Public Opinion Research Center Research Articles

The Promotion of Traditional Values through Films and Television Programmes: The Moscow Patriarchate and the Orthodox Encyclopaedia Project (2005–2022)

On 26 May 2011, the Russian People’s World Council issued a document entitled The Basic Values: The Fundaments of National Unity. The document, prepared by the Synodal Department for Church–Society Cooperation, provided a catalogue of 17 traditional values whose general framework was constituted by a combination of freedom, unity, patriotism, family, and devotion. At that time, the Moscow Patriarchate considered religious faith to be the foundation of traditional values and it continues to do so. The defence and promotion of traditional Russian spiritual and moral values were also central in the Russian National Security Strategy (2015); this was the case in the updated version of this document as well, put out in July 2021. Furthermore, they have been the core of the Moscow Patriarchate’s participation in the Council of Europe and of Patriarch Kirill’s speeches about the war in Ukraine. Finally, on 9 November 2022, The Foundations Of State Policy For The Preservation Of Spiritual And Moral Values was approved. This framework permits us to understand the strict interplay between the Church and the State in the Russian Federation and to see why it is important to refer to the concept of post-secularism when talking about the role of religion in post-Soviet Russia. Proceeding from the Abstract, the present paper aims to analyse this interplay in a specific sector of visual culture: the cinema and television industries. Manuel Castells highlighted the relevance of cultural values in the age of information and the connection between the values and social mobilization that follows it. He pointed out that the Internet has become a way to render this connection predominant, inevitably leading to the development of social movements and networks that have a religious basis. This is unquestionably true; surveys conducted by the Russian Public Opinion Research Center (OJSC «VCIOM») and by Nevafilm Research confirm that a high percentage of Russians watch films not only at the cinema or on television (especially the older generations) but also on the Internet (as far as the younger generations are concerned). The importance of this market is also confirmed by the success of the cinema and TV distributor Orthodox Encyclopaedia (2005); in the words of the philosopher Sergei Kravets, who, commenting on it during an interview published in 2006 by the website Sedmits.ru, declared that the expression “orthodox cinema” can be understood as a way to express Russian culture. He asserts that “the fact that today Orthodox films have begun to appear on the central TV channels testifies that Russian film producers and viewers have apparently begun to be aware of themselves as Orthodox, to feel that they are bearers of a special Orthodox culture. [..]”. At the same time, consideration should be given to the importance of the Russian Orthodox Church and the Minister of Culture’s condemnation of films such as Matilda or Monastery. In addition, it is important to consider that, according to a survey conducted in 2022 by the Levada Center, Russian people consider television the most reliable source of information (54%). The long-term implications of this tendency may have very important effects, not only in terms of its objectives but also in terms of the consideration that, after the beginning of the war, many Western film distributors withdrew their licenses from Russia. This paper will analyse “the effect of religion on the institutional system, the regulatory environment of the media and the public sphere” by studying the features of films and TV programs distributed by Orthodox Encyclopaedia, their relations with traditional values promoted both by the Kremlin and the Church, how these have contributed to strengthening the interplay between the Minister of Culture and the Moscow Patriarchate, and the impact this process has had on Russian society and Russia’s relations with the European and Western World in the 2005–2022 period. A list of the films and TV programs being discussed will be provided, and then statements about the project and reviews of the serials and films will be analysed. The analysis will be conducted mainly through the official sites of the Russian Orthodox Church and the Kremlin and by browsing the Integrum database.

Моральные основания как факторы социально-экономических ожиданий россиян

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective. </strong>Analysis of the relationship of socio-economic expectations of Russians with moral foundations and socio-demographic characteristics. <br><strong>Background. </strong>Moral foundations theory has proved to be a very fruitful approach to the analysis of psychological factors of political views and preferences, but the problem of the relations between moral foundations and socio-economic expectations has not been considered in past studies.<br><strong>Study design. </strong>A correlation design was used, the data were obtained in a survey of a representative sample of Russian citizens. <br><strong>Participants. </strong>The sample includes 1600 residents of 82 regions of Russia surveyed by the Institute of Psychology of RAS and VCIOM (Russia Public Opinion Research Center) in February 2023, 55% of men and 45% of women aged 18 to 93 years. <br><strong>Measurements. </strong>A demographic questionnaire, moral foundations questionnaire and a questionnaire compiled for this study to measure socio-economic expectations, measuring expectations of: social support, military victories and militarization of public life, justice, economic growth and consumer expectations. <strong>Results. </strong>It is established that the expectations of military victories and placing the economy and public life on a war-footing are largely determined by the commitment to ethics of community, the ethics of autonomy supports the expectations of justice and economic growth. Expectations of social support depend on both the ethics of autonomy and the ethics of community. Adherence to the "liberty" moral foundation is combined with a decrease in military expectations and an increase in consumer expectations regarding the availability of goods and services. Moral foundations mediate the relationship of expectations with socio-demographic factors: age, gender, education, income, type of settlement. This is most evident in the relatively large positive effect of age on expectations of military victories which is completely mediated by the higher ethics of community among older people. <br><strong>Conclusions. </strong>The ethics of community, the ethics of autonomy and the "liberty" moral foundation not only reveal the psychological basis of political and ideological preferences, but also largely explain the social ideals of citizens expressed in their specific socio-economic expectations.</p>

Prawo i Sprawiedliwość wobec procedury zapłodnienia pozaustrojowego metodą in vitro

The main aim of this article is to analyze the position of Law and Justice party (PiS) towards in vitro fertilization (IVF) at the level of ideological and political agenda, results of parliamentary votes, and views of the electorate. Therefore, the following concepts were analyzed: the Law and Justice party doctrinal stereotype, the party's political stance on IVF, draft bills, the position of the party's club in the parliament towards the aforementioned and the results of parliamentary votes alongside the views of the electorate on IVF. Recognizing that human dignity begins with conception, the Law and Justice party is in favor of banning IVF and imposing criminal punishments for carrying it out, experimenting on embryos, and destroying them. These methods include: qualitative analysis of ideological and political program assumptions, institutional and legal assumptions, quantitative analysis of existing data. In order to determine the position of the party's electorate towards IVF, the announcements of the Public Opinion Research Center (CBOS) were analyzed.

The Scandalous Electoral Victory of the Governing Party United Russia

With unprecedented restrictions on voting rights and electoral manipulations, the governing party United Russia succeeded in gaining a comfortable majority in the Russian Duma elections despite growing dissatisfaction in the country. The secret winner of the election is the Communist Party, which unlike the other opposition parties increased its share of votes. During the parliamentary elections in Russia between 17 and 19 September 2021, the governing party United Russia officially won 324 of the 450 seats in the State Duma with 49.82 percent of votes. The results of the election again give the governing party a two-thirds majority, enabling it to amend the Constitution. However, its results are worse than in 2016, when United Russia received 54.2 percent of votes and 343 seats. At the same time, the approval rates for the party remained at a stable low of 27 to 28 percent during the entire electoral campaign according to the official sociological Russian Public Opinion Research Center.

Political Values, Orientations and Ideals of Modern Youth and Their Reflection in Virtual Space

Introduction. The active dissemination of information and digital technologies in the 20th century has led to the fact that the virtual space today has become the main platform for expressing the political, cultural and spiritual values of young people. Representatives of this age group most often use digital resources as a means of self-expression and a channel for obtaining information about changes in the modern world. In Russia, the virtual space is used by various actors to form public opinion and include young people in the political and public life of the state. On the other hand, the possibilities of the virtual space are often used as a tool for misinforming young people, spreading fakes, extremist and radical sentiments. Given the difficult foreign policy situation and the need to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation and protect its population, including in the virtual space, it becomes necessary to study the political orientations and values of young people. Methods. The basis of the methodology of this article is formed by a combination of general scientific, special and applied methods. The choice of the axiological approach as a methodological basis for the study of value orientations and ideals of modern youth made it possible to consider values as an important social phenomenon that requires a specific study that reflects the features of the reflection of political values in the virtual space. Hermeneutical analysis, presented in line with the integration of qualitative and quantitative research methods, is used in the study of the formation of personal identity, values, experiences of the younger generation associated with the expression of their individuality and political preferences in a virtual environment. The semiotic approach was used in the process of studying the sign-symbolic field of modern youth culture in the virtual space. The empirical basis of the study was statistical data that allows us to assess the involvement of young people in the Internet environment and trace the trends in the development of the virtual space in modern Russia. The materials of sociological surveys conducted by the Levada Center and the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center made it possible to draw conclusions about the inclusion of Russian society in the virtual space, as well as about the value preferences of Russians aged 18 to 35 regarding material, family and civic ideals. Results and Discussion. The article is aimed at studying the characteristics of young people as an age group and the specifics of the reflection of their value ideals in the virtual space. The development of the Internet and social networks leads to new problems and potential dangers for the younger generation, which spends a lot of time in the virtual space. It is concluded that the life guidelines of young people are a high level of material well-being, the opportunity to live a measured life and benefit society. Despite the greater awareness of young people about the history and culture of Russia, about the importance of family values, this age group is characterized by the formation of a Western mentality based on the values of consumer individualism. Ignoring the traditional media, young people listen to “opinion leaders”, which makes them more vulnerable to all sorts of manipulations by political actors hostile to our country.

Nowe wymiary niepewności jednostkowej i społecznej w pandemii

This article provides an overview and shows new dimensions of individual and social uncertainty, the existence of which was empirically confirmed in the first year of the pandemic, or in other words during a period of particular intensification of fears and anxieties. The first part of the article reviews various approaches to the state of uncertainty from sociological, psychological and social policy perspectives. In the second section, selected uncertainty indicators are presented, confirming the thesis that the COVID-19 pandemic caused an increase in fears and concerns in several dimensions at the same time. The findings of sociological research on selected social categories and the results of surveys conducted by CBOS (the Public Opinion Research Center) were used for this.

MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC SERVICES IN THE PROCESS OF DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION

The aim of the article is to assess the process of deinstitutionalization from the point of view of providing forms of assistance in the face of ongoing demographic changes. The first part of the article analyzes the conditions of the social assistance system in Poland. As a result of collective analyzes of the reports of the Public Opinion Research Center and the Central Statistical Office presenting aggregated research results, the structure of service providers and beneficiaries of the social assistance system was defined in terms of the scope of assistance. In the second part, an attempt was made to identify the challenges in relation to the management of mechanisms of multi-level and multi-sector coordination of deinstitutionalized care for people in post-working age, provided in the local environment from the point of view of the concept of sustainable development.

Rational nutrition as a health factor: realities and prospects

The article discusses how the culture of food, its rationality and quality affects the health of Russians. The dietary style of Russians is analyzed on the basis of the latest statistical data and literature analysis. It is concluded that despite some positive developments in this area, the quality of nutrition of Russian residents is far from ideal. The author of the article seeks to understand how population understands the concept of healthy nutrition, whether the understanding of this phenomenon differs depending on socio-demographic characteristics. Particular attention is paid to gender differences regarding nutrition and the consequences of these differences. Article focuses on the obstacles that Russians face on the way to improving their diet. One of such obstacles is economic difficulties and the inability to buy healthy foods due to their high cost, especially in large families and single-parent families, whose food quality is lower for a number of socio-economic reasons. An equally important factor limiting the possibilities of Russians in the field of nutrition is the lack of awareness and education of the majority of the population regarding healthy lifestyle in general and nutrition in particular.The empirical basis of the work is comprised of the data of the World Health Organization (WHO), the Federal State Statistics Service, the Public Opinion Foundation and the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center.

Climate consciousness and behaviour of students of a civil engineering university: problems of education

The article addresses climate change and environmental degradation in many parts of the planet. Cities demonstrate an increase in air temperature; urban heat islets affect human health and rise mortality rates. This requires a change in an approach to urban planning and design, a modified of urban structure, which in turn require better environmental and climate education for students who are future civil engineers, urban planners and architects. The article discusses the results of a sociological survey conducted among students of National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (NRU MGSU), which demonstrates their climate consciousness, understanding climate change triggers, as well as the willingness to combat the negative effects of climate change. The primary data, obtained in the course of the survey, were compared with the data other surveys, launched by the All-Russian Public opinion Research Centre (VCIOM), research holding ROMIR, and Eurobarometer. The conclusion was that some students of MGSU were poorly informed of the extent of climate change. In general, they judge correctly about their causes and consequences, take some actions to prevent and mitigate the scale of disasters, but that's not enough. It is necessary to improve environmental and climate education and practical training of students through improvement of educational programmes.

АНАЛИЗ РАЗВИТИЯ МАССОВОЙ ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ В РОССИИ И ЗА РУБЕЖОМ ПОСЛЕ ПАНДЕМИИ КОРОНАВИРУСА

The authors consider the indicators of the development of mass physical education after the coronavirus pandemic. Data on the number of people engaged in physical education and sports, on the settings, where they exercise, motivating factors for the population to engage in physical education and sports, and reasons, why people refuse to exercise or do sport are given. The results of surveys of respondents both in Russia and abroad are analysed. The research was based on data of Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VCIOM), data provided by the Ministry of Sports of the Russian Federation and ANO “National Priorities” within the framework of the Federal project “Sport – the Norm of life”, and Eurobarometer data.

РОЛЬ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ В ПРОЦЕССЕ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ОБЩЕЙ ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ

In the current political situation, the role of political culture as an important factor in the process of forming a common civic identity is growing. Maintaining the necessary stability in society and keeping its integrity depends on it. The article deals with studying such aspects of political culture that are related to the formation of a common civil identity of Russians. In recent years, there have been some changes in the priorities of the political culture of Russians, whose consciousness and life are being seriously tested, increasing the risks of instability. On the one hand, it forces a fresh look at the issue of their relations with the state. It is expected to take such actions that help managing the situation in important areas of life, solve economic, political, social and other important issues. On the other hand, those changes require from sociologists the intensification of theoretical and practical research of changes in political culture in line with the process of forming a common civic identity. The article is dedicated to that goal. The material presented in it continues the author’s study of modern trends in Russian political culture in the context of the current situation. The methods used in the study include, among other things, a secondary analysis of the survey data from some sociological centers, such as Russian Public Opinion Research Center, etc.

ДОВЕРИЕ КАК ВАЖНЫЙ ФАКТОР СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ СТАБИЛЬНОСТИ

In the current situation, the role of trust as a factor of social stability is growing. At the same time, public opinion forms ratings of different politicians in terms of the degree of their trust in them. Studying the aspects of trust in relation to current situation is the subject of the article. In recent years, the trust in politicians, parties, and public institutions has been exposed to serious challenges. The complicated economic situation, the aggravation of international relations, including international conflicts and manifestations of nationalism, increase the risks of instability. On the one hand, that makes people look at the issue of trust in politicians in a new way. They expect from them such qualities that help to manage the situation in important spheres of life, to resolve economic, political, social and other important issues. On the other hand, those changes require the increased researches of sociologists not only at theoretical but also practical levels. The aim of the paper is to analyze changing people’s views on trust in the present-day politicians in context of the current situation. The present material continues the study on the interdependence of political trust and social stability. Methods used in the study covers secondary analysis of surveys data of some poll centers such as Russian Public Opinion Research Center, etc. The results are based on the materials of author’s study of the theme.

ЗДОРОВЬЕСБЕРЕГАЮЩИЕ ПРАКТИКИ МОЛОДЕЖИ (НА МАТЕРИАЛАХ ГЛУБИННЫХ ИНТЕРВЬЮ В РОСТОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ)

Objective of the study is to identify, through the analysis of in-depth interviews, the repertoire of health-saving practices of young people. The methodological basis of the research is compiled the results of 16 in-depth interviews with representatives of young people from 18 to 35 years old living in cities and rural settlements of the Rostov region. Also, the empirical basis of the work was the results of research by the Public Opinion Foundation (FOM) and the Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VCIOM). Research results. Most of the respondents are quite active in taking care of their health, but there are certain difficulties in implementing some aspects of a healthy lifestyle, especially among those living in rural settlements. The results of the study illustrate that the younger generation uses various strategies for treating diseases. Most of the respondents prefer to self­medicate in case of a bad condition and only in extreme cases consult a doctor. Among the main reasons for self-treatment can be identified: having your own treatment experience; advice from relatives and acquaintances; recommendations from doctors that were received earlier. In the process of treating frivolous diseases, respondents generally do not reject the methods of traditional medicine and, when self-medicating, combine these methods with drug treatment. A small part of respondents are ready to turn to methods of treatment, which from a scientific point of view may not be effective if the existing disease is not treatable by methods of official medicine. Prospects of the study. The findings can be used in further research of health-saving practices of young people of the Rostov region. &nbsp

Traditional Values of Russian Society in the Digital Age

The process of digitalization is closely related to global changes in society. Due to the ongoing social changes associated with the development of the information society, there is a crisis in the system of values and value orientations. The study of the state of traditional values and spiritual and moral guidelines in Russian society in the era of information digitalization becomes relevant. This work aims to identify the attitude of Russian society to the preservation of traditional values in the digital age. The novelty lies in identifying the readiness of Russian society to preserve and strengthen spiritual and moral values in the process of adapting to the new reality of the digital age. Methodology and research methods. With the help of content analysis and discourse analysis, the categories of formation of cultural attitudes in Russian society were determined, a list of traditional values was identifi ed, and differences were found in the value orientations of Russian, European, and American cultures. With the help of historical, statistical and comparative analysis of documentary sources, the problems of the digitalization process in Russian society in the context of spiritual and moral values are revealed. An analysis of surveys conducted over the past three years by the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center on attitudes towards traditional values in human life and the role of the state in preserving spiritual and moral values in society revealed the desire of society to preserve and strengthen “traditional values”. When considering communicative state strategies in the fi eld of strengthening and preserving spiritual and moral values, the problems of low effi - ciency of these strategies were identifi ed. We also revealed the infl uence of European and American propaganda on the system of Russian values. The results of this work show that state communication strategies for the preservation of traditional and spiritual and moral values need to be fi nalized and improved in practice. Also, the results obtained can be in demand by researchers in the fi eld of social journalism and media literacy.

Poles Towards Energy Transformation and Energy Sources – Sociological Perspective

The article presents the results of research on the issues of Poland’s energy transformation from a sociological perspective. The exploratory analysis covered the attitude of the Polish society to the energy transformation, i.e. a change in the methods of generating energy in Poland, which results from the climate policy adopted by the Polish government.1 The aim of the article is to present social awareness – the social expectations and perceptions of Poles regarding the energy transformation understood in this way – to determine whether the opinions and views of the Polish society are in line with the planned and implemented energy transformation processes. The article provides an answer to the question about the Polish society’s attitudes towards the energy transformation and energy sources – to what extent the attitudes towards the proposed solutions to the problems are positive, and to what extent negative. For this purpose, the method of analysing the existing statistical data was used The basis of the secondary data analysis are the results of public opinion polls, carried out by the Public Opinion Research Centre (CBOS) in the period from 19872 to 2021. The sociological perspective adopted here assumes that the energy transformation is not only an economic but also a social process. For this reason, public support, in particular the positive attitude of respondents to new energy sources, is considered an important element of its success.

Pulse of the Nation: Observable Subjective Well-Being in Russia Inferred from Social Network Odnoklassniki

Policymakers and researchers worldwide are interested in measuring the subjective well-being (SWB) of populations. In recent years, new approaches to measuring SWB have begun to appear, using digital traces as the main source of information, and show potential to overcome the shortcomings of traditional survey-based methods. In this paper, we propose the formal model for calculation of observable subjective well-being (OSWB) indicator based on posts from a social network, which utilizes demographic information and post-stratification techniques to make the data sample representative by selected characteristics of the general population. We applied the model on the data from Odnoklassniki, one of the largest social networks in Russia, and obtained an OSWB indicator representative of the population of Russia by age and gender. For sentiment analysis, we fine-tuned several language models on RuSentiment and achieved state-of-the-art results. The calculated OSWB indicator demonstrated moderate to strong Pearson’s (r=0.733, p=0.007, n=12) correlation and strong Spearman’s (rs=0.825, p=0.001, n=12) correlation with a traditional survey-based Happiness Index reported by Russia Public Opinion Research Center, confirming the validity of the proposed approach. Additionally, we explored circadian (24 h) and circaseptan (7 day) patterns, and report several interesting findings for the population of Russia. Firstly, daily variations were clearly observed: the morning had the lowest level of happiness, and the late evening had the highest. Secondly, weekly patterns were clearly observed as well, with weekends being happier than weekdays. The lowest level of happiness occurs in the first three weekdays, and starting on Thursday, it rises and peaks during the weekend. Lastly, demographic groups showed different levels of happiness on a daily, weekly, and monthly basis, which confirms the importance of post-stratification by age group and gender in OSWB studies based on digital traces.

EVALUATION OF THE HAPPINESS INDEX OF STUDENTS OF THE UDMURT REPUBLIC

The key task of the state is to improve the quality of life and the happiness index of the population. The happiness index in this article is considered as an indicator of the well-being of people and the environment. In the ranking of countries of the world, Russia occupies 131st place, which cannot be ignored by the state. The better the life of a Russian, the higher the indicators of well-being of the whole country. But not only the state, but also every citizen can change the current situation and bring Russia to a higher level in terms of the index. To assess the happiness index of the Udmurt Republic, a survey was conducted with its subsequent analysis. The basis for compiling the online questionnaire was taken from open databases and research by the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center (hereinafter referred to as VTsIOM). The above study involved students of the Udmurt Republic, mainly 3rd year students. The article also describes the reasons why citizens consider themselves happy or unhappy, and what can improve their condition. The above findings and indicators helped to compile a list of 7 simple recommendations that will allow students and everyone to work on their condition daily, which will make their lives happier.

New technologies in elderly care

The aging society in the European Union (EU) is a long-lasting trend and it is reflected in transformations of the age structure of the European population. These changes lead and will continue to lead to an increasing demand for care and support for elderly persons in the foreseeable future. Bearing this in mind, it is important to define the health and social needs of the elderly subpopulation in order to properly plan and implement actions within the broadly understood senior policy. Advanced age and the related diseases as well as geriatric syndromes are associated with a gradual deterioration of mobility and loss of independence that lead to disability and lower quality of life. According to the Public Opinion Research Centre (CBOS) the second most frequently indicated source of satisfaction of seniors are their ties with the “small homeland”. Responsible senior policy recognizes the fact that the stay of older people in a well-known, friendly environment with which they are emotionally connected, improves their well-being and, if the place of residence is properly adapted to their needs, improves the quality of life. The above rule complements and clarifies the assumptions of the model of community support for seniors taking into account the principles of independence, participation, care, self-fulfilment and dignity. The use of modern supporting technologies such as telecare and telemedicine or mobile phone applications allow for monitoring and support of the elderly, including the chronically ill, using teleinformation tools in their home setting. Since we are still a country with a relatively low level of advancement in terms of economy and digital society, it is necessary to undertake actions aimed at eliminating the existing social divisions through profiling targeted assistance.

Analysis of attitudes to vaccination against COVID-19 in personnel of rescue military formations of the EMERCOM of Russia

Relevance. Uncertainty and inconsistency of information related to the new coronavirus infection resulted in distrust in vaccination among population of different countries worldwide. Intention: To clarify attitudes to vaccination and some reasons for refusing vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic among military personnel. Methodology: 536 male military cadets of the university, who voluntarily underwent vaccination against COVID-19 as recommended by military authorities, were anonymously surveyed. The average age of the respondents was (21.5 ± 4.5) years. Two groups of cadets were formed: Group 1 (n = 465) with I and II category of fitness for work and Group 2 (n = 71) with III category of fitness for work according to professional psychological selection. The results were checked for the normality of distribution. Similarities (differences) in the answers between groups were assessed using χ2 criterion. Results and Discussion. A survey of military cadets revealed that professional psychological selection contributes not only to the effectiveness of professional training, but also to adherence to vaccination against COVID-19. If, according to the Russian Public Opinion Research Center, 55% of Russians have a positive attitude to being vaccinated against COVID-19, such persons amounted to 91.6% (p < 0.001) among cadets assigned to categories I-II and to 47.9% among those assigned to category III of fitness for work based on professional psychological selection. Up to 4.7% of cadets in Group 1 and 29.6% in Group 2 (p < 0.001) mentioned possible early complications during vaccination, for example, being affected by COVID-19. The authors of the vaccine also claim a small percentage of possible complications in the early post-vaccination period. In this regard, the answers of the cadets in Group 1 are quite consistent with the opinion of the scientists and developers and indicate the validity of the studies. Conclusion. Increased anxiety in a situation of uncertainty during the COVID-19 pandemic can be overcome by timely informing the public about vaccine effectiveness and contraindications by medical professionals.

Energy transformation in Poland – the perspective of the discourse network analysis of political party manifestos and the social perception of changes in the energy sector

The aim of the article is to define the attitude of Polish parliamentary political parties towards the method of energy production, as well as to present the social perception of changes in the energy sector. The structural connections between parties, based on their energy concepts, were presented by the so called “affiliation networks”. Discourse Network Analysis, used in the study, also allowed to identify the most frequently co-occurring concepts expressed by different parties over the past fifteen years (coal, natural gas and renewable energy sources). As a result of the analysis, differences in the parties` approach to the energy issues were determined (among others: division between Law and Justice and Civic Platform since 2011; support for the exclusion of coal as an energy source made by Left and Civic Coalition in the year 2019). In order to present social attitudes towards the energy transformation data created by the Public Opinion Research Centre were used. According to the data, the main concern revealed by Poles regarding the energy transformation process is the possible rising cost of the energy.