Psychophysiological Examination Research Articles

The use of a polygraph in the investigation of criminal offences: problems of tactics and legal regulation

The use of a polygraph in the investigation of criminal offences: problems of tactics and legal regulation

Использование приема «смена установки» при проведении специального психофизиологического исследования с применением полиграфа

Introduction. The article considers the tacticsissues of conducting special psychophysiological examination with application of polygraph during professional psychological selection of citizens entering the service in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation.When using polygraph inpersonnel work, there are often situations when it is difficult for a polygraph examiner to make a decision about the significance of the reactions detected, as they may be associated not with the presence of a certain risk factor (deviant behavior) preventingthe subject’s entering the police service, but with the manifestation of situational anxiety, which is difficult for the candidate to control in the situation assessed as stressful. To solve this problem and increase the reliability of polygraph examinationsresults, the specialists use “attitude change”techniquethat makes it possible to draw objective conclusion about the significance of a particular “risk factor” for the subject, taking into account his or her individual psychological characteristics. Research Method. Psychophysiological method of lie detection (polygraph) allows to solve important issues of candidates selection for service in law enforcement agencies who do not have a tendency to deviant behavior, which further ensures the quality and efficiency of professional activities of police officers. Results. Within the framework of the conducted research the possibility of creating special attitude in the subject, providing the emergence of reaction to a stimulus previously not significant for him/her, related to some test subject, was shown. The effectiveness of the “attitude change” technique use, which helps to neutralize the “accusatory bias” of the polygraph test when working with subjects of the anxious and suspiciouscircle, was revealed. It is proved that “attitude change” technique use in the process of screening checks leads to the reduction of errors of the first kind (“false alarm”) and provides reliability of the results of psychophysiological examination with application of polygraph.

Relationship of professional success and development of cognitive mental processes and personal qualities of Vietnam Naval specialists

The levels of development of cognitive mental processes and personal qualities among specialists of the Navy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam undergoing military service under a contract were considered, and their relationship with military-professional success was assessed. In July 2023, specialists from the Kirov Military Medical Academy together with Vietnamese specialists of the Russian–Vietnamese Tropical Center, conducted a pilot psychological and psychophysiological examination of naval specialists of the Navy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam to study the characteristics of cognitive mental processes (attention, memory, and thinking), motivational and personal qualities, and expert assessments of the success of military-professional adaptation. Statistically significant relationships between expert assessments of professional success and the level of development of cognitive mental processes, characteristics of the motivational sphere, neuropsychic stability, and psychological adaptation characteristics have been identified. The results showed sufficient validity and reliability of the methodological apparatus used for assessing cognitive mental processes and personal psychological adaptive abilities in relation to assessing their relationship with the success of military-professional adaptation, an effective solution of professional and service tasks. The possibility and prospect of considering them in professional psychological selection and medical and psychological (psychophysiological) support of professional activities, examination, and, if necessary, subsequent medical and psychological rehabilitation of naval specialists of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam to maintain a high level of their professional health, as well as the need for further research.

Psychophysiological Research and its Place in the Lithuanian Scientific Discourse

This article gives a brief overview of the development of psycho-physiological research using the polygraph. The main focus is on the legal regulation of these methods and the evaluation of the scientific discourse of Lithuanian specialists on the problems of psychophysiological research and the application of its methods in comparison with analogous processes in Poland. Already in the inter-war period, so-called lie detection attracted considerable interest, not only from the academic world, but also from law enforcement authorities. In interwar Lithuania, considerable attention was paid to the psychology of testimony and the problems of lie detection, including the apeplication of instrumental methods of psychodiagnostics. V. Lazerson, J. Vabalas-Gudaitis, B. Kalvaitis and others have written about it. It should be noted that at that time there were quite heated debates about the permissibility and effectiveness of psychophysiological tests. During the Soviet era, the issue of psychophysiological (poly-graph) examinations was not the subject of an official broad scientific discourse in the jurisdictional process, even though medical and psychological professionals cooperating with special services were interested in this issue. After the restoration of independence in 1990, the Lithuanian media interest in this issue prompted the law enforcement authorities and their specialists and scientists to look deeper into the possibility, reliability, permissibility and effectiveness of the use of these technical diagnostic tools in foreign countries, as well as into their compatibility with the Lithuanian law in the investigation of crimes. In this article, some aspects of psychophysiological tests using the polygraph in Poland have been analysed for comparison purposes, which in the neighbouring country have attracted considerably more attention, both in the academic world as well as among lawyers and representatives of law enforcement agencies.

Errors of professional activity of transport system operators in conditions of high information load

Introduction. Ensuring traffic safety on the railway network involves the development of complex predictive models that take into account both the state of technology and the influence of the "human factor" in order to minimize the risk of erroneous actions and prevent accidents.
 The study aims to research the mistakes of railway transport operators (using the example of locomotive crew workers).
 Materials and methods. The authors have conducted the study on the basis of analysis of the database of erroneous actions of employees of locomotive crews (2020–2021), submitted by the Research Institute of Railway Transport (according to the agreement on joint scientific cooperation between the Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health and Research Institute of Railway Transport).
 Results. The database recorded 104,515 cases attributed to 291 types of erroneous actions with qualitative differences that reflected the degree of risk to the safety of train traffic. The most common categories of violations related to the maintenance of train documentation, errors in locomotive control, non-compliance with the speed limit, disconnection of locomotive safety devices, speeding, brake control violations, violations of the rules of negotiations, the passage of a forbidding signal. In relation to employees who committed violations, the most common disciplinary penalties were identified (analysis of the case in technical classes, deprivation of an employee of a bonus in the amount of 25, 50 and 100%). In a number of cases, several different disciplinary penalties were applied to one employee at the depot for the same violation.
 Limitations. Inability to get access to the protocols of psychophysiological examination of employees of locomotive crews.
 Conclusion. The obtained scientific results allow us to assert that the productivity and safety of the operator's activity correlates with the level of professional training and the mechanisms of its inclusion in the activity. The prospects for further research of the problem of ensuring the safety of locomotive crews' employees consist in a detailed study of the combined effect of factors of the working environment and the labor process in conditions of increasing labor intensity, increasing speeds and volumes of railway transportation. It is necessary to study the ratio and role of such indicators as reliability, professional suitability and readiness of the employee to perform functional duties in the event of an emergency.
 Ethics. The study was carried out on the basis of documents submitted by JSC "Russian Railways". The documents contained the number and typology of mistakes made by employees of locomotive crews in the period 2020-2021. The scientists have conducted the study in accordance with the Ethical principles of anonymity, confidentiality, respect for the rights of the subject of the study, the principles of scientific and impartiality.

Методические подходы к отбору персонала аварийно-спасательных формирований для ликвидации последствий радиационных аварий

Summary. The aim of the study is to develop methodological approaches and criteria of selection of specialists for participation in the work on liquidation of consequences of radiation accidents as part of emergency rescue formations. Materials and research methods. Due to the lack of detailed individual medical, psychophysiological and dosimetric data on persons involved in the elimination of consequences of radiation accidents in the available scientific literature, the study was conducted using theories of occupational risks and functional reliability, as well as mathematical modeling of data on the results of health assessment and professional and psychophysiological adaptation of personnel of radiation facilities. Results of the study and their analysis. A conceptual model and criteria of professional selection of specialists for participation in the work on liquidation of consequences of radiation accidents are proposed for selection of personnel. The criteria include an integral indicator of the suitability level and a probabilistic nomogram determining the acceptable range of its variation. This indicator takes into account accumulated dose load, level of health loss of worker from the impact of life factors and his/her functional reliability. It is proposed to use the data of periodic medical examinations and psychophysiological examinations, as well as individual dosimetry to assess the level of professional suitability. A proposal is made to use the results of the conducted research on assessment of professional suitability to eliminate the consequences of radiation accidents as one of the qualification indicators of workers required for preliminary authorization to work in emergency rescue formations under conditions of planned increased exposure.

Psychophysiological Assessment of Individual Personality in Two Patients with Severe Local Radiation Injuries (LRI) of Hand and Acute Radiation Sickness (ARS) I Degree (30 Years of Follow-up)

Psychophysiological examination was carried out on two patients, former border guards, who suffered on October 05, 1982 as a result of accidental contact with a source of gamma radiation (137Cs) while on duty while serving on the Iranian-Azerbaijani border in the ranks of the Soviet army. They suffered ARS of the 1st degree with extremely uneven gamma irradiation in the form of local radiation injuries of the hands of varying severity. The assessment of the aver -age dose for the whole body according to the frequency of dicentrics in cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes in patient No. 1 and patient No. 2 is the same and is 0,26 Gy. Psychophysiological research was carried out in dynamics in 2001-2013 using the automated software and methodological complex «Expert». According to the MMPI data, both victims have a hyperthymic type of psychophysiological adaptation with varying degrees of severity. Patient No. 2 is a chronically hyperthymic personality with a significant increase in the profile on the 9th scale and with its gradual increase in dynamics, which reflects the persistence of hyperthymic personality traits and causes an overstrain of mental adaptation, with an increase in the dynamics of the tendency to explain their difficulties and problems by somatic distress (1Hs). Patient No. 1 has a hyperthymic personality type with a moderate increase in profile dynamics on the ninth scale. A personality trait is indicated by a high, growing in dynamics, indicator on the K scale, which determines behavior depending on social approval and concern for one’s social status. The appearance in dynamics (2013) of a peak on scales 1 (preoccupation with the state of health) and 4 (emotional tension in direct behavior) determines the insufficient ability to internalize the social norm, i.e. insufficient ability to perceive this norm as part of one’s own settings (a combination of profile peaks on scales 4 and 9). The presence of profile peaks on the 7th scale and the scales of the neurotic triad reflect the tendency to various options for the implementation of antisocial attitudes in a socially acceptable way, the desire to appear in a favorable light (scale L). Sufficiently high intelligence and demonstrative behavior determine good adaptation to the environment with self-confidence, high social adaptability, and resilience in overcoming difficulties.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE PROCEDURE OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL EXPERTISES AS A BASIS FOR THE SELECTION OF STRESS-RESISTANT EMPLOYEES INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES AT WORK WITH HARMFUL WORK CONDITIONS

Goal. Development of recommendations for improvement of the "Organization Procedure and conducting a psychophysiological examination of employees for the performance of elevated work dangers and those requiring professional selection" of industrial workers enterprises at work with harmful working conditions with mandatory consideration factor of stress resistance. Approach. An analysis of the current procedure for psychophysiological examination was carried out. To improve the procedure psychophysiological examination, a step-by-step decision process was used, which will help to solve the problems of predicting professional suitability with taking into account the factor of stress resistance of workers of industrial enterprises at work with harmful working conditions. Indicators of the labor process are highlighted, which characterize professionally important physical and psycho-emotional loads, from which depends on the effectiveness of professional activity. Use is justified transformative-variable testing procedure, which will allow to obtain individual assessment of the suitability of employees to work on jobs with harmful working conditions Conclusion. The application of a complex approach to formation of the procedure for conducting a psychophysiological examination with the use of foreign experience and taking into account the domestic mentality for promotion stress resistance of workers of industrial enterprises in work with harmful working conditions. The improved procedure will meet the criteria of comprehensiveness, organically combine the principles of variability and standardization and, based on a set of norms and recommendations, to assess the stress resistance of the employee. As a direction it is advisable to indicate the need for development and justification of further research transformative and variable testing, which will determine the level of stress resistance of workers of industrial enterprises in jobs with harmful working conditions. Consequences of research. Improvements to the "Order of organization and conducting a psychophysiological examination of employees for the performance of elevated work dangers and those requiring professional selection" using indicators of the labor process to develop an assessment of the level of stress for each of them in accordance with "Hygienic classification of work according to indicators of harmfulness and dangerousness of factors production environment, difficulty and tension of the labor process". Practical consequences. Recommendations for improvement of the "Organization Procedure and conducting a psychophysiological examination of employees for the performance of elevated work dangers and those requiring professional selection" in order to select stress-resistant ones workers of industrial enterprises in jobs with harmful working conditions. Originality. The use of the criteria proposed in "Hygienic classification of labor according to indicators of harmfulness and dangerousness of production factors environment, difficulty and tension of the labor process": intellectual load, load on the sensory apparatus, emotional load, monotony and work mode for psychophysiological examination, for the purpose of selection stress-resistant workers to work with harmful working conditions.

СИСТЕМНЫЕ КРИТЕРИИ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЛЬНОЙ ЭКСПРЕСС-ДИАГНОСТИКИ ДОНОЗОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ НАРУШЕНИЙ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ЗДОРОВЬЯ РАБОТНИКОВ ОБЪЕКТОВ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ АТОМНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ

Purpose: Development of complex criteria of differential express-diagnostics of pre-dosological disorders of occupational health of employees of nuclear facilities. Material and methods: The study object was male workers of the main production facilities of the Electrohimpribor Combine undergoing periodic medical examinations and psychophysiological examinations. The state of health was assessed according to the employee’s belonging to the dispensary observation group in accordance with Order No. 404n of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of April 27, 2021. The psychophysiological state was assessed using a hardware-software complex for group psychophysiological examination APK PFS-CONTROL. Additional testing techniques included assessment of vibraimage parameters, evaluated using computer programs HealthTest and VibraMI, developed in ELSIS (St. Petersburg). Totally 943 man-surveys were carried out with different combination of testing methods. The average age of the workers was (42.0 ± 1.7) years, total work experience was (23 ± 1.3) years, and work experience in the specialty was (13.0 ± 1.8) years. Results: As a criteria of prenosological health disorders we used the characteristics of the worker’s adaptation to the factors of life activity. Adaptation disorders are evaluated according to three specific criteria: 1) assessment of the functional state of the cardiovascular system according to HRV data; 2) rapid assessment of the psychophysiological state according to vibraimage parameters; 3) assessment of personal and special abilities according to multiple intelligence assessment. For each of the criteria a “traffic light” of states and decisive rules of their formalized identification were developed. Characteristics of unfavorable states are given. Complex express-diagnostics of pre-dosological disorders of occupational health is carried out using integral index, which is a weighted sum of private “traffic light” indexes with a ball score. The formalized express-diagnostics of premalignant disorders is carried out using linear discriminant functions with an average recognition accuracy of 96.4 % or a probabilistic nomogram, which allows to graphically estimate the risk level of health disorders. Conclusion: Improvement of medical-psychophysiological support of employees of nuclear facilities is connected with introduction of methods and criteria of differential express-diagnosis of prenosological disorders of health. The developed criteria of express-diagnostics of pre-dosological disorders of occupational health expand the existing methodological and criteria base of periodic medical examinations of nuclear industry workers, strengthen their preventive orientation with the purpose of timely application of medical, psychophysiological, organizational and other measures on preservation and maintenance of occupational health of personnel.

Factors of cognitive complexity of test questions in psychophysiological studies

The paper presents the results of a study of the functional state evaluations of the brain during auditory perception. The subjects listened 60 questions with different linguistic characteristics, taken from polygraph database templates, and answered to them. This characteristics: is the number of different types of words, the percentage of words from different parts of speech, the number of negations, the presence of forms of personal pronouns and their place in the question, the number of letters, the percentage of vowels, the position of intonational stress. As psychological characteristics that affect the functional state of the brain, the following were measured: verbal intelligence according to the R.Amthauer’s test, personal and situational anxiety according to the Spielberger — Khanin test. To measure the functional state of the brain, a 19-channel EEG was recorded in the 10–20% system. The functional state of the brain was assessed by calculating the fractal dimension of the EEG using the method. The sample consisted of students and employees of a number of educational institutions in St Petersburg, 9 men and 8 women aged 19 to 59 years. An analysis of the experimental data made it possible to confirm the hypothesis about the influence of the measured questionnaire characteristics, the linguistic characteristics of the questions, and the psychological characteristics of the subjects on the fractal dimension of the EEG. EEG analysis in various leads revealed two EEG “complexity” factors related to the frontal and occipital areas of the brain. A regression model was obtained for assessing the cognitive complexity of a particular test question, which is reflected in the complexity of the EEG curve of the subject perceiving this question. The resulting model allows you to select questions for psychophysiological examination that have the required level of cognitive complexity. The results of the work testify to the importance of such an indicator as the fractal dimension of the EEG for studying the functional state of the brain and its dependence both on the personal and biological characteristics of a person, and on the emotional state and complexity of the information received by the analyzers.

Psychophysiological corrective mechanisms of human behavior to ensure the biosocial safety

Introduction. The article examines biosocial correction of the psycho-emotional status and behavior of individuals with high levels of neuropsychological stress. The purpose of the article is to reveal the psychophysiological criteria of human functional states, to summarize the data from scholarly literature and experimental research, and to propose and substantiate the psychophysiological correction method to ensure biosocial safety. Materials and Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the psychophysiological approach and its basic principles. Psychophysiological examinations included electroencephalography, computer testing of psychomotor reactions of varying complexity (D. A. Morocco), self-assessment of activity, well-being and mood indicators (Doskin’s inventory), Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, as well as indicators of heart rate structure variability (R. M. Bayevsky). The research sample consisted of undergraduates and postgraduates aged between 18 and 28 years (n = 37, 24 ± 3 years). The participants were distributed into two groups. The first group comprised individuals regularly engaged in psychophysical self–regulation; the second group consisted of people who were not engaged in psychophysical self–regulation . Statistical processing of the obtained results was conducted using a computer package of application programs Statistica 10.0 and SPSS. Results. The article provides a theoretical overview and experimental data on the problem of biosocial causes of inadequate reactions of individuals with a high level of neuropsychological stress. The possibilities of biosocial correction of psycho-emotional status and human behavior are shown. The study has revealed the improvements in functional state of optimal adaptation after regular classes on the theory and practice of self-regulation techniques, including relaxation. The authors summarized current indicators of psychophysiological status and demonstrated the effectiveness of remedial training in restoring the optimal neuropsychological status required for an individual's biosocial safety. Conclusions. The article concludes that in order to ensure the biosocial security of an individual, it is necessary to teach methods of psychophysical self-regulation in order to normalize the psychophysical state, reduce the level of neuropsychological stress, and, consequently, the risks of non-adaptive behavior, which is particularly important for young adults.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ПСИХОФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ОБСЛЕДОВАНИЙ ПЕРСОНАЛА ОБЪЕКТОВ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ АТОМНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ

The relationship between the employee’s level of health and his professional reliability is currently obvious and does not require additional evidence. The implementation of measures aimed at reducing the risks of emergency situations caused by the human factor at nuclear energy facilities is an important element of the radiation protection system. In order to achieve the above-mentioned goals of the organization, in accordance with Federal Law № 170-FZ of 21.11.1995, the performance of certain types of work in the field of atomic energy use requires special permits from Rostechnadzor. A prerequisite for obtaining such a permit for a specialist is the absence of psychophysiological contraindications based on the results of a psychophysiological examination. This study analyzes the results of psychophysiological examinations of employees of nuclear energy facilities conducted by specialists of the State Research Center – A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency in 2020 and 2021.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИОННЫЕ И МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ПСИХОФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ НАДЕЖНОСТИ ПЕРСОНАЛА АТОМНОЙ ОТРАСЛИ РОССИИ

Purpose: To improve organizational and methodological approaches to psycho-physiological support of functional reliability of Russian nuclear workers. Results: The authors’ position on a number of topical organizational and methodological issues of psycho-physiological support of functional reliability of nuclear workers is presented. Measures aimed at optimizing the interaction of medical organizations of the FMBA of Russia and organizations of the Rosatom State Corporation in the preparation and conduct of psychophysiological examinations are proposed. The optimal solution to this problem, according to the authors, is the development of a joint regulatory document defining the rights and obligations of both parties by the FMBA of Russia and the State Corporation. The expediency of avoiding duplication in carrying out a number of diagnostic techniques after developing a mechanism for transferring test results from medical organizations of the FMBA of Russia to organizations of the Rosatom State Corporation is shown. According to the authors, the following issues are to be improved: a) the existing diagnostic arsenal, taking into account new technological capabilities, and having in mind the fact that some important tests are easily available on the Internet; b) the content of methodological recommendations, which should describe in detail sensorimotor and other tests, allowing for a variety of their interpretations, to ensure the invariance of their computer implementations. Such measures will increase the diagnostic value of the tests used, as well as the comparability of the results obtained using various software and hardware complexes. Authors also propose to reconsider the role of the Scientific and Technical Council of the State Corporation in improving the functional reliability of the personnel of the industry by integrating psycho-physiological and other areas related to human resources into the general research topics. Proposed actions: a) to create a thematic scientific and technical council on human resource management and reduction of anthropogenic risks including specialists in psycho-physiological, psychological, medical, sanitary-hygienic, ergonomic and other aspects of ensuring the functional reliability of personnel, and to elect a scientific adviser of the council; b) to include the development plan for the direction of ensuring the functional reliability of personnel in the new edition of the “Program of Innovative Development and Technological Upgrading of the Rosatom State Corporation for the Period up to 2030”; c) to add the direction on improving the reliability of the human factor in the Unified Industry Thematic Plan of Research and Development Work of the Rosatom State Corporation; d) to include the most important reports related to human resource management and reduction of anthropogenic risks in the plenary sessions of the conferences “Radiation Protection and Radiation Safety in Nuclear Technologies”. Conclusion: The above proposals are aimed at improving the organizational and methodological aspects of the psycho-physiological direction in ensuring the functional reliability of nuclear workers. According to the authors, this direction should be part of the human resource management system and the reduction of anthropogenic risks in the nuclear industry. The research part of this system should be integrated into the activities of the Scientific and Technical Council of the Rosatom State Corporation and meet the requirements of a systematic approach.

The “Evidence-based Polygraphology”

The article provides a brief overview of the current state in the field of methodological support of forensic psychophysiological examinations using a polygraph and the position of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation regarding examinations of this type. Critical remarks have been made about the recently appeared “evidence-based polygraphology” and the foreign technology of research with the use of a polygraph that underlies it. It is shown that the introduction of “evidence-based polygraphology” into the domestic practice of research with the use of a polygraph, pursuing commercial interests, misleads specialists and excludes the possibility of using advertised tests during the forensic psychophysiological examinations.

Modern models of quantitative assessment and management of the level of physical, mental and social health as a basis for the prevention of morbidity among children and adolescents

Introduction. The preservation and strengthening of the health in children and adolescents is currently a problem of individual health management in connection with which there is a need to change the approach to health assessment, which consists not only in determining the disease, but also in a prenosological assessment of the level of individual health. The purpose is to develop integral indicators of quantitative assessment of health, on the basis of which to scientifically substantiate the health management system for children and adolescents. Materials and methods. Four thousand eight hundred children and adolescents of school age (7-17 years old) underwent computer diagnostics of the functional state of the central nervous, autonomic and cardiovascular systems using the methods of variation chronoreflexometry (Moroz MP, 2001) and variation cardiorhythmotography (Igisheva LN, 2003). Mental health is investigated by determining anxiety levels, negative emotional experiences, stress prognosis, and stress tolerance. The level of social health was assessed according to the method of E.V. Tsikalyuk (2013). Results. 37.7% of the examined children were found to have a satisfactory level; 28.2% stress, 23% - unsatisfactory and 11.1% showed disadaptation. A high level of anxiety in everyday life was experienced by 36.7% of the subjects and 61.3% in the classroom; 12.3% of children had a high level of negative emotional experiences. 28.1% of children had a high level of social health; 51.6% had an average; 12.3% had a low level; 6.5% had a social “unhealthiness”. Limitations of the study. When developing a modern model for assessing and managing physical, psychological and social health, data from a psychophysiological examination of 4,800 school-age children were used. Conclusion. The developed integral measures of univariate assessment of children’s physical, mental and social health provided the basis for justifying the model of screening and health management of the child population.

СЛУЖБА ПРОФПАТОЛОГИИ ФМБА РОССИИ В 2021 ГОДУ

The Occupational Pathology Service of the FMBA of Russia in 2021 is represented by medical organizations involved in conducting preliminary and periodic medical examinations, and 17 centers of occupational pathology. The chief freelance professional pathologist annually collects reports on the results of the centers of occupational pathology. In accordance with the data presented, all the centers of occupational pathology of the FMBA of Russia have been established on the basis of multidisciplinary specialized healthcare institutions. According to the data of the Centers of Occupational Pathology of the FMBA of Russia, the most common causes of medical contraindications are diseases of the eye and its accessory apparatus, diseases of the circulatory system, diseases of the blood, hematopoietic organs and individual disorders involving the immune mechanism, diseases of the ear and mastoid process, which necessitates the implementation of preventive programs in the indicated directions. One of the main functions of the center for occupational pathology is the examination of the connection of the disease with the profession and professional suitability, including in complex and conflict cases. A specialized medical commission has been established to conduct these examinations in all centers of professional pathology of the FMBA of Russia. During 2021, these medical commissions considered 11436 expert cases. Since 2011, an Industry register of persons with occupational diseases has been maintained on the basis of the A.I. Burnazyan FMBC of the FMBA of Russia, the volume of which currently exceeds 2,300 cases. The system of psychophysiological examination of the FMBA of Russia in the structure of the occupational pathology service has 35 medical organizations, on the basis of which 43781 psychophysiological examinations were conducted in 2021.

The influence of underwater work on the functions of attention, thinking, fine muscle coordination and subjective assessment of the state of the body of divers

Introduction. Currently, there is an increasing need for the study and development of the World Ocean, including for the purpose of laying deep-water pipelines, searching for new sources of minerals, etc. The performance of special tasks by divers at great depths has its own characteristics. The high cost of error, harmful working conditions - all this dictate the need for continuous receipt and analysis of scientific material on the preservation and promotion of health, ensuring their longevity, as well as the adaptation of divers to the nature and conditions of professional activity in order to prevent the occurrence of errors. The study aims to explore the functions of attention and thinking of a person, his fine muscular coordination and subjective assessment of the state of the body of divers, as elements of the functional state of the body, when working underwater. Materials and methods. We examined 18 divers, divided into two groups: the first - ten people made daily descents to a depth of 18 m, the second group - eight people dived to a depth of 56 m. Before and after diving, the divers underwent a psychophysiological examination to assess the function of attention (the method of the correction test with Landolt rings), the function of thinking (the method of the arithmetic test "addition in mind"), fine muscle coordination (the method of macrography) and subjective assessment of the state (the SAN questionnaire (state of health - activity-mood)). Results. During diving operations, there was a decrease in subjective self-assessment of the state of the body (SAN test), an increase in the number of errors (correction test with Landolt rings - attention function) and the values of the height index of numbers (macrography technique - fine muscle coordination), a decrease in the speed of thinking depending on the depth, the multiplicity of diving descents, as well as the dive itself (regardless from depth and multiplicity) on the functional state of divers. There were most pronounced changes during prolonged work (3-5 days or more) and when diving to a depth of 56 m. Conclusion. The dynamics of objective indicators and subjective assessment of the state of the body indicates that with an increase in the depth of immersion (from 18 to 56 m), the multiplicity of diving descents (daily immersion for 5 days) and the dive itself, the self-esteem of the state, the speed of thinking, attention, fine muscle coordination decreases. Ethics. The study was conducted in compliance with the Ethical principles of conducting medical research with human participation as a subject, set out in the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association.

ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ОЦЕНКИ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫХ РИСКОВ РАБОТНИКОВ ОБЪЕКТОВ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ АТОМНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ

Purpose: Substantiate the indicators of occupational risks of employees of nuclear energy use facilities. Material and methods: In order to methodologically substantiate the indicators of professional risk assessment, data from literary sources and normative and methodological documentation were used. Results: It is established that the existing system of professional risk assessment in the nuclear industry needs to be improved. The currently used results of a special assessment of working conditions for harmfulness and danger should be supplemented with the results of a special assessment of working conditions for the radiation factor, taking into account the category of potential radiation hazard of the object. When choosing biomedical indicators of occupational risks, the data of periodic medical examinations and mandatory psychophysiological examinations should be taken into account first of all. At the same time, the health status of the employee should be assessed not only by the presence/absence of nosological forms of diseases, but also by prenosological criteria. It is proposed to use as such indicators the level of psychophysiological adaptation of an employee and his cytogenetic status, estimated according to the buccal micronucleus test of the frequency of occurrence of cells with pronounced genome damage (chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, nuclear protrusions). Conclusion: A conceptual model of indicators of occupational risks of employees is proposed, which includes: 1) class of working conditions according to the harmfulness and danger according to the results of the special assessment of working conditions; 2) class of working conditions according to the effects of IR according to the results of the Special assessment of working conditions; 3) category of radiation hazard of the object; 4) health group according to the results of periodic medical examinations; 5) class of prenosological condition according to the results of periodic psychophysiological examinations. The scientific novelty of the proposed model lies in its complexity and taking into account the early signs of an employee’s health condition, which makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of professional risk assessment and management.

ОЦЕНКА ВЛИЯНИЯ АРТЕРИАЛЬНОГО ДАВЛЕНИЯ НА ПСИХОФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКУЮ АДАПТАЦИЮ РАБОТНИКОВ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ ГОСКОРПОРАЦИИ «РОСАТОМ»

Purpose: Establishing cause-and-effect relationships between psychophysiological adaptation (PFA) and the health status of employees of the enterprise of the State Corporation Rosatom. Material and methods: The materials of the study were data on 591 employees of the enterprise of the State Corporation Rosatom who underwent a psychophysiological examination. To analyze the impact of an employee’s health on the level of psychophysiological adaptation (PFA), a methodology was developed for assessing the cause-and-effect relationships between PFA and the level of blood pressure of employees of the Rosatom State Corporation. The methodology is based on the assessment of the relative risk of influence on the PFA of blood pressure in employees of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Combine Elektrokhimpribor. In this methodology, risk is defined as the probability of assigning employees of enterprises to one of the three PFA groups. The age heterogeneity of the PFA groups was taken into account, and standardization was carried out for this indicator. Results: This technique was tested on the database of 591 workers who underwent a psychophysiological examination and had information about systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The possibility of the developed methodology for assessing the relative risk of the influence of blood pressure on the PFA of the employees of the enterprise is shown. The constant increase in the relative risk from group to group of PFA indicates the likelihood of the influence of SBP, DBP on the psychophysiological adaptation of workers who underwent PFA. Conclusion: The use of this methodology for assessing the risk of damage to health as a tool for medical examination and substantiation of effective management decisions allows: to carry out correct medical and social measures for the rehabilitation of workers with low PFA; develop mechanisms and strategies for various medical and social measures to reduce risk; to obtain quantitative characteristics of the impact of illnesses of employees of enterprises on PFA; to reduce the uncertainties of the analysis in the decision-making process to preserve the health of the serviced contingent of workers; identify under specific conditions the groups of workers who are most likely to be classified in a group with a low PFA; determine the priorities of medical and social measures in the field of health protection at the level of a healthcare institution; qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the levels of risk that have persisted after the application of measures to reduce it. When carrying out rehabilitation measures for this group of people, it is necessary to pay serious attention to workers with high rates of SBP, DBP.

Факторы профессионального риска и последствия психической дезадаптации у медицинских специалистов и спасателей при чрезвычайных ситуациях: современное состояние проблемы

The purpose of the study is to analyze modern domestic and foreign publications, devoted to the study of factors of professional risk and consequences of mental disadaptation in rescuers and medical workers in emergency situations. Materials and research methods. The publications’ analysis was performed using the PubMed database, electronic scientific library eLIBRARY.RU, open access statistical reporting data, as well as official websites of relevant scientific journals. Combinations of specific terms related to emergency services, post-traumatic stress disorder, mental maladaptation and professional risk factors of extreme professions, including medical ones, were used. Results of the study and their analysis. While performing their service duties, rescuers and medical workers, acting in conditions of emergency with numerous human and material losses, being exposed to the threat to their own life, health or psycho-emotional condition, face a variety of critical incidents. As the number of lived traumatic situations and events increases, individuals involved in rescue operations are at higher risk of developing the pathology known as post-traumatic stress disorder. Throughout the relevant scientific literature, there is a consensus that health care workers in emergencies are at increased risk for high-level stress, anxiety, depression, burnout, addiction, and PTSD, which can have long-term psychological consequences. The specialists developed and implemented new methods and approaches to support medical specialists participating in the liquidation of medical and sanitary consequences of emergencies; substantiated the need for normative legal regulation of psychophysiological examination of personnel during periodic medical examinations, which will allow to maintain “health of the healthy”.