Psychological Readiness Research Articles

DISASTER MENTAL HEALTH PREPAREDNESS AMONG RESIDENTS OF FLOOD-PRONE BARANGAYS IN SAN JOSE OCCIDENTAL MINDORO, PHILIPPINES

This study was conducted to examine the disaster mental health preparedness of people living in rural areas which are identified to be prone to floods specifically during the monsoon months of June to December. The study employed the descriptive-correlational method. A total of 100 respondents representing five (5) communities were the participants in this study. Using the Psychological Preparedness for Disaster Threat Scale (PPDTS) as the main instrument in gathering the data, the respondents were also asked to complete the demographic survey such as age, sex, and socioeconomic status. The major findings of the study include the following: that most of the respondents represent the young generation, are female, and belong to the mass-based socioeconomic status. The statistical calculations showed that the respondents are not mentally well-prepared in facing disasters specifically floods and typhoons. It was also revealed that demographic factors such as age, socioeconomic status, and length significantly impact the disaster mental health preparedness of people who are living in flood-prone areas. Also, both age and socioeconomic status affect the mental health readiness of the respondents. It is recommended that psychological readiness be one of the components of the existing plans and programs for disaster mitigation.

Fundamentals of psychological readiness for the profession for fitness and recreation professionals: psychological and pedagogical problem

An attempt is made to explore the specifics of psychological readiness for professional activity, in particular as a basis for future pedagogical activities of fitness and recreation professionals in the context of psychological and pedagogical problems. Theoretical analysis of the study of the concept of "psychological readiness" in modern science and summarizes the characteristics, states and mental processes of the individual that lead to professional activity in the field of knowledge 01 Education / Pedagogy.
 Despite the different approaches in research, most authors consider psychological readiness as a specific phenomenon - an integrative formation that has a complex, dynamic, multicomponent structure. Summarizing research data on the problem of psychological readiness for teaching, we state the fact that they are not mutually exclusive, but expand, deepen and complement the idea of the complexity and diversity of the concept of psychological readiness for teaching. It was found that in the structure of professional activity of educators most researchers highlight the presence of: adequate motivation; general and special knowledge; professional skills and abilities; professionally important personality traits. Motivation is conditioned by a positive attitude to professional activity, in obtaining the necessary amount of special and psychological knowledge, professional skills and abilities, focus on high results of pedagogical activity, the desire for professionalism.
 It is investigated that the structure of psychological readiness for pedagogical activity consists of such general components as: orientation, psychological and pedagogical knowledge and professional skills (more often they are considered as the main characteristics of teacher competence), ability. Most of the authors single out these components as the main integral characteristics. The study identified three main levels of psychological readiness in psychology, such as: the level of non- professional training, pre-vocational training, vocational training. Identifying the level of psychological readiness is very important for the quality functioning of the educational and training process, so various psychological techniques are used, working at the level of basic personality traits and states in general, and at the level of professional competence and cognitive abilities of future fitness and recreation specialists in particular.

Biopsychosocial Factors Associated With Return to Preinjury Sport After ACL Injury Treated Without Reconstruction: NACOX Cohort Study 12-Month Follow-up.

The limited research on prognosis after nonsurgical management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury has focused on physical factors. We aimed to assess relationships between key patient-reported outcomes, in line with a biopsychosocial approach, and returning to preinjury sport at 12 months after ACL injury treated without reconstruction. We hypothesized that biopsychosocial factors would be associated with returning to preinjury sport at 12 months after ACL injury. Prospective single cohort study. Level 2. Patients who had an ACL injury and did not have reconstruction during the first year after injury were recruited from healthcare clinics in Sweden, and followed up at 3, 6, and 12 months after injury. Return to preinjury sport at 12 months was the primary outcome. Explanatory variables were psychological readiness to return to sport, knee-related quality of life, and self-reported knee function. Using generalized estimating equations, we evaluated the relationships between the explanatory variables and the primary outcome at each timepoint. Data were analyzed for 88 participants with a median age of 27 years (15-40 years). Soccer was the most frequently reported preinjury sport (n = 22). Forty participants (46%) had returned to their preinjury sport at 12 months after ACL injury. The odds of returning to preinjury sport at 12 months increased with higher self-reported knee function at 6 months (odds ratio [OR], 1.1; 95% CI, 1.0-1.1), and the odds of being returned to the preinjury sport at 12 months doubled for every 1-point increase (1-10 scale) in psychological readiness to return to sport measured at 12 months (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2-3.2). Superior self-reported knee function at 6 months and greater psychological readiness to return to sport at 12 months were associated with returning to the preinjury sport 1 year after ACL injury treated without reconstruction. Consider highlighting the relevance of biopsychosocial factors to returning to preinjury sport after ACL injury when discussing prognosis during shared decision-making.

Online Learning Environment and Psychological Readiness During COVID-19

Several psychological terms, such as depression, anxiety, and worries, included COVID-19, the unexpected discontinuity of students' lives, and the extreme confusion concerning the recovery to normality was profoundly disappointing experiences. The Core objective of this study is to investigate the psychological readiness and online learning collaboration of secondary level students during Covid-19 in Bangladesh. The study illustrates the current state of education in Bangladesh and the importance of reliance on the emotional desire to learn online. The significant finding shows that the students’ psychological readiness has a strong positive association with the online learning environment to ensure quality education. It is necessary to look into the school level student’s mental readiness to bring down the future uncertainty; digital-hostile spite, the student’s emotional willingness for online learning. The study suggests some policies for the resilience and improvement of students' psychological readiness in developing countries, especially in Bangladesh.

Dynamics of Panic Disorders in the Study of Psychological Readiness of Personality for Professional Activity

The article highlights the results of the applied study "Development of psychological readiness of teachers for professional activities in the New Ukrainian School", conducted at the Ivan Ziaziun Institute of Pedagogical and Adult Education of NAES of Ukraine. The main tendencies and influence of anxiety states on the psychological readiness of the individual for professional activity during the implementation of the NUS Concept under the conditions of quarantine and war are analyzed. The peculiarities of the dynamics of panic disorders due to being under the conditions of hostilities are highlighted.

How does hotel employees’ psychological capital promote adaptive performance? The role of change readiness

This study investigated the links between psychological capital, adaptive performance, and change readiness in China's hotel industry, based on the theory of planned behavior and the conservation of resources theory. Recent studies have discovered that employees' attitudes to changes caused by uncertain factors could predict and explain their adaptive performance. This study raises the possibility of change readiness mediating the relationship between psychological capital and adaptive performance. Data were collected from 304 hotel employees in China, and the results revealed that 1) psychological capital can promote adaptive performance, and 2) change readiness completely mediates the association between psychological capital and adaptive performance. These findings contribute to developing a theoretical framework for psychological capital to encourage adaptive performance in the hotel industry and provide a new perspective on human resource management.

Relationship Between Patient-Reported Readiness for Total Knee Arthroplasty and Likelihood of a Good Outcome at One-Year Follow-Up.

To determine the relationship between patients' preoperative readiness for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and surgical outcome at 1 year post-TKA. This prospective cohort study recruited patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) who were ≥30 years and were referred for TKA at 2 hip/knee surgery centers in Alberta, Canada. Those who underwent primary unilateral TKA completed questionnaires prior to TKA to assess pain using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), physical disability using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score physical function short form, perceived arthritis coping efficacy, general self-efficacy, depressed mood using the Patient Health Questionnaire 8, body mass index, comorbidities, and TKA readiness (patient acceptable symptom state; willingness to undergo TKA); these same individuals also completed the above questionnaires 1 year post-TKA to assess surgical outcomes. A good TKA outcome was defined as an individual having improved knee symptoms, measured using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International-Outcome Measures in Rheumatology responder criteria, and overall satisfaction with results of the TKA. Poisson regression with robust error estimation was used to estimate the relative risk (RR) of a good outcome for exposures, before and after controlling for covariates. Of 1,272 TKA recipients assessed at 1 year post-TKA, 1,053 with data for the outcome assessed in the study were included (mean ± SD age 66.9 ± 8.8 years; 58.6% female). Most patients (87.8%) were definitely willing to undergo TKA and had "unacceptable" knee symptoms (79.7%). Among patients who underwent TKA, 78.1% achieved a good outcome. Controlling for pre-TKA OA-related disability, arthritis coping efficacy, comorbid hip symptoms, and depressed mood, definite willingness to undergo TKA and unacceptable knee symptoms were associated with a greater likelihood of a good TKA outcome, with adjusted RRs of 1.18 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.04-1.35) and 1.14 (95% CI 1.02-1.27), respectively. Among patients who underwent TKA for knee OA, patients' psychological readiness for TKA and willingness to undergo TKA were associated with a greater likelihood of a good outcome. Incorporation of these factors in TKA decision-making may enhance patient outcomes and appropriate the use of TKA.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY IN ACTUARIAL EDUCATION QUALITY IMPROVEMENT: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN UKRAINE

Formulation of the problem. The paper is a contribution to the discussion of the importance of English proficiency for the actuarial profession in the present-day globalized world. Given the fact that the system of actuarial education in Ukraine is currently at the stage of its formation and hence relies greatly on the international standards set by actuarial organizations, we hypothesize that an English language is an effective tool of professional advancement not only for qualified professionals but also for aspiring actuaries. The study aims to investigate interdependencies between good English skills, the development of actuarial education in Ukraine, and attaining internationally recognized actuarial credentials by Ukrainian actuarial candidates as well as the promotion of the profession of an actuary in the country. Materials and methods. The current research utilizes the qualitative methods of the pedagogical theoretical analysis (curricula, legislative documents, scientific resources) and observations illustrating the practice of actuarial professionals` training in Ukraine and as well as the analysis of international actuarial organizations` internal reports and documents; the authors also employ the synthesis of pedagogical knowledge to draw up some practical recommendations on the improvement of actuarial education in Ukraine. Results. The paper is one of the first comprehensive attempts to analyze the role of English proficiency in aspiring actuaries` professional development in Ukraine and to work out some recommendations on the issue. Based on the analysis of the relevant sources we have identified that English mastery can bring the actuarial profession and education in Ukraine to a qualitatively new level. However, English skills are not considered to be a priority at the level of the national educational norms and regulations. We suggest that possible ways out are improved English instruction, cooperation with international actuarial organizations, and forming psychological readiness in delegates and professionals to speak professional English publicly. Conclusion. The role of English competence for actuarial professionals in Ukraine should be prioritized since the profession itself is regulated by the international standards guiding particular eligibility criteria to be recognized by the word actuarial community as a qualified actuary worldwide. We believe that the proposed recommendations will improve actuarial professional education and the existing language training and will help to bring the profession in general to a qualitatively new level.

Association Between Meeting Return-to-Sport Criteria and Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Background:The relationship between meeting return-to-sport criteria and psychological readiness after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is unknown.Purposes:To examine (1) whether patients who met 1 of the criteria for return to sport had higher psychological readiness than those who did not meet any of the criteria and (2) if those who met more criteria had higher psychological readiness.Study Design:Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:This study included 144 patients who underwent unilateral ACL reconstruction. All patients had regularly participated in some sport activities before an ACL rupture. At 12 months postoperatively, each patient completed 3 knee function tests (isokinetic quadriceps strength, isokinetic hamstring strength, and single-leg hop distance) and 2 self-reported measures (International Knee Documentation Committee [IKDC] 2000 subjective form and ACL–Return to Sport after Injury [ACL-RSI] scale); the ACL-RSI scale was used to measure psychological readiness to return to sport. The 4 criteria for return to sport were a limb symmetry index (LSI) ≥90% for each of the 3 function tests in addition to an IKDC score ≥90. Multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the association between meeting the individual criteria and the ACL-RSI score. In addition, the patients were divided into 5 groups according to the number of criteria met, and the Kruskal-Wallis and Steel-Dwass tests were used to compare the ACL-RSI scores among the groups.Results:Overall, 23 patients (16.0%) met none of the criteria for return to sport, 27 (18.7%) met 1 of the criteria, 34 (23.6%) met 2 criteria, 35 (24.3%) met 3 criteria, and 25 (17.4%) met all 4 criteria. Meeting the criteria for the hamstring strength LSI (P = .002), single-leg hop distance LSI (P = .004), and IKDC subjective score (P < .001) was each associated with higher ACL-RSI scores. Significant differences in ACL-RSI scores were found between patients who met none versus 2, 3, and 4 of the return-to-sport criteria (P < .001 for all) and between patients who met 1 versus 4 criteria (P < .001).Conclusion:Meeting return-to-sport criteria was positively associated with psychological readiness, and the patients who met multiple criteria had higher psychological readiness.

Understanding the Progression of Function and Psychological Readiness of Pre-Adolescent Athletes Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background:Patient reported outcome measures (PROM) allow for a comprehensive assessment of physical and emotional factors not accounted for by functional performance testing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The ACL-RSI gauges an athlete’s psychological readiness to return to sport and recent evidence suggest this measure may help identify individuals at risk of secondary injury. Our current knowledge of how physical function and psychological preparedness change during recovery after ACLR in youth athletes it limited. Understanding the change and interplay between these factors will help optimize rehabilitation and improve patient care.Purpose:The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in psychological readiness (ACL-RSI), knee related function (Pedi-IKDC) and generalized activity (Pedi-FABS) throughout the course of rehabilitation in a group of pre-adolescents after ACLR.Methods:A prospective observational cohort study of pre-adolescent athletes who underwent ACLR within a single institution. All subjects had surgery between 12/2017-12/2020 and followed institutional specific protocol emphasizing clinical rehabilitation for a duration of 7-9 months. Subjects completed a series of PROM (ACL-RSI, Pedi-IKDC and Pedi-FABS) quarterly for the initial 12 months following ACLR. Friedman’s test for repeated measures and Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed Ranks Test with a Bonferonni correction (p <= 0.017) was used to determine if differences existed amongst each measure over time.Results:A total of 28 subjects were included in this analysis (21 male; mean age 12.43 ± 1.40 yrs). Pedi-FABS and Pedi-IKDC both demonstrated significant changes from 3 months (Pedi-FABS 2.63 ± 3.95, Pedi-IKDC 70.84 ± 11.36) to 6 months (Pedi-FABS 9.9 ± 8.55, Pedi-IKDC 87.05 ± 8.03) and from 6 to 9 months (Pedi-FABS 16.57 ± 6.88, Pedi-IKDC 94.40 ± 5.24) (p <= 0.017)(Figure 1 & 2). ACL-RSI approached significance for 3 months (57.81 ± 24.73) to 6 months (70.36 ± 19.77) (p = 0.019) and was definitively significant for changes between 6 to 9 months (85.83 ± 11.02) (p = 0.003) (Figure 3). No significant change was observed between 9-12 months post-operatively for any of these measures.Conclusion:In preadolescent athletes, steady improvements in generalized activity and knee function occur during the first 9 months following ACLR. Psychological readiness to return to sport trended upwards, but didn’t reach statistical significance until later in recovery. Beyond 9 months, physical function and psychological preparedness remain largely unchanged. These data support a prolonged recovery period is required to maximize self-reported function and psychological readiness after ACLR in preadolescent athletes.Figure 1.Median and Percentile distribution of Pedi-FABS scores over the initial 12 months following ACLR. Significant change in score was found to be from both 3 to 6 months and 6 to 9 months (p = 0.007 and 0.004, respectively)Figure 2.Median and Percentile distribution of Pedi-IKDC scores over the initial 12 months following ACLR. Significant change in score was found to be from both 3 to 6 months and 6 to 9 months (p = 0.000 and 0.001, respectively)Figure 3.Median and Percentile distribution of ACL-RSI scores over the initial 12 months following ACLR. Nearly significant change in score was noted from 3 to 6 months (p = 0.019). Significant change in score was found to be from 6 to 9 months (p = 0.003)

Paper 01: Quadriceps Tendon Autograft Exhibits Similar Outcomes at Return-to-Sport &amp; Two-Years When Compared to Patellar Tendon Autograft for Primary ACL Reconstruction

Objectives:Basic science evidence suggests that quadriceps tendon (QT) autograft is a viable alternative to bone-patellar-tendon-bone (PT) autograft for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction due to promising anatomic, histologic, and biomechanical factors. Little evidence exists, however, comparing short and long-term functional outcomes between these two graft sources in a primary setting. The purpose of this study was to compare graft re-injury rates, return to cutting/pivoting sports rates, complications, and self-reported knee function at two years in individuals receiving primary ACL reconstruction with QT versus PT autograft.Methods:A matched case-control study was conducted in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines using a single-surgeon ACL database of 1,324 patients to identify 108 (54 PT and 54 QT) patients undergoing primary ACL reconstruction between 2015-2018 (Figure 1). Patients were age and gender matched and between groups comparisons were examined at the time of return to sport and 24 months postoperatively. Data gathered at return to sport included knee range of motion (ROM), single leg squat and single leg hop symmetry, self-reported knee function (IKDC-2000, International Knee Disability Committee), and psychological readiness (ACL-RSI, ACL-Sport After Injury (ACL-RSI). Injury surveillance was conducted for 2-years to determine graft re-injury rates, and at 24-monts level of sports participation, the prevalence of anterior knee pain (Kujala Scale), and self-reported knee function via the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) scores were obtained. Univariate models were utilized to compare groups differences and an alpha of .05 was used to determine statistical significance using SPSS (version 25, IBM Inc., New York, USA).Results:No baseline patient or surgical demographic differences were observed between groups (Table 1). Patients receiving QT autograft had higher single leg squat symmetry (98.2 ±2.8% v 96.1 ±3.0%, P = .001) at time of return to sport. No significant differences existed at time of return to sport (Table 2) regarding knee ROM, single-leg hop test symmetry, self-reported knee function, psychological readiness, or time to return to sport (8.4 +2.5 mo vs 8.1 ±3.5 mo; P = .486). At two years, there were no significant differences in re-injury rates (0.0% vs 1.2%, P=.383), the prevalence of anterior knee pain, or SANE scores (Table 3). The PT group were significantly more likely to be participating in level I/II (cutting) sports (84.9% vs 69.2%, P=.001) at two years.Conclusions:Patients receiving QT autografts demonstrated comparable self-reported and functional outcomes at time of return to sport and two-year follow-up to those receiving PT autografts. Surgeons should consider utilizing similar rehabilitation timelines and functional performance goals for patients following ACL reconstruction with QT and PT graft options.

Did the Covid-19 Pandemic Affect Psychological Readiness to Return-To-Sport in Young Athletes Undergoing ACL Reconstruction?

Background:Return-to-sport (RTS) following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is influenced by multiple physical and psychological variables. Psychological readiness has been associated with improved patient reported outcomes as well as RTS rates in young athletes. The COVID-19 pandemic may have altered the typical recovery process for patients undergoing ACLR.Hypothesis/Purpose:To compare 6-month postoperative levels of psychological readiness to RTS in ACLR patients before and during the pandemic.Methods:Patients were prospectively enrolled 6 months after primary ACLR at a single academic sports medicine practice, from December 2018 until May 2021. Patients were categorized into pre-COVID (enrollment prior to March 13, 2020) and COVID groups (March 13, 2020 - May 26, 2021). Demographic information, outcomes scores including the ACL-Return to Sport after Injury Scale (RSI) and PROMIS Psychological Stress Experiences (PROMIS-PSE), and physician RTS clearance were obtained and compared for both groups. Comparisons were performed utilizing Chi-square, Student’s t-tests and linear regression. A matched analysis was conducted between groups controlling for age, sex, and graft type.Results:231 patients were included in the present study (89 males, 142 females; mean age 16.9 years), with 76% (176/231) in the pre-COVID group and 24% (55/231) in the COVID group. There were no significant differences in age and sex between the two population cohorts. There was a significant difference in time from surgery to enrollment in the COVID group compared to the pre-COVID group (7.1 vs 6.2 months, p<0.001). In the matched cohort (n=126, 37/126 COVID group), the COVID group was cleared earlier by their physician to RTS compared to the pre-COVID group (6.9 months vs 8.5 months, p<0.001). While there was no significant difference between groups in 6 month ACL-RSI scores (63.8 pre-COVID vs 66.6 COVID, p=0.48), both groups yielded globally low scores. There were no significant associations between matched groups in PROMIS-PSE (p=0.71), IKDC (p=0.55), Pedi-IKDC (p=0.15), and Pedi-FABS (p=0.77) scores (Table 1).Conclusion:Young athletes demonstrated similar levels of psychological readiness to RTS at 6 months following ACLR prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Patient-reported outcome scores were similar in pre-COVID and COVID ACLR patients, suggesting that the pandemic may not have played a detrimental role in perceptions of recovery. Psychological readiness may not be fully optimized at 6 months post-ACLR and young athletes may benefit from additional time and training for progressive confidence, muscle strength, and performance.Table 1.Matched cohort outcomes comparing enrollment periods (n=126).

Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport at 6 Months is Higher After Bridge-Enhanced ACL Repair than Autograft ACL Reconstruction

Background:Prior clinical studies have shown that psychological factors have a significant effect on an athlete’s readiness to return to sport following ACL reconstruction (ACLR).Hypothesis/Purpose:We hypothesized that patients who underwent Bridge-Enhanced ACL Repair (BEAR) would have higher levels of psychological readiness for return to sport compared to ACLR, and baseline characteristics and 6-month outcomes would predict psychological readiness at 6 months following an ACL surgical procedure.Methods:100 patients (median age 17 years; median pre-operative Marx Activity Score 16) with complete mid-substance ACL injuries were randomized to either the BEAR procedure (n=65) or autograft ACLR (n=35) and underwent surgery within 45 days of injury. Objective, functional, and patient-reported outcomes, including the ACL-Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) scale, were assessed at 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months.Results:Patients who underwent the BEAR procedure had significantly higher ACL-RSI scores at 6 months compared to those that underwent an ACLR (71.1 vs 58.2, p=.008), and scores were similar at 12 months and 24 months. Baseline factors independently predictive of higher ACL-RSI scores at 6 months were having a BEAR procedure and participating in Level 1 sports prior to injury, which explained 15% of the variability in ACL-RSI scores. Regression analysis of baseline and 6-month outcomes as predictors indicated that the IKDC score at 6 months explained 45% of the 6-month ACL-RSI variance. Subsequent analysis, with IKDC excluded from the model, indicated that decreased pain, increased hamstring and quadriceps strength in the surgical limb, and decreased side-to-side difference in AP knee laxity were significant predictors of a higher ACL-RSI score at 6 months, explaining 34% of the variability in ACL-RSI scores. Higher ACL-RSI scores at 6 months were associated with earlier clearance to return to sports.Conclusion:Patients who underwent the BEAR procedure had higher ACL-RSI scores at 6 months after surgery. Better ACL-RSI scores at 6 months were related most strongly to higher IKDC scores at 6 months. Lower pain levels, better muscle recovery, and less knee laxity at 6-months post-surgery were also associated with improved ACL-RSI scores at that time point.

A Return to Sport Test Battery does not Predict Second Injury After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Adolescent Athletes

Background:There is mixed evidence on the effectiveness of return to sport test (RTST) batteries and their ability to predict second Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury. The majority of tests in the literature include objective measures of strength, hop test distance, knee range of motion and laxity, and measures of psychological readiness to return. Few RTST batteries include movement quality assessments.Purpose:To determine the effectiveness of a RTST test battery, including qualitative movement assessments, to predict second ACL injury in adolescent athletes after primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (ACLR).Methods:A retrospective chart review of 77 adolescent athletes who underwent primary ACLR between 2014 and 2018 (55 males, age at surgery 16 + 2 years, BMI 25 ± 5) was conducted. All athletes completed a RTST battery consisting of psychological assessment with the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-11), lateral step down test (LSDT), Tuck jump assessment (TJA), single leg hop testing (SLHT) including the single, triple, and triple crossover hop for distance, and an evaluation of cutting performance. The LSDT, SLHT’s and cutting task were evaluated using a qualitative movement assessment checklist, which awarded a point for each movement fault identified. Athletes passed the RTST if they scored <19 on the TSK-11, <2 on the LSDT, <3 on all SLHT’s with a Limb Symmetry index > 95%, < 5 on the TJA and, < 2 on the cutting assessment. All variables were analyzed descriptively. For continuous variables, median and interquartile ranges (IQR) were reported and Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to assess the differences. For categorical variables, frequency and proportion were reported and chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was used to assess differences between “no second ACL injury” and “second ACL injury” groups.Results:Overall, 14.2% of athletes (N=11) suffered a second ACL injury (81.8% males). Median Tegner score in both groups was 7 (IQR: 7-9). Median time to RTS clearance was significantly different between the no second ACL injury and second ACL injury groups (10 [IQR: 8-12] vs 8[IQR:8-9] months; p=0.017). A total of 66.2% of athletes (N= 51) passed the RTST. Of those who suffered a second ACL injury, 63.6% passed the RTS. There was no statistically significant difference between those who passed the RTST and those that did not on the occurrence of second ACL injury.Conclusion:A RTST battery including qualitative movement assessments does not predict second ACL injury in adolescent athletes after ACLR.

The Association Between Physical Competence and Psychological Response Among Young Athletes Following ACL Reconstruction

Background:The traditional index of return to sport (RTS) readiness following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is the achievement of physical competence criteria. Emerging research indicates that psychological response and self-perceptions of physical competence may be critical for successful RTS among young athletes.Hypothesis/Purpose:The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that young athletes with higher actual and perceived physical competence will demonstrate a more positive psychological response at time of RTS after ACLR.Methods:Thirty-eight athletes (median age=16.9 years [IQR: 16.1, 18.8]) following primary ACLR completed testing within 8 weeks of medical clearance to RTS. All participants completed isokinetic knee extension strength (180°/s) and single-limb crossover hop for distance, in addition to the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Self-Perception Profile Athletic Competence, and ACL Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) questionnaires. Criteria for the achievement of actual (APC) and perceived physical competence (PPC) were operationally defined based on established age- and activity-relevant cutoff scores (Table 1). Psychological response was assessed with ACL-RSI overall score, in addition to each ACL-RSI subscale score (Emotions, Confidence, Risk Appraisal). Multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine differences in ACL-RSI scores based on achievement of APC and PPC, while adjusting for age and sex.Results:Of the 38 participants, 9 (23.7%) were able to meet all criteria for High APC, while 29 (76.3%) participants were categorized as Low APC. Twenty-one (55.3%) of the 38 participants were categorized as Very Good PPC, and 17 (44.7%) were categorized as Somewhat Good PPC. The regression model for overall ACL-RSI score was significant (F (4,33) = 5.224, p=0.002, adj. R2 = 0.313), with age explaining 26.4% of the total variance (p=0.001). In evaluating the ACL-RSI subscales, the regression model for the ACL-RSI Emotions score was significant (F(4,33) = 7.760, p<0.001, adj. R2 = 0.422), with age, sex, and PPC explaining 33.9% (p<0.001), 7.0% (p=0.04), and 7.7% (p=0.03) of the total variance, respectively. Lastly, the regression model for ACL-RSI Risk Appraisal score (F(4,33) = 3.416, p=0.019, adj. R2 = 0.207) was significant, with age and PPC explaining 10.5% (p=0.034) and 12.9% (p=0.02) of the total variance, respectively (Table 2).Conclusion:In partial accordance with our hypothesis, higher PPC, but not APC, was significantly associated with a more positive psychological response among young athletes after ACLR. Interventions to improve self-perceptions of competence may optimize psychological readiness to RTS.Table 1.Actual and Perceived Physical Competence CriteriaTable 2.Results of Standard Multiple Regression of Competence on ACL-RSI Scores

Sports and Physical Activity Attenuate the Emotional Toll of the Covid-19 Pandemic

Background:The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the alterations or restrictions of youth sports and physical activity. These changes may have had negative ramifications on anxiety and both physical and psychological readiness to return to sport in youth athletes.Hypothesis/Purpose:Our purpose was to investigate the relationships between the physical and mental health ramifications on youth athletes during restricted sport activities that resulted from COVID-19 stay-at-home orders. Our hypothesis was that youth athletes who participated in a similar or greater volume of organized sports would have less anxiety during the COVID-19 stay-at-home orders compared with those who reported a decrease in organized sport volume.Methods:Our cross-sectional study evaluated male and female athletes who competed in club sports (e.g., non-school sponsored) at the time of questionnaire completion. All participants completed an online questionnaire between July 15, 2020 and August 10, 2020. We asked participants to report the average hours/week they spent in organized sports or physical activity unrelated to their sport prior to COVID-19 and currently. We grouped participants on whether they had a decrease or increase/no change in their reported activity level. Participants also completed the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 questionnaire.Results:A total of 192 participants (13.0±2.2 years of age; range= 6-18 years, 56% female) completed the study. On average, participants reported 2.3 (SD+5.2) fewer hours of sport training per week during the COVID-19 stay-at-home orders compared to prior. Over half (56%) of participants reported a decreased training volume during stay-at-home orders, and 44% reported a similar or increased training volume (Table 1). The respondents reporting decreased training volumes had significantly greater anxiety scores than those who reported similar training volumes (Figure 1). After adjusting for the potential confounders of age, sex, and body size, decreased training volumes during stay-at-home orders were significantly associated with higher anxiety levels (β coefficient = 2.02; 95% confidence interval = 0.64, 3.41; p = 0.005). Those with decreased training volumes were more likely to report feeling undertrained (72% vs 30%, p<0.001) and less physically ready to return to sport (56% vs 88%, p<0.001) compared to those with similar/increased training volumes (Table 1).Conclusion:The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in decreased training volumes and higher anxiety scores (mean difference= 1.9 GAD-7 points, 95% confidence interval= 0.6, 3.2) compared with athletes who reported similar/increased training volumes. Lastly, those in the decreased training cohort felt both under-trained and less physically ready to return to sports.Table 1.Demographic and exercise characteristics of the three respondent groups.Figure 1.Violin plot describing the distribution of GAD-7 anxiety scores in each group. Data are presented as median (center dot) and interquartile range (box around the median). The shaded blue area represents the probability density of data at each GAD-7 level, smoothed using a kernel density estimator

Paper 15: Return to Play after Biceps Tenodesis for Isolated SLAP Tears in Overhead Athletes

Objectives:The purpose of the current study was to investigate clinical outcomes in overhead athletes undergoing biceps tenodesis for the treatment of symptomatic, isolated SLAP tears involving the biceps-labral complex.Methods:A retrospective review of overhead athletes who underwent biceps tenodesis for a SLAP tear was performed. The American Shoulder & Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV), patient satisfaction, willingness to undergo surgery again, revisions, and return to play (RTP) were evaluated. Psychological readiness to return to sport was evaluated using the SLAP-Return to Sport after Injury (SLAP-RSI) score. A p value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.Results:The current study included 44 overhead athletes. The mean age was 34.9 (16-46), 79.5% were males, and the mean follow-up was 49 months (18-107). Overall, we found that 81.8% of patients returned to play their overhead sport following biceps tenodesis, and 59.1% of patients returned to the same or higher level of play. It took patients on average 8.7 months to return to play following biceps tenodesis. The mean SLAP-RSI score was 69.3, and 70.5 % of patients passed the SLAP-RSI threshold of 56. The mean scores for ASES, VAS, SSV, and satisfaction were 92, 0.8, 80.5, and 87.9%, respectively. No patients in our cohort required a revision surgery.Conclusions:This study found that athletes undergoing biceps tenodesis as the treatment for a symptomatic, isolated SLAP tear had a high rate of return to play, good functional outcomes, and a low rate of revision surgery.

Psychological intervention for school adaptation optimization at the beginning of studies

The present article is devoted to a review of experimental researches on psychological intervention strategies to optimize a child’s socio-psychosocial adaptation to school. The basic factors that infl uence school adaptation are noted: motivation, communication, building social relations with teachers and classmates. The approaches, structure and content of the psychologist’s work are presented. The basis of adaptation at the initial stage of education represents the good psychological readiness of the child for school. The present study highlights the fact that the level of child’s adaptation at school infl uences his involvement in the educational space, his educational success and school performance.

Sport-Specific Amcamp: New Modular Tools For Measuring Adolescent Self-Confidence in Sport-Specific Movement

Background:Despite increasing interest throughout sports rehabilitation in psychological factors that affect outcome such as the impact of self-efficacy on readiness to return to play, few clinical tools are available to assess a patient’s self-confidence in performing sports-specific movement patterns in the pediatric/adolescent population prior to return to sport.Hypothesis/Purpose:The purpose of this study was to develop and validate sports-specific modules to supplement a general measure of movement self-efficacy, the Adolescent Measure of Confidence and Movement Performance (AMCaMP) and provide clinicians with reliable and valid tools to assess adolescent self-confidence in performing sports-specific movements.Methods:After preliminary testing for readability and ease of administration, we administered one of 12 sport-specific modules pertinent to the individual’s sport (baseball, softball, basketball, football, gymnastics, cheerleading, soccer, ballet, swimming, lacrosse, tennis, and cross country), to a total of 14,744 patients, 11-18 years of age, who were drawn from 12 pediatric sports physical therapy facilities in a single health care system. Respondents completed the assigned sport-specific self-report questionnaire both at their initial visits and upon conclusion of their episodes of care. Results were analyzed using classical test theory measures including but not limited to factor analysis suitability, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis.Results:Based on sample sizes, Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity, and Kaiser-Myer-Olkin measures, nine of the 12 candidate modules (baseball, softball, basketball, football, gymnastics, cheerleading, soccer, ballet, and swimming) were deemed suitable for factor analysis. The sample for each module was then divided into a test sample and a validation sample to avoid model overfitting and to check for generalizability. Exploratory factor analysis revealed an underlying structure ranging from one to three factors depending upon the particular module. Subsequent confirmatory factor analyses fully supported the hypothesized factor structures for each module except swimming. Additional analyses to determine coefficient alpha (range=0.8-0.976), Standard Error of Measurement (range=1.12-2.33), and Minimum Detectable Change (range=3.1-6.47) confirmed the reliability of each of these modules.Conclusion:The AMCAMP sport-specific modules are reliable and valid self-report tools to capture self-confidence in performing essential movements specific to a sport and supplement the AMCAMP’s evaluation of self-efficacy in performing the general movements of everyday life. The results of this study support the use of the AMCAMP sport-specific modules as a reliable and valid self-report instruments as part of the overall clinical evaluation of psychological readiness to return to sport.

Emotional security as a condition for preventing fear of terrorism

Introduction. Terrorophobia is today one of those fears that are commonly called global. The fear of terrorism as a real threat to private life becomes social and not every government is able to prevent terrorist attacks committed on its territory.Purpose setting. Prevention of the emergence and development of terrorophobia is, coming from society and the individual himself, a specific barrier to the fear of terrorism as an action and a social phenomenon as a whole. We believe that the main factor contributing to the overcoming of terrorophobia coming from society is educational activities. A factor coming from the individual (family) upbringing and self-education. The purpose of these three processes is one – the emotional protection of the individual from fears of different qualitative certainty. Analysis of emotional security as a factor in the prevention of terrorophobia.Methodology and methods of the study. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was made up of the main provisions of the subject-activity, system and functional approaches developed by domestic and foreign scientists.Results. The article proclaims the thesis that the emotional security of the subject, formed and developed at the personal level, is the most important condition (along with many others) of prevention and "experiencing" both the threat of terrorism itself and the terrorist attack itself as an action, a witness (and even a victim ) which any individual can become. Educational potential is a factor contributing to an increase in emotional security through psychological readiness, extensive communications and the improvement of one’s intellectual level.Conclusion. The goal of emotional security is always twofold: overcoming fears of any etiology and conscious reflection on the impossibility of their absolute overcoming. In the extreme, the goal is to teach yourself to live in conditions of uncertainty.