Psychological Phenomena Research Articles

Logic and Psychology – Minding the Gap with Jean Piaget

Since the critique of psychologism initiated by Gottlob Frege and championed by Edmund Husserl, logicians and psychologists alike have adhered to a strict division of labour. This has created a gap between reasoning as a psychological phenomenon and logic. However, reasoning involves logic, and logic is the benchmark of rationality; intuitively at least, reasoning and logic are connected. Recently, attempts have been made to bridge the gap, but the strict division of labour is often eroded. Jean Piaget conceived genetic epistemology as a science of the growth of knowledge, and since logical knowledge is in its purview the accusation of psychologism was omnipresent. In this paper, I outline Piaget's psychological account of the development of logic and argue that he successfully navigated the hazards of psychologism. In essence, he minds the gap by preserving the division of labour; however, by making logic the mirror of thought, he also intimated at a bridge. Concrete correspondences between logic and psychological structures of thought lie at the heart of Piaget's metaphor, and, by building on these foundations, I illustrate how an axiom schema for sentential logic can be derived from the interpropositional grouping, Piaget's psychological model of the operational structure characterising hypothetico-deductive reasoning.

Copycat in Suicide: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Background: The "copycat effect" is a psychological phenomenon in which a person's actions influence the behavior of others, leading to imitations of behaviors, events, or ideas. It is often observed in contexts such as crimes, suicides, or violent behaviors, where media coverage of an event can trigger similar reactions in other people. Usually, many studies associate the copycat phenomenon with homicide or serial crimes. Little attention is paid to the phenomenon of emulation in suicide and, therefore, to the copycat phenomenon in this context. Methods: In our study, a systematic review of the literature was carried out using keywords related to copycat and suicide. Subsequently, each study was read and analyzed. Results: The results were compared with each other and demonstrated how it is essential to mitigate the resonance of suicidal events, especially through the media and social networks. In particular, this risk of emulation is greater among young people who are exposed to a continuous external source of information through news from the web in an incessant and constant way. This risk increases most immediately after the publicity of the suicidal event in a limited period of time. Conclusions: Unfortunately, little attention is given to the analysis of the copycat phenomenon, which causes an underestimation of the data related to suicide emulation, especially from the preventive perspective of a phenomenon that is still widespread.

ФЕНОМЕН АЛОЦЕНТРИЗМУ: У ФОКУСІ ПСИХОЛОГІЧНИХ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ

The article analyzes the multidimensional construct of allocentrism, which is understood as a way of thinking and cognition in which a person relies on an external reference system and puts other people, not himself, in the focus of attention. Various approaches to the study of allocentrism are analyzed, including neurobiological, psychological and socio-psychological studies. It is shown that allocentrism is not a homogeneous phenomenon, but manifests itself at different levels of the human psyche, from neural processes to social behavior. Three levels of study of this phenomenon are distinguished. At the psychophysiological level, the perception of space and orientation in it are studied; methods: encephalogram, functional magnetic resonance imaging, virtual technologies. At the psychological level, the ability to take the position of another, to look at the world through their eyes is studied; methods: self-esteem scale, value questionnaires, projective methods for completing sentences, scenario stimuli. At the socio-psychological level, the ability of the individual to take into account the interests and needs of others is considered; methods: INDCOL scale, other individualism-collectivism scales. The complexity of defining and measuring allocentrism is emphasized, as it is closely intertwined with other psychological phenomena, such as decentering, collectivism, and empathy. Their common and distinctive characteristics are highlighted. Some methodological aspects of the study of allocentrism are considered, including the advantages and disadvantages of such methods as self-report questionnaires, experimental tasks, and neuroimaging. The need for more accurate and valid instruments to measure allocentrism at different levels, which will be useful in counseling and therapy, is emphasized. Key words: allocentrism, decentering, collectivism, empathy, neuropsychology, allocentric personality.

DIALOGUES BETWEEN CULTURE, ART AND FAMILY RELATIONS: Paths to health promotion

Family relationships are often configured as people's first social space, being permeated by their own characteristics and also by cultural elements of the society in which they are inserted. However, it is understood that the study of the family, as a social institution, is still carried out by psychology, often in an isolated and segregated way from the broader cultural aspects that permeate our society. Possible paths for health promotion in the family context lose space for notes about “flaws” in relationship formats, disregarding the dialogue between family and culture. In a different direction, the objective of this theoretical article is to discuss aspects relating to the relationships between culture, family and art, exploring the potential of aesthetic experiences as one of the promising ways of promoting health from and in family relationships. To achieve this objective, this article begins the discussion by presenting the relevance of the concept of culture as a social construction. Subsequently, it discusses the importance of studying psychological phenomena in a culturally contextualized way and, finally, it presents suggestions of possible ways for families to promote a respectful culture, using art and aesthetic experiences as resources to encourage dialogue and closer emotional ties between family members. It is concluded that family relationships transcend the home, highlighting the importance of the family within the scope of socialization processes that, in fact, are committed to building bridges and promoting collective well-being, based on a culture characterized by care, affection and respect.

The lycanthropic ambivalence within the biopolitical operations of the state power in Jo Nesbø’s Macbeth

Although lycanthropy is a medical term and a psychological phenomenon, depicted in myths and literature as the metamorphosis of divine or human beings into various animals, the political theory has viewed it as a space to explore the biopolitical strategies of assimilation or exclusion in a sovereign state. This research focuses on Jo Nesbø’s Macbeth (2018), an adaptation of Shakespeare’s play which addresses the anxieties about being human at a time when humanism has been deeply challenged. Informed by Agamben views on the ‘wolf-man’ and homo sacer, together with Derrida’s shrewd insights on ‘political bestiary’ which conveys the shared ‘outlaw’ status of the beast and the sovereign, this study explores Nesbø’s Macbeth in relation to Shakespeare’s infinite complexities to reveal the lycanthrope, a liminal being, who is pushed to the threshold of community to live permanently under threat of expulsion and annihilation or who transforms into a beast to survive in the contemporary political climate.

To Impose or Not Impose Penalty Conditions Following Professional Misconduct: What Factors Are Cited by Three Professional Disciplinary Tribunals in New Zealand?

Profession-related disciplinary tribunals consider a range of factors when determining penalties following findings of professional misconduct. Penalties that impose conditions on practice hold the potential to facilitate practitioners’ rehabilitation back to safe practice. This study explores the use of penalty conditions by three disciplinary tribunals in New Zealand (the Lawyers and Conveyancers Tribunal [LCDT]; the Health Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal [HPDT]; and the Teachers Disciplinary Tribunal [TDT]). Disciplinary decisions published between 2018 and 2022 (N = 538) were analysed, coding the explicit reasons cited for imposing or not imposing conditions and if rehabilitation was cited as a penalty principle. Conditions were imposed in 58.6% of the cases, though tribunals varied. All of the tribunals commonly referred to the concepts of remorse/insight, or lack of it, as reasons for ordering or not ordering conditions, and they often considered the seriousness of the misconduct. Reasons for not ordering conditions were more varied between tribunals, as was citing rehabilitation as a penalty principle. The findings suggest that tribunals give substantial consideration to the decision of imposing conditions, drawing on both objective (e.g., past misconduct) and subjective (e.g., cognitive and psychological) phenomena. The reasons did align with concepts found in broad sentencing guidelines from some other jurisdictions (e.g., criminal justice response), though future research on defining and measuring these concepts may help understand their predictive and protective utility.

"Because of HIV, It Opened My Mind": Intersectional Stigma Experiences Among Filipino Gay and Bisexual Men Living With HIV.

Previous work has demonstrated that gay, bisexual men, and other men who have sex with men (GBM) living with HIV are likely to experience intersectional stigma. However, mainstream systems often fail to recognize how power and privilege shape this experience. Such a complex psychological phenomenon requires an in-depth reflective inquiry that acknowledges individuals as experts in their own experiences. To explicate this matter, this study aimed to develop an understanding of how intersectional stigma impacts the experiences of GBM living with HIV and to illuminate how contexts (un)fuel inequities. The semi-structured interviews with five Filipino GBM living with HIV were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Exploration of their accounts elucidated how cultural elements fueled power dynamics and privilege, which in turn shaped intersectional stigma and their experiences. Narratives accentuated how Filipino GBM living with HIV situate themselves from victims to agents of change who empower and liberate others in the community. Insights from this study underscore the critical role of collective actions in bridging gaps in inequities and guiding the improvement of policies and interventions that are well-suited to the context and culturally appropriate for people living with HIV and other multiply marginalized populations.

Theoretical background to procrastination

Contemporary society is characterized by a fast pace and a chronic lack of time, imposing the need for adaptation through efficient resource management strategies. However, a frequently observed phenomenon is the tendency to postpone important tasks, known as procrastination. This article proposes an in-depth analysis of procrastination from a scientific perspective, exploring the history of this phenomenon's appearance, its characteristics, causes, types, consequences, associated theories, and the correlation of procrastination with other psychological phenomena.

Situation Networks: The emotions and activities that are central to nature-connectedness experiences

Many of the psychological phenomena that are relevant to the environmental crises facing the globe are determined by a complex set of interrelated constructs—that is, they are determined by a network of factors. In recognizing that these factors form a network and do not work in isolation, the need for research that captures the holistic interrelations between variables becomes obvious. As a way of exploring the value of such an approach for other areas of environmental psychology, we tested the utility of treating nature-connectedness experiences as a network using principles adapted from social network analysis. In Study 1, we look at the affective situation network concerning nature-connectedness experiences. In Study 2, we draw upon the pathways to nature framework to investigate the activity situation network for nature connectedness experiences. In Study 1, we find that awe, inspiration, and love are all important and central to nature-connectedness experiences. In Study 2, we find that meaningful (e.g., meaning-making) and deliberate engagement (e.g., noticing) are important and central to nature-connectedness experiences. More importantly, the results from this pair of studies indicate that using this network approach is a useful exploratory tool that is both generative and flexible and can yield important insights that can catalyse novel lines of confirmatory research. Thus, we suggest that research in other areas of environmental psychology consider this approach.

A Review of Biological Foundations of Anger

Anger, happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, and disgust are the six fundamental emotions that people can experience. Anger is a strong feeling of annoyance, displeasure, or hostility. It is a blaming emotion that is aimed against individuals, and it frequently leads to violent actions. However, anger serves survival purposes and is embedded in humans. While anger is typically viewed as a psychological or social phenomenon, it also has a biological basis. This literature review focuses on anger and its underlying biological foundations. The biological basis of anger can be explained through the activation of the amygdala, which plays a crucial role in emotional processing. Additionally, studies have shown that anger is associated with decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex. When a person becomes angry, this region of the brain is less active, leading to impulsive behaviors and decreased rational thinking. This explains why individuals often engage in aggressive or violent behaviors when angry. Understanding the biological basis of anger can help us better manage and control this emotion. By recognizing the physiological changes that occur when we become angry, we can take steps to calm ourselves down and develop healthier coping mechanisms.Keywords: Emotions, Anger, Amygdala, Prefrontal cortex, Biological basis

The social ledger: qualitatively decoding interaction-driven investment decisions among Indian investors and fund managers

Purpose This study aims to investigate the antecedents of social interaction among Indian retail investors and fund managers to understand how these factors influence investment decisions. By identifying and examining these antecedents, the study aims to shed light on the social dynamics that shape investment behavior in the Indian financial market. Design/methodology/approach The researchers have mainly adopted an interpretive strategy for the present study. Qualitative data elicited through semistructured interviews with six retail investors and two fund managers were subjected to qualitative thematic analysis. Findings Our research found several factors that make Indian retail investors and fund managers connect and make financial decisions. Peers can improve a person’s investing performance through social facilitation, and discussing investment suggestions and lessons learned can affect a group’s investment behavior. Social norms also influenced investors’ financial decisions, demonstrating compliance. Investor closeness increased information sharing. Finally, the fear of missing out (FOMO), a psychological phenomenon where people fear missing out on rewarding experiences, encouraged social engagement as investors sought appealing prospects. Research limitations/implications The researchers interviewed eight carefully selected interviewees across the divide between retail investors and fund managers. Adopting other grouping criteria, conducting a focus group discussion with more respondents or adopting a mixed-methods approach may increase our understanding of the investment decision behaviors of Indian retail investors and fund managers. Practical implications The findings have far-reaching consequences, from deepening our knowledge of investors’ motivations and actions to directing individual savers, informing the development of financial literacy initiatives, influencing fund management practices and inspiring additional research in this study area. Originality/value This research, including retail investors and fund managers, significantly contributes to the literature on investment decisions and behavioral finance, particularly in the context of Indian investors and managers. This study’s unique perspective and comprehensive approach make it a valuable addition to the field, sparking interest and further exploration among academics, practitioners and investors alike.

Navigating Time-Inconsistent Behavior: The Influence of Financial Knowledge, Behavior, and Attitude on Hyperbolic Discounting.

Hyperbolic discounting is a psychological phenomenon in which individuals prioritize smaller immediate rewards over larger future rewards. Time-inconsistent behavior is deemed irrational as it negatively impacts savings and investment, investment in financial knowledge, and long-term financial and personal well-being. This study hypothesizes that improving financial knowledge, promoting positive financial behavior, and fostering a future-oriented financial attitude can mitigate hyperbolic discounting bias and that these three components of financial literacy enable investors to make long-term economic decisions maximizing utility. We analyzed the responses of 114,170 active investors in Japan to examine the interactions between financial knowledge, behavior, and attitude. Our findings reveal a strong negative relationship between these dimensions and hyperbolic discounting, underscoring their crucial role in shaping individuals' intertemporal preferences. For researchers, our results highlight the need to integrate multidimensional aspects of financial literacy into investigations of intertemporal discounting behaviors. Policymakers should implement holistic financial education programs that improve knowledge, transform behavior, and shape attitudes. Financial institutions and advisors should prioritize programs that mitigate hyperbolic discounting tendencies among clients. This study represents a significant advancement in the research on financial literacy, offering a comprehensive framework for future studies and practical applications aimed at improving financial decision-making outcomes.

Moral Injury Among Youth: Historical Accounts, Current Research and Future Directions

AbstractThis manuscript explores the definition and historical context of Moral Injury (MI), detailing its psychological and spiritual impact on individuals, including youth populations. Morals are our beliefs and understanding of what is right and wrong. They are often informed by cultural and social norms and typically encompass values and responsibilities that individuals use to judge whether an action is right or wrong. MI is a psychological phenomenon that can unfold when there is a loss of trust in these beliefs or others' ability to keep our shared moral agreements. Traditionally associated with military personnel, MI has evolved to include other populations, including youth and family systems. This piece explores moral development among youth populations and how injuries to moral codes are particularly salient in youth populations and family systems. Special attention is given to MI's unique manifestations and implications in childhood and adolescence. The manuscript concludes with a call to action for further research that prioritizes and integrates youths' own voices in understanding and addressing MI.

Stress Dynamics: A Comparative Study of Housewives and Career Women

Purpose: Stress is a prevalent psychological phenomenon occurs within individuals form various demographics, with women often facing stressors related to their roles as housewives or career women. This study explores the stress dynamics experienced by the two groups of women. Method: This study employs quantitative methodology and qualitative methodology. Quota sampling technique used, with characteristic of women age between 20-40 years old, those career women and housewives, with samples of 110 of each groups, located in sub-district of Pasuruan Regency. Stress Scale used to measures stress levels and Questionaires used to collect the source of stressors and the coping mechanism. Result: The inter-group t-test analysis showed that in average, Housewives experienced more stress than Career Women. 78% of Housewives and 58% of Career Women experiencing external stressors. The coping mechanism used by Housewives are 61% emotional-focused, and 52% of Career Women used problem-focused. Concusion: In conclusion, while in average Housewives shows more stress than Career Women, both groups experiencing higher external stressors such as expectations from family and society, than internal stressors. The topic of stress and how women cope, requires more personal and casuistically approach.

THE PHENOMENON OF DISCURSIVE RESONANCE (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE ART EVENT)

The phenomenon of resonance in the context of discursive and psychological research is considered. The concept of "discursive resonance" is introduced, which denotes the phenomenon of an "explosive" increase in social or individual discourse in response to a certain socially significant event. The research is based on the materials of a high-profile cultural event - the exhibition of one of the Sixtiers artists A. Gorska. The purpose of the article is to understand the psychological factors of the discursive resonance caused by the exhibition. A psychological analysis of the visual and textual materials of the exhibition, reflecting the personality of Alla Gorska and her biographical path, was carried out in comparison with the texts of the discourse generated by the exhibition, in particular, according to posts on social networks Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube. The factors of the resonant discursive reaction of society are determined, which are both the personal traits of the artist and the peculiarities of her situational environment: the need for self-determination, to resolve the issue of one's own authenticity; the conscious choice of Ukrainian culture as the basis for one's own identity; the experience of rallying around an idea; love of freedom; resistance energy, readiness to resist the system; the heroism of the artist's personality. The demand for these personal qualities in modern society at the individual and societal levels is analyzed. Mechanisms of resonance as a psychological phenomenon are determined, the channels of which are (a) resonance due to provocation; (b) resonance through identity; and (c) resonance due to conducting parallels. The personality of A. Gorska appears for the current generation as a role model of an internally free person who can behave following her values under any circumstances and knows how to implement these values in life, in her actions, how to organize relevant events, and how to surround herself appropriate human environment. These are the personal life competencies that a truly authentic free person oriented to their realized values should have. A kind of "provocation" by the personality of A. Gorska took place. The "trigger" of the resonance explosion was the modern "embodiment" of those meanings that are the real factors of resonance. Keywords: resonance, discourse, self-determination, self-awareness, authenticity, self-identification, deep personal needs, personal traits, personal development, role model

Unskilled and unaware? Differences in metacognitive awareness between high and low-ability students in STEM

IntroductionMetacognition, or the ability to monitor and control one's cognitive processes, is critical for learning in self-regulated contexts, particularly in introductory STEM courses. The ability to accurately make predictions about one's ability and performance can determine the effectiveness in which students effectively prepare for exams and employ good study strategies. The Dunning-Kruger pattern, where low-performing individuals are more overconfident and less accurate at the ability to predict their performance than high-performing individuals, is robustly found in studies examining metacognitive monitoring. The extent to which the Dunning-Kruger pattern can be explained by the lack of metacognitive awareness is not yet established in the literature. In other words, it is unclear from prior work whether low-performing students are “unskilled and unaware” or simply “unskilled but subjectively aware.” In addition, arguments about whether this pattern is a psychological phenomenon or a statistical artifact of the measurement of metacognition can be found in the literature.MethodsStudents enrolled in three different physics courses made predictions about their exam scores immediately before and after taking each of the three exams in the course. Student predictions were compared to their exam scores to exam metacognitive accuracy. A new method for examining the cause of the Dunning-Kruger effect was tested by examining how students adjust their metacognitive predictions after taking exams.ResultsIn all contexts low-performing students were more overconfident and less accurate at making metacognitive predictions than high-performing students. In addition, these students were less able to efficiently adjust their metacognitive predictions after taking an exam.DiscussionThe results of the study provide evidence for the Dunning-Kruger effect being a psychological phenomenon. In addition, findings from this study align with the position that the skills needed to accurately monitor one's performance are the same as those needed for accurate performance in the first place, thus providing support for the “unskilled and unaware” hypothesis.

Insights into Autonomous Vehicles Aversion: Unveiling the Ripple Effect of Negative Media on Perceived Risk, Anxiety, and Negative WOM

This study delves into the reluctance to adopt autonomous vehicles (AVs), treating AV aversion as a multifaceted psychological and behavioral phenomenon encompassing cognitive judgments, affective responses, and behavioral intentions. Leveraging the environment-product-human-behavior framework, an AV aversion model (AAM) is developed to explore human-AV interaction. Survey data from MTurk in the U.S. reveals significant differences in perception between fully autonomous vehicles (FAVs) and partially autonomous vehicles (PAVs). Findings show that negative media exposure influences perceived risk, anxiety, and negative word-of-mouth (WOM) intention. Perceived risk contributes to anxiety, while the combination of anxiety and negative media encourages negative WOM intention. The study elucidates a cascading effect from negative media to risk perception, then to AV anxiety, culminating in negative WOM. Multi-group analysis highlights a significant disparity between FAVs and PAVs in the link between negative media exposure and negative WOM intention. Understanding AV aversion offers valuable insights to address human-AV interaction.

Social representations of young people about people with disabilities and disabilities in an inclusive educational environment: the experience of cross-cultural research

Relevance. Interest in the study of social representations arose due to the development of inclusion in all spheres of life. This fact has an impact on the specifics of training Russian and foreign students in this field in a medical university, the development of their inclusive competence. The study of cross-cultural features of social representations of persons with disabilities and the disabled, the identification of universal and specific phenomena in respondents will contribute to understanding social and psychological phenomena at the individual level that determine social attitudes and behavior of individuals in an inclusive modern society, taking into account its sociocultural characteristics.The purpose of the study is to study the cross-cultural characteristics of social perceptions of people with disabilities and people with disabilities among Russian and foreign students.Objectives: to analyze the content characteristics and approaches to the study of social representations; to develop programs of empirical research; to describe the results of the study; to formulate conclusions.Methodology. This study is based on the provisions of the theory of social constructionism (P. Berger, T. Lukman; J.Douglas); E. Durkheim's concepts of collective representations; theories of social representations (S. Moscovici, D. Jodelet, etc.). Research methods: theoretical analysis of literature, research interview, method of verbal associations, testing, content analysis.Results. Both similar and specific phenomena in social representations of people with disabilities and people with disabilities in the samples of Russian and foreign students were revealed. Similar is the presence of tolerant attitudes towards people with disabilities and people with disabilities in both samples. The differences relate to the social level of social perceptions, as well as the characteristics of social distance in relation to respondents to this category of citizens.Conclusions. Along with a tolerant attitude towards people with disabilities and people with disabilities, respondents have insufficient professional awareness of this category of citizens, experience difficulties in interacting with them at the level of joint activities and professional relationships, which requires the development of additional programs and practices in the context of social, educational and volunteer activities to develop inclusive competence of students.

Making the universe together: Baradian inspirations for the future of qualitative psychology

ABSTRACT Karen Barad’s agential realism argues for an ‘onto-epistemological’ position where phenomena occur only during intra-actions with discursive and material apparatus. Applying agential realism to psychological phenomena has potential to overcome an often-met material/discursive divide within the discipline, unlocking important ethical and conceptual possibilities. Despite this, a Baradian approach has been dismissed as unworkable for psychologists due to its lack of explanation for experiential consistency. We re-butt this position while nonetheless noting that to fully realise Barad’s contributions, psychologists must open themselves to new ways of approaching their subjects. Three key tenets of a Baradian approach applied to psychological phenomena are outlined: 1. self-structure singularity 2. spatio-temporality and 3. playfulness and experimentation. Examples of Baradian-inspired qualitative research illustrate these tenets in action, highlighting how Baradian theory can transcend current conceptual and ethical limitations as psychological phenomena is viewed as continuously reconfigured through human-human and human-non-human intra-actions we all have responsibility for.

Federated learning-based prediction of depression among adolescents across multiple districts in China

Depression in adolescents is a serious mental health condition that can affect their emotional and social well-being. Detailed understanding of depression patterns and status of depressive symptoms in adolescents could help identify early intervention targets. Despite the growing use of artificial intelligence for diagnosis and prediction of mental health conditions, the traditional centralized machine learning methods require aggregating adolescents' data; this raises concerns about confidentiality and privacy, which hampers the clinical application of machine learning algorithms. In this study, we use federated learning to solve those problems. We included 583,405 middle and high school adolescents from 20 districts in Chengdu China, and collected from three aspects: individuals, families, and schools, containing 11 psychological phenomena to evaluate the status of depressive symptoms. We compared federated and local training frameworks; the results showed the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for depression increased by up to 20 % (from 0.7544 with local training to 0.9064 with federated training). Moreover, based on the best-performing model, the XGBoost model, we explore the data heterogeneity in federated learning and found that stress, student burnout, and social connection were the three most important predictors of depression symptoms. We then assessed the impact of each subdimension of depression symptoms, results show that sleep was the most impact one which may provide clues to predict depression symptoms in early stage and improve control and prevention efforts.