Psychosocial Climate Research Articles

Trends in negative interpersonal relationships at work and awareness of occupational safety and health services: a 2014-2019 trend analysis.

A good psychosocial climate at work, including positive interpersonal relationships, is a protective factor for health, whereas social conflict imposes a considerable health risk. Occupational safety and health (OSH) services can help create a positive working environment. In the present study, we analyzed trends in the awareness of OSH services and interpersonal relationships and whether these are linked. We used time series data from the Italian Survey on Health and Safety at Work (INSuLa) from 2014 and 2019 (n = 16 000 employees). Negative interpersonal relationships included workplace bullying and lack of workplace support. The availability of OSH services was measured through items inquiring about the awareness of OSH representatives and OSH training. We used Poisson regression in reporting prevalence ratios and provided predicted probabilities and average marginal effects to show trends and differences in interpersonal relationships and OSH availability. Our findings suggest that negative interpersonal relationships at work increased, whereas awareness about OSH services declined between 2014 and 2019. These trends were particularly strong for young workers, for whom workplace bullying increased by 6.3% and awareness of OSH training declined by 11.7%. We also found that unawareness about OSH services is associated with negative interpersonal relationships at work. The results suggest that low OSH awareness may be an increasing problem, whereas exposure to an adverse social climate at work became more frequent at the same time. Given the role of OSH services in ensuring a positive working climate, it is important to increase workers' awareness about OSH services.

The level of burnout and cognitive stress in managers when teleworking: the impact of psychosocial safety climate and the mediating role of demand-control-support

PurposeThe current research investigates the managers' perception of teleworking and attempts to understand how the psychosocial safety climate and psychosocial job characteristics affect their levels of burnout and cognitive stress levels while teleworking.Design/methodology/approachThis study used a survey, collecting data via questionnaires from five distinct organizations. N = 161 responses from managers were analyzed using the confirmatory factor analysis and regression analysis.FindingsThe findings show that managers who telework do not experience numerous psychosocial stressors. This means that they experience less burnout and cognitive stress. However, results also show that managers benefit from working in an environment with a high psychosocial safety climate.Practical implicationsOur study highlights the need to address managers' working conditions and well-being in telework, given their unique challenges, by fostering a supportive psychosocial climate and providing resources to mitigate stress and burnout.Originality/valuePrevious studies have thoroughly examined the dynamics of telework employees, including the challenges they face and the strategies their immediate supervisors employ to foster a positive remote work environment. Such research has illuminated various stressors that these individuals may confront while teleworking. Despite this, scant attention has been paid to the experiences of managers themselves when they operate from home. The concept of psychosocial safety climate becomes crucial when considering managers grappling with high job demands, low control, and insufficient support from their own superiors and peers. This gap has prompted the present study to explore the unique experiences of managers in a teleworking context, particularly concerning cognitive stress and burnout.

Investigating the Relationship Between Psychosocial Safety Climate and Mental Illness Stigma Among Emergency Medical Service Clinicians

Objectives To examine the relationship between psychosocial safety climate (PSC) and mental illness stigma among emergency medical service (EMS) clinicians. Despite the presence of mental health services at many EMS agencies, workers often do not seek treatment due to mental illness stigma. To facilitate treatment receipt and maintain a healthy workforce, we must understand factors contributing to stigma. Psychosocial safety climate refers to the degree to which workers perceive that their organization fosters a work environment focused on the protection of psychological health and safety. Despite its relevance, the relationship between PSC and mental illness stigma has yet to be examined. Methods Participants were recruited from EMS agencies in the Northeastern U.S. Census Region. We used an observational research design and multiple linear regression to investigate the relationship between overall levels of PSC using the Psychosocial Climate Scale (PSC-12) and mental illness stigma using the Endorsed and Anticipated Stigma Inventory - Workplace Stigma Subscale. We also examined separate facets of PSC to determine if one was more related to stigma. Using established guidelines and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, we compared workers rating their agencies as having high-risk (≤37 points) or low-risk PSC levels (≥41 points). Results The sample was n = 124 EMS clinicians (Mage = 29.6, SDage = 9.2, 53.2% male). Most were White (88.7%) with some college/college degree (79.8%). After adjusting for age, gender, race, education, and mental health treatment receipt, clinicians reporting that their workplaces were less focused on psychosocial safety and health (i.e., lower overall levels of PSC) also reported elevated levels of stigma (b = −0.27, SE = 0.05, 95% CI = −0.37, −0.17, p < .001). Exploratory analyses indicated that no PSC facet was more related to stigma than another. Clinicians reporting high-risk levels displayed stigma levels that were 38% higher compared to clinicians reporting low-risk PSC levels. Conclusions Psychosocial safety climate is an important and modifiable intervention target linked to mental illness stigma in EMS clinicians. Organizational policies, practices, and procedures that convey that mental health is valued and should be protected may reduce stigma and facilitate treatment receipt among this high-risk population.

ДИФЕРЕНЦІАЛЬНО-ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СТАВЛЕННЯ ДО ПРАЦІ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

The study aims to investigate the impact of a state of war on employees’ attitudes towards their work and identify the differential psychological features influencing this process. The article’s goal is to develop justified management strategies aimed at mitigating the effects of the state of war on the employees’ mental well-being and supporting their positive work attitudes. The research methodology included anonymous surveys of personnel (1667 respondents), analysis of results using One-Way ANOVA, and multinomial regression analysis. The obtained results emphasize the significance of traits such as friendliness, emotional stability, and openness to new experiences in shaping a positive work attitude during a state of war. The identified correlations between these traits and the impact of the state of war underscore the need for the development of social competencies among the employees. Social factors, such as satisfaction with the team atmosphere, relationships with colleagues and family, and the influence of office conditions and domestic life, also proved essential for shaping work attitudes in a state of war. A supportive work environment and colleague assistance can be crucial for maintaining a positive psychological climate and work efficiency. In the context of managerial recommendations, the research emphasizes the importance of developing employees’ personal qualities, particularly friendliness, and formulating strategies to support social and psychological well-being in the workplace. Managerial interventions should primarily target female employees and those who are unmarried and hold non-managerial positions in the organization. The article makes a significant contribution to understanding the mechanisms of employee adaptation to stressful conditions and proposes specific approaches to managing psychosocial climate in organizations during crisis situations. The findings can be valuable for managers and HR departments seeking to ensure effective personnel management in unstable conditions and enhance overall workplace comfort and motivation. Key words: state of war, differential psychological features, Big Five, five-factor model of personality, attitudes toward work, motivation, demotivation.

Structural modeling of the relationship between teachers’ power sources and educational gain with the mediating role of the psychosocial climate of Kabul University

The aim of this study was to investigate the structural relationship between teachers' power sources, educational gain, and the mediating role of the psychosocial climate in high school classrooms. Participants included 362 students (223 females and 125 males) who were randomly selected through cluster sampling. All participants voluntarily completed questionnaires about teacher power sources, psychosocial classroom climate, and educational gain. Structural equation modeling and Smart PLS 3.3.2 software were used to analyze the data.The findings indicated a significant positive relationship between teachers' power sources and educational gain. There was also a positive and significant relationship between teachers' power sources and the psychosocial classroom climate. Conversely, a negative relationship was found between the psychosocial classroom climate and educational gain. Moreover, the results showed a positive and significant relationship between teachers' power sources and educational gain, with the psychosocial classroom climate mediating this relationship. These findings emphasize the importance of teachers' optimal use of various power sources to create a favorable psychosocial classroom climate, which can significantly contribute to students' educational gain.

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND MORAL JUDGEMENT OF CHILDREN: ROLE OF HOME ENVIRONMENT

The home environment is the most crucial factor in fostering children's development of trust, attitudes, and skills necessary for learning and positive engagement with the world. Home environment refers to the psychosocial climate of the home as given by the parents. It means whether the parents are child oriented, child respecting, take into account what the child actually needs. The goal of the research study is to assess the influence of home environment on the development of emotional intelligence and moral judgement of children. Total sample included 300 boys and 300 girls of age 8 to 12 years. The scales used were Home Environment Scale by Reena Sharma and Vibha Nigam, Multifactor Emotional Intelligence test by Vinod Kumar Shanuwal and Moral Judgement Test by Durganand Sinha and Meera Verma. Analysis of the data was done using descriptive statistics (Mean and Standard Deviation) and 3-way ANOVA. The results of the study revealed that emotional intelligence was higher in children coming from good home environment than children coming from poor home environment. Boys achieved significantly higher emotional intelligence than girls and girls revealed higher moral judgement than boys. Further home environment failed to influence moral judgement.

ВПЛИВ ПСИХОСОЦІАЛЬНИХ ЧИННИКІВ НА РОЗВИТОК СТРЕСУ ПРАЦІВНИКІВ

Purpose. Determining the impact of the presence of psychosocial factors on the development of stress among employees when performing production tasks to develop recommendations for reducing their impact. Methodology. To identify stress resistance, some methods were used to determine «Resistance to stress», and to find out their relationship to work, the «Burnout Syndrome» questionnaire was used. The applied methods were developed by specialists of the Institute of Psychology named after H.S. Kostiuka. Based on the recommendations of the ISO 45003:2021 standard, a special questionnaire has been developed to determine dangerous psychosocial factors that lead to the appearance of stress in a worker, the answers to which were evaluated on a Likert scale with points from 0 to 4. Results. The developed system for assessing psychosocial factors will enable users to systematically observe the state of psychological health of employees, the psychological climate in the organization, respond in a timely manner to expected problems, and develop preventive and corrective actions to normalize the situation. The results of the study showed that the majority of respondents (61 %) determined the presence of unrealistic deadlines set by their managers. Another largest group of occupational hazard factors is «aspects of work organization», where almost 39 % of participants complain about overtime work. It was determined that 82.2 % of employees struggle to maintain a work/life balance, and 17.8 % feel imbalanced due to the need to work in their free time and the negative impact of work on the ability to recover. Scientific novelty. The relationship between the development of the stress load and the group of factors called «aspects of work organization» in terms of setting unrealistic deadlines for the performance of a given number of production tasks has been established. Practical significance. As a result of the research, it has been found out that in order to improve the psychosocial climate and reduce the level of psychosocial risks, it is necessary to: balance work in the field of psychosocial support at the enterprise; increase the level of stress resistance of employees; improve their mental health; improve the efficiency of the enterprise. Keywords: psychosocial factor, questionnaire, stress, social factors, work organization.

Examining the Relationship Between Adolescent Perception of the Family Psychosocial Climate with Depression and Suicidal Tendencies in Adolescent Girls

Objective: Adolescence is a critical stage of psychological development, during which many psychological and personality disorders typically begin to manifest. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between adolescent perception of the family psychosocial climate with depression and suicidal tendencies in adolescent girls. Methods and Materials: The research method was quantitative and correlational. The statistical population included all high school female students in the city of Torbat-e Jam during the 2021-2022 academic year, from which 160 individuals were selected using cluster sampling. The research instruments in this study included the Adolescents' Perception of Family Psychosocial Climate Questionnaire by Rajayi, Khoei Nejad, and Toosi (2013), the Beck Depression Inventory (1961), and the Teenagers' Suicide Questionnaire by Keith (1984). Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis with SPSS-25 software. Findings: The results of the study indicated that there is a significant negative relationship between adolescents' perception of the family psychosocial climate with depression (r=-0.55, p&lt;0.01) and suicidal tendencies (r=-0.51, p&lt;0.01) in adolescent girls. Furthermore, the results showed that the family autonomy and parental intimacy components predict adolescent depression, while the family security and agreement and consistency between parents and children components predict adolescent suicidal tendencies. Conclusion: The family psychosocial climate is an important variable that is associated with depression and suicidal tendencies in adolescent girls.

Psychological well-being of teachers: influence of burnout, personality, and psychosocial climate

Psychological well-being of teachers: influence of burnout, personality, and psychosocial climate

Psychosocial work environment and burnout among employees of a Ghanaian Public University

ABSTRACT The psychosocial climate of universities becomes very important because of the increasing student enrolment, academic-administrative duties, the quest for promotion, the fast-changing mode of lesson delivery, all leading to work overload. This study aims to examine the influence of psychosocial factors on burnout of employees of a public university in Ghana. A survey measuring burnout and psychosocial work characteristics with the Maslach Burnout Inventory – Educators Survey (MBI-ES) and job demands – Swedish Demand-Control-Support Questionnaire (DCSQ) was completed by 1,222 employees. We developed structural models that suggested that the elements of burnout – emotional weariness, personal accomplishment, and depersonalization – are positively impacted by job demands, social support, job decision freedom, harassment, and discrimination. The results further indicated that job demands, job decision latitude, social support, and harassment have significant effect on emotional exhaustion of the workers. Again, job decision latitude and discrimination significantly influenced depersonalization of the workers. In addition, job demands, job decision latitude, social support, and discrimination affected personal accomplishment. However, there was no statistically significant influence of discrimination on emotional exhaustion, job demand and depersonalization, social support and depersonalization, harassment and depersonalization, and harassment and diminished personal accomplishment. We conclude that by implementing practical interventions, such as regular training on how to reduce job demands, either physical or psychological, and enhancing social support and job control, burnout among the employees can be improved for improved health and quality teaching.

Resilience, posttraumatic growth and psychological wellbeing of paramedicine clinicians: An integrative review

Clinicians in paramedicine are exposed to stressful events at work that have potential to cause negative psychological outcomes. Posttraumatic growth (PTG), resilience and psychological wellbeing, however, are adaptive psychological states that can also occur following trauma and adversity. Synthesis of knowledge on these positive outcomes can provide insight into resources needed to support paramedicine clinicians. To examine and synthesise what is known of PTG, resilience and psychological wellbeing of paramedicine clinicians, including the experience of these phenomena and relationship between them. An integrative review of peer-reviewed empirical literature published in English from 2013 to 2022 was conducted, following Whittemore and Knafl’s method. CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE Complete, PsycINFO, Scopus and Embase databases were searched. Included articles were quality appraised, with data analysed using the constant comparison method. Thirteen articles were included, with results synthesised into four categories. Mean PTG scores were reportedly moderate, and resilience ranged from average to above average. PTG and resilience had positive and negative relationships with specific coping strategies including dysfunctional coping, active coping, planning, venting emotions, social and emotional support and mental and behavioural disengagement. PTG scores were significantly lower for clinicians with longer shift duration and paramedics compared to emergency medical technicians. Resilience scores were higher for clinicians working part-time. Wellbeing was reportedly moderate and associated with the psychosocial climate established by managers. Qualitative findings indicated that workplace culture was perceived as stoic and masculine, which served to undermine staff resilience and willingness to disclose emotions. To support PTG and resilience, organisations should work to reduce stressors in workplace culture, including management and clinical supervision style, and offer employment flexibility. Organisations can upskill clinicians’ capacity for positive adaptation to adversity with professional development targeting identified coping strategies. Future research could examine clinicians’ experiences of PTG, resilience and wellbeing, and the relationship between them.

Employee turnover intention: The predictive role of work-related burnout and psychosocial climate among university workers

This study aimed to investigate the extent to which work-related burnout and psychosocial environment predicted intention to leave employment. This cross-sectional survey sampled 1 222 Ghanaian university employees (females = 37.1%; age range = 18 to above 60 years; mean years of work experience = 5 years, SD = 3.1 years). The employees completed Demand-Control-Support, Work Burnout, Chronic Work Discrimination and Harassment, and Turnover Intention Measures. Using structural equation modelling (SEM), results indicate that work factors like job demand, job decision latitude and harassment predict turnover intention. Personal factors of depersonalisation and diminished personal accomplishment (but not emotional exhaustion) significantly influenced the turnover intention of the workers. Both female and male academic and non-academic employees reported experiencing significantly higher levels of work factors and personal factors and a moderate level of turnover intention. There is a need for university administration to create a workplace climate team to support employees in performing their roles.

Социально-психологический климат в служебных коллективах органов внутренних дел: подход к его реконцептуализации

Analysis of the socio-psychological climate of the police teams of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation is an important source of information to assess the readiness of employees to perform service tasks.&#x0D; The problem that initiates the study is the discrepancy between the methods for measuring the climate and the specifics of interaction of employees, the nature and conditions of their work activities. In a domestic social psychology there are dozens of approaches to the understanding of the essence of this phenomenon, methods of its diagnosis and ensuring an optimal climate in the team, which significantly complicates the activities of heads and psychologists of departments of internal affairs. The article is devoted to reconceptualization of the phenomenon of social-psychological climate in law-enforcement bodies teams as in modern conditions the necessity of concrete definition of the phenomenon is evident, without which the tools and procedures used for its measurement cannot be defined and improved. The authors name the key reasons that require in-depth theoretical study of the climate of service teams.&#x0D; The research methods are cognitive methods of information processing (generalization, systematization and classification), which allow to characterize and synthesize the specifics of the study of the sociopsychological climate.&#x0D; Results. The article identifies the basic structural elements of the phenomenon under study and describes the main directions of understanding the phenomenon of social and psychological climate. Their specification allows us to adequately assess the modality and level of psycho-social climate, identify the causes of its deterioration in a particular unit and provide adequate psychological support.

LONGITUDINAL CHANGES IN LEADERSHIP, JOB STRAIN, AND SOCIAL SUPPORT OVER FIVE YEARS IN NURSING HOMES

Abstract Nursing home leadership has been described as crucial for staff job strain and social support but longitudinal data are lacking. This study aimed to explore changes in nursing home managers’ leadership, staff characteristics, job strain and social support by comparing matched units in a five-year follow-up study. Repeated cross-sectional, valid and reliable, measures of leadership, person-centered care, psychosocial climate and demographic variables were collected from managers and staff n=3605 in 2014 and n=2985 staff in 2019. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses with generalized estimating equations were used. The results showed that associations between leadership and staff job strain and social support increased in strength over time. This indicates that leadership has the potential to reduce staff job strain and increase the perception of social support among staff, and the significance of leadership increases over time. It was also shown that workforce characteristics had changed with higher proportion of enrolled nurses and a smaller proportion of nurse’s assistants at follow-up. An increase was also shown in staff reporting that the job required too much work effort, and perceived deteriorating collegiality and work atmosphere at follow-up.

Аnalysis of the psychosocial climate in the pharmacy workforce and prospects for its improvement

Aim. To analyze the state of the psychosocial climate in the workforce of a pharmacy institution and develop ways to improve it.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The methods used by the authors to measure the psychosocial climate in the pharmacy workforce include questionnaires, the method for determining value-orientational unity, the method of O. S. Mikhalyuk and A. Yu. Shalyto, the psychometric test of C. E. Seashore, the method for studying the job attractiveness, the method for studying the level of satisfaction of pharmacy employees with working conditions, the method “The schematic map of the psychological and pedagogical characteristics of the group”. In the expert survey 697 respondents took part. The study was conducted between March 2021 and January 2022.&#x0D; Results. Using the method of O. S. Mikhalyuk and A. Yu. Shalyto it was determined that 45.01 % of the respondents surveyed liked working in a pharmacy; 41.86 % of respondents expressed no desire to change their place of work. A negative psychosocial climate was observed in 11.38 % of the pharmacy institutions studied; 51.6 % of labor groups were characterized by a low level of organization.&#x0D; Conclusions. Using valid methods the psychosocial climate state in the workforce of the pharmacies under research, the needs of employees in material and social security, mutual relations in the team, communication and the level of group cohesion have been studied. Directions for improving the psychosocial climate in the pharmacy workforce have been proposed, namely: strict compliance with the rules of conduct adopted in the pharmacy institution; involvement of organizational psychologists; team cohesion based on joint projects, informal events; conducting social and psychological trainings; development of the corporate culture; the optimal placement of the personnel, etc.

Monitoring of the psychosocial climate state in the personnel management system of a pharmacy institution

Aim. To develop a program for monitoring the psychosocial climate state in the personnel management system of a pharmacy institution.Materials and methods. The study used the methods of generalization, analysis and synthesis, content analysis and questionnaires. The state of the psychosocial climate in the pharmacy was determined using a diagnostic questionnaire of the psychosocial climate in the group. Assessments of the emotional, cognitive and behavioral components of the psychosocial climate in the pharmacy workforce were ranged from -1 to +1. The psychometric test of C. E. Seashore was used to assess group cohesion. 571 People from 167 pharmacies took part in the survey. According to the validation results, the representative sample is 563 pharmacists. The study covered all regions of Ukraine: Kharkiv (23.1 % of respondents), Poltava (17.4 % of respondents), Vinnytsia (4.9 % of respondents), Sumy (14.2 % of respondents), Zaporizhzhya (13.3 % of respondents), Ternopil (5.6 % of respondents), Zhytomyr (3.9 % of respondents), Rivne (7.1 % of respondents), Lviv (5.7 % of respondents), Ivano-Frankivsk (2.9 % of respondents) and Khmelnytskyi (1.9 % of respondents) regions of Ukraine. 92.7 % of respondents have a higher education, 7.3 % have a professional pre-higher education. According to their work experience, respondents are divided as follows: up to 1 year – 5.4 % of respondents, from 1 year to 5 years – 13.9 % of respondents, from 5 to 10 years – 18.3 %of respondents, from 10 to 20 years – 35.5 % of respondents, over 20 years – 26.9 % of respondents.Results. The necessity of managing the psychosocial climate in a pharmacy workforce and its monitoring has been proven. The essence of the psychosocial climate state of a pharmacy institution has been determined. The system for monitoring the state of the psychosocial climate in the workforce of a pharmacy has been proposed, namely: the monitoring object; the subject of monitoring; monitoring functions; monitoring indicators; control of the work of the pharmacy staff. The functions of monitoring the state of the psychosocial climate in a pharmacy workforce include analytical, diagnostic, predictive and organizationaland managerial functions.Conclusions. The relevance and necessity of managing the psychosocial climate in a pharmacy workforce has been determined. The stages of monitoring the psychosocial climate state in a pharmacy workforce have been proposed.Key words: psychosocial climate; pharmacy; workforce; monitoring; management.

RELATIONAL STRATEGIES IN THE SCHOOL SETTING – SPECIFIC FEATURES IN PRIMARY EDUCATION

School and family are considered to be basic pillars of education, the child moves, as the object and subject of education between them and the community. If these educational environments complement and support each other, then they will influence the efficient integration of the child in school activities and later in social life. The education system is a space of social interaction, a space in which teachers interact on the one hand with students, and on the other hand establish cooperative relationships with students’ families and other stakeholders in the society. Through every relational contact with students or parents, teachers carry out activities of growth and development, leadership and direction. On class level, the communication relations, the management of the class activity, the socio-affective relations that are established between teachers and students determine the establishment of a psycho-social climate that can favor or disfavor the optimization of the teaching process. The family-school relationship is important for the student’s school success. Lately, there has been a more consistent involvement of parents in the children’s school activity and a multiplication of personal interactions between school representatives and family members. This article explores the importance of the relationships between teachers and students, as well as the relationships between school and students’ families due to their role in streamlining learning and developing students’ personalities. The study conducted in a primary school outlines the importance of relational strategies in the school space.

المناخ النفسي والاجتماعي لدى طلبة الاعدادية

The current research aimed to identify: 1.The psychosocial climate among middle school students. 2.Differences in the psychosocial climate among middle school students according to the variables (gender, specialization). To achieve the objectives of the research, the researchers relied on the following: 1. Using the descriptive correlative approach to reveal the psychosocial climate among middle school students. 2. Psychosocial climate scale based on the theory of (koys &amp; decottis). The scale consisted of (29) items in its final form after completing the conditions of honesty, stability, discriminatory strength and internal consistency. To complete that, the researchers applied the scale to a sample of (400) male and female students in the center’s schools affiliated to the General Directorate of Al-Qadisiyah Education, and it was selected by stratified random method according to the proportional method. After data collection and processing statistically using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), the following results were reached: 1. Preparatory students are characterized by a psychosocial climate, which is statistically significant. 2. There are statistically significant differences in the psychosocial climate according to the gender variable, where the males are characterized by the psychosocial climate more than the females. As for the specialization variable, the difference between students with scientific and literary specialization is not statistically significant. To complement the findings of the research, the researchers made several recommendations, including: 1. The necessity of helping students to form a psychosocial climate by creating an open climate to solve problems by encouraging students to express the problems they face and suggesting plans to solve them by the family and the school and developing the communication relationship between the student and the school and between the student and his family. 2. Enriching students' information in psychology and other sciences with regard to the psychosocial climate, as it is possible to refer to other complementary studies on its basis. The researchers made several suggestions, including: 1. Conducting scientific studies dealing with the psychosocial climate with achievement, self-esteem and control center. 2. Helping students to overcome the psychological conflicts they face in school and with the teaching staff and subjects. Keywords: psychosocial climate, middle school students.

المناخ النفسي والاجتماعي لدى طلبة الاعدادية

The current research aimed to identify: 1.The psychosocial climate among middle school students. 2.Differences in the psychosocial climate among middle school students according to the variables (gender, specialization). To achieve the objectives of the research, the researchers relied on the following: 1. Using the descriptive correlative approach to reveal the psychosocial climate among middle school students. 2. Psychosocial climate scale based on the theory of (koys &amp; decottis). The scale consisted of (29) items in its final form after completing the conditions of honesty, stability, discriminatory strength and internal consistency. To complete that, the researchers applied the scale to a sample of (400) male and female students in the center’s schools affiliated to the General Directorate of Al-Qadisiyah Education, and it was selected by stratified random method according to the proportional method. After data collection and processing statistically using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), the following results were reached: 1. Preparatory students are characterized by a psychosocial climate, which is statistically significant. 2. There are statistically significant differences in the psychosocial climate according to the gender variable, where the males are characterized by the psychosocial climate more than the females. As for the specialization variable, the difference between students with scientific and literary specialization is not statistically significant. To complement the findings of the research, the researchers made several recommendations, including: 1. The necessity of helping students to form a psychosocial climate by creating an open climate to solve problems by encouraging students to express the problems they face and suggesting plans to solve them by the family and the school and developing the communication relationship between the student and the school and between the student and his family. 2. Enriching students' information in psychology and other sciences with regard to the psychosocial climate, as it is possible to refer to other complementary studies on its basis. The researchers made several suggestions, including: 1. Conducting scientific studies dealing with the psychosocial climate with achievement, self-esteem and control center. 2. Helping students to overcome the psychological conflicts they face in school and with the teaching staff and subjects. Keywords: psychosocial climate, middle school students.

The effectiveness of classroom management skills training on classroom psychosocial climate and teacher’s self-efficacy

The effectiveness of classroom management skills training on classroom psychosocial climate and teacher’s self-efficacy