduction:In 2012, 8% of the 2.3 million work-related deaths globally were from chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs). This study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of respiratory morbidity among the drivers and conductors of the public road transport network in Kochi.Methodology:A cross-sectional study was carried out in the public bus stand (South), Kochi between September 2015 and 2017 among bus drivers and conductors. The interview was conducted among 300 bus drivers and conductors using a locally adapted version of ATS-DLD-78-A questionnaire. Lung function assessment was done using a Mini Wright peak flow meter and a portable spirometer. Data were tabulated using MS Excel and analyzed using SPSS v20.Results:The prevalence of CRD among bus drivers and conductors was found to be 9.97% (95% CI 7.34–14.66) and chronic respiratory symptoms were found to be 19.2% (95% CI 14.58–23.82). On logistic regression, the independent predictors for the CRD were found to be working for more than 15 h/day (OR 2.815, 95% CI 1.26–6.28) and working for more than 4 days/week (OR 2.462, 95% CI 1.12–5.39).Conclusion:CRD exists as a public health problem affecting approximately one in ten bus drivers and conductors in Kochi city. Applying the logical principles of ergonomics by modifying duty hours may be considered.

Investigating the Impact of Fuel Price Management on Public Transport Use A Case Study of Public Road Transport in East Azerbaijan Province Islamic Republic of Iran

Investigating the Impact of Fuel Price Management on Public Transport Use A Case Study of Public Road Transport in East Azerbaijan Province Islamic Republic of Iran

Estimation of inter-city travel demand for public road transport in Nigeria

This paper models an intercity travel demand which uses the principal structural variables that have been identified in the literature. This research develops an urban public travel demand model for 19 directional O-D city-pair network originating from Owerri Urban. Using revealed preference data from the period of 2014 to 2016 which was filtered into 207 observations operated by the 16 transport companies in Owerri, Imo State. The empirical analysis explicitly modelled the pattern of correlations among service variables by a log-linear model using OLS. The estimates yield better demand elasticities than those of direct linear models. Other empirical findings include that; overall fares elasticities are low, so that increases in fare levels will almost always lead to increases in revenue. However, it is possible for any would-be operator determine the expected patronage on any route of operation using the derived models from this paper. Thus this paper has come up with empirical model to assess the viability of intercity passenger transport operation in Nigeria. However, it will also help the operators in business to do a sensitivity analysis based of changes in the intercity passenger travel markets in Nigeria.

CAPACITY PLANNING OF URBAN ROADS IN CONDITION OF PASSENGERS’ TRAVEL MODE CHOICE

Introduction.The authors conduct the research of the urban passenger transportation problem. Municipal authorities and passengers are regarded as participants of the passenger transportation system. Moreover, the municipal authorities have to optimize road width and public transport frequency. The road consists of a bus lane and lanes for personal vehicles. The vehicle travel time depends on the number of road lanes and passengers’ choice of the travel mode. The passengers’ goal is to minimize total travel costs, including time value. Therefore, the passengers try to find the optimal ratio between public transport and cars.Materials and methods.The mathematical model for choosing the mode of transportation is based on the exponential distribution of the passenger cost. Time of movement on personal transport is described by the BPR model. The conflict between municipal authorities and the passengers is described as a theoretic model.Results.The existence of Nash equilibrium in the model is proved. In addition, the numerical example shows the influence of time value and intensity of passenger flow on the equilibrium of the road width and of public transport frequency.Discussion and conclusions.The presented model allows optimizing the capacity of the road network in conditions of allocated lanes for public transport and the choice of transportation for passengers. Further research would be aimed at managing the number of parking spaces.The task is also to generalize the model of the urban passenger transport network, directions and intersections, which describe the real city roads.

Desenvolvimento de tecnologia assistiva para o transporte público baseado na percepção do usuário.

O transporte público de passageiros está diretamente ligado a qualidade de vida dos seus usuários devendo prover acesso à serviços básicos, como saúde, educação, lazer etc. Considerando os problemas do sistema de transporte público nos centros urbanos, observa-se a necessidade da melhoria da acessibilidade para usuários com deficiência visual. Dentre as soluções possíveis para o problema de acessibilidade, o uso de tecnologias assistivas se apresenta como uma solução viável pelo seu baixo custo de implantação e por requererem, em geral, pouca adaptação na infraestrutura existente. Dessa forma, busca-se realizar estudo para aplicações voltadas para acessibilidade de passageiros com deficiência visual ao sistema de transporte público rodoviário, no intuito de diminuir o nível de dependência dessa parte da população e facilitar o seu deslocamento e proporcionando o acesso a diversos serviços existentes nas cidades. Para tanto, aplica-se a modelagem da extração de atributos para identificar os diversos requisitos percebidos pelos usuários das capacidades gerais de uma aplicação e sistema em determinado domínio. Foi realizada uma pesquisa do tipo survey tomando uma amostra de 30 passageiros com deficiência visual a partir de respostas a um questionário para extração dos atributos mandatórias do sistema. A partir dos atributos identificados, determinou-se a existência de possíveis provedores de soluções no mercado, e, entre eles, apenas um sistema seria capaz de atender as necessidades levantadas, o CittaMobi. Assim, realizou-se o estudo nesse sistema aplicando-se o modelo de extração dos atributos para identificar as falhas do sistema frente a necessidade dos usuários e adequar o sistema de acordo com a necessidade específica dos mesmos.

Improving the quality of service in public road transportation using real time travel information system

The impact of road public transport in urban transportation cannot be ignored, however, the quality of services provided is not high enough. This has made it unattractive to prospective passengers and less competitive to private transport. One of the ways of resolving these challenges with a view to increasing the quality of service is by the provision of platforms that provides travel information in real time to prospective users. This was achieved in this paper using web, mobile, and short messaging service platforms. The developed platforms employed an artificial neural network-based bus arrival time prediction model for predicting bus arrival time. The accuracy of the prediction model was evaluated using mean absolute error and mean absolute percentage error while the performance and impact of the developed platforms were assessed from users' perspective through a survey based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model.

Improving the quality of service in public road transportation using real time travel information system

Improving the quality of service in public road transportation using real time travel information system

Electricity alternative for e-rickshaws: an approach towards green city

Today energy seems to be fundamental for keeping up the expectation for everyday comforts of the human. It is also noteworthy point that energy crisis is a serious issue in the vast majority of the developing countries like India. A conceivable reason is that, the diminishing level of regular energy sources and the lack of initiatives for introducing the alternative sources of energy. Besides, the wasteful and illicit method for utilising energy adds to the various problems related to the energy crisis. It gives the idea that the expanding measure of unapproved battery worked vehicles and their unlawful method for utilising electricity is one of the fundamental reasons of energy deficit in the various states of the nation. Battery operated electric e-rickshaws have recently emerged in the public road transport sector in India. This study deals with the present situation of the e-rickshaws and electricity alternatives for their usage in India. The biogas as a potential renewable source of energy can be proved as an alternate potential and efficient solution to the energy crisis. Also, natural impacts, social advantages, and difficulties for setting up a biogas plant have been assessed.

RIGHT TO SAFETY AND SECURITY FOR PASSENGERS TRAVELING BY THE PUBLIC ROAD TRANSPORTATION

<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>This article aimed to observe the safety protection of public road transportation and some public areas in Yogyakarta and Surakarta. The Road and urban public transport terminals, station, and transshipment centres were mainly established at the meeting points of different traffic lines. If we compare the terror-threat against infrastructure, building, and vehicles, then we can see that much more terrorist attacks were directed against the vehicles, than against bridges or tunnels. Safety protection on public road transportation and its public areas is one of the efforts to enforce right to life and right to sustain life in line with article 28A of Indonesian Constitution of 1945. This issue is important to be observed because two cities are prone to be attacked by terrorist and sometimes passengers or visitors are not responsive to disasters as long as they are on public road transportation and public areas. This article have two important problem to be observed, first problem is how already passengers or visitors of public road transportation and its public areas understand safety procedures of those areas?; second problem is how policy of safety protection need to be enforced on two public road transportation and public areas in order to protect right to life safely of passengers? The normative and empirical legal research is used to this research by using interviews and field observation. The result of this research concisely state that at this time the bus station and rail station is still not implemented maximum safety and security procedures to passengers and passengers or visitors do not understand about safety procedures and are not responsive to dangerous circumtances surrounded them. Maximum safety protection is important to prevent terrorism crime, narcoticss crime, and prevent any casualties due disasters. Security officers should check the condition of bags and luggage of passengers or visitors in order to prevent any threats there. Safety briefing is also implemented to keep a passengers concer. </p><p><strong>Keywords: <em>safety procedure, right to life, public area</em></strong></p>

A Nash equilibrium formulation of a tradable credits scheme for incentivizing transport choices: From next-generation public transport mode choice to HOT lanes

We consider a tradable credits scheme for binary transport games where one option is faster (or more comfortable) than the other, but its quality of service suffers when usage is high. Applications can be found in mode choice (public transit versus road transport), premium (i.e., express bus) versus ordinary public transit, and fast (e.g., high-occupancy toll, or HOT) versus regular lanes on expressways. We are motivated in particular by the choice between public transport and use of the road network as a privilege to be discouraged. In a future where GPS-based time-distance-place road charging exists, such next-generation transport management strategies become realizable as the choice to drive or not can be linked to a fixed fee toll, or indeed to a tradable credits scheme. When public transport payment uses the same smart card as the road usage fee (via tolls or tradable credits) usage of the two may be linked. In this setting, a public transport vs. road-use tradable credit scheme becomes feasible. In this case, individuals wishing to choose the faster option must obtain credits from other commuters via credit trading, rather than pay a direct toll or fee. Such a scheme creates a kind of equity, in the sense that lower-income commuters have an economic incentive to resort to the slower or less comfortable choice. We study the underlying market and its effects on individuals’ utilities; we use an atomic game framework so as to model explicitly the exchange process across users. The market we define determines the quantities of users choosing each option, as opposed to the prices themselves. Using the properties of potential games, we show that under mild assumptions, efficient Nash equilibria exist and can be reached using simple learning algorithms. We show that these equilibria can satisfy the transport authority’s requirements, and thus drive the transport system to a state where a desired proportion of individuals resort to each of the two options, when the scheme’s parameters are well tuned.

The external costs of private versus public road transport in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago, Chile

We estimate marginal external costs per kilometer for car and bus in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago, Chile, in terms of congestion, road damage, accidents, air pollution and noise. Estimates are provided for both peak and off-peak periods. To carry out our analysis, we collected and integrated the output of several local studies. These estimates should contribute to a better debate on how to manage efficiently motor vehicles externalities by means of both (pigouvian) tax instruments, public transport subsidies and regulation. We also offer a comparison of our results with those reported in the literature.At peak times, marginal external costs per kilometer for petrol cars, diesel cars and buses are estimated at USD 0.51, USD 0.53 and USD 1.80 respectively. When these values are converted to passenger-kilometer, petrol cars, diesel cars and buses impose a marginal external cost of USD 0.41, USD 0.42 and USD 0.04 respectively. At off-peak times, all these values are reduced as congestion decreases significantly. The marginal external cost for petrol cars, diesel cars and buses are USD 0.15, USD 0.16 and USD 0.78 respectively. Differences in marginal external costs per passenger-kilometer between cars and buses shrink as these costs fall to USD 0.12, USD 0.13 and USD 0.05 for petrol car, diesel car and bus respectively.

Calculation of Selected Emissions from Transport Services in Road Public Transport

The article deals with road public transport and its impact on the environment. According to the methodology given in EN 16258, CO2 emission value has been calculated. The input data for the calculation and the results are shown in the tables. The declaration is created according to STN CEN / TR 14310, which contains recommendations for compiling environmental reports. Finally, the comparison of the environmental impact of a bus and a passenger car, when converted to one passenger, bus has a lower CO2 emission than a passenger car in that section.

A Study on the Potential for Rationalizating Road Public Transport Services with Respect to a Rail Transit Line Extension

A Study on the Potential for Rationalizating Road Public Transport Services with Respect to a Rail Transit Line Extension

Снижение вредного воздействия автотранспорта в час пик на воздушный бассейн в городе Магнитогорске

The environmental aspects of harmful impact of road transport on air basin in the Magnitogorsk city have considered. The results of survey of density of operation in public transport on city routes have presented and the set of activities for reducing harmful impact from public passenger road transport (GOPT) including the necessity to add the separate lanes in Magnitogorsk city for movement of urban public passenger transport in pick hours; widening the carriageway; the change in buses with low capacity to the buses with high capacity. The realization of the proposed activities for the section of road network on the Lenina avenue will allow: to increase the speed of passengers’ delivery in pick hours, to reduce specific fuel consumption, to decrease the space occupied by bus park and to reduce emissions of harmful substances from public passenger road transport by 290 gr/min.

Density and Scale Economies in the Public Road Transport: Empirical Evidence for Tunisia

This paper examines economies of scale and density in road transport. This study seeks to broaden the knowledge in the impact of the economies of scale and density drawn in and by the road transport sector in Tunisia. This investigation aims to not only grasp the possibility of a substitutability of the production factors used but also highlight the importance of the global productivity achieved in the operation of means of transport for the users and the community. The investigation of the 12 road transport companies in Tunisia reveals the existence of a homogeneity in the total production of these companies which vary with the size of the networks, the number of stops, and the number of employees, although it exists a strong heterogeneity concerning. This study shows the importance of enhancing a number of policies recommendations for the Tunisian road transport system through the joint improvement of the road infrastructure policy, of the fuel price policy, and of the fuel-efficient road vehicle policy in order to maintain sustainable road transport network.

Truck routing and scheduling

The problem is part of a complex software solution for truck itinerary construction for one of the largest public road transportation companies in the EU. In practice a minor improvement on the operational cost per tour can decide whether a freight services company is profitable or not. Thus the optimization of routes has key importance in the operation of such companies. Given an initial location and an asset state one must be able to calculate a cost optimal itinerary containing all Point of Interests. Such an itinerary is an executable plan which exactly specifies the location and activity of an asset during the whole timespan of the itinerary. If parking places and gas stations are included in the planning then it is NP hard to find an optimal solution. This means that for long range tours an approximately optimal solution for refueling has to be given within an acceptable running time. Also the corridoring of the trucks is an important problem so that we try to optimize the performance, hence tours cannot be recalculated at each data arrival. The vehicle assignment part of this work is already finished and applied with very good results. The remaining part is subject of an ongoing research which started at January 2014. The company started to apply and test our product in the beginning of 2015 under increased human supervision. As a consequence of the project a large cost saving is anticipated by the company.

Systematic Development of Intelligent Systems for Public Road Transport.

This paper presents an architecture model for the development of intelligent systems for public passenger transport by road. The main objective of our proposal is to provide a framework for the systematic development and deployment of telematics systems to improve various aspects of this type of transport, such as efficiency, accessibility and safety. The architecture model presented herein is based on international standards on intelligent transport system architectures, ubiquitous computing and service-oriented architecture for distributed systems. To illustrate the utility of the model, we also present a use case of a monitoring system for stops on a public passenger road transport network.