Psychoemotional Stress Research Articles

Stress and the cardiovascular system performance: current state of the problem (literature overview)

Annotation. Today, the adaptation of people during the warin Ukraine is an important medical and social problem, and for many it serves as an extreme factor affecting changes in the dynamics of physiological processes. Stress is a universal adaptive reaction that causes changes in the functioning of all body systems. One of the adverse consequences of chronic psychological stress is the development of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of the work is to systematize and analyze the existing problematic aspects of the influence of stress on the activity of the cardiovascular system and to separate the most substantiated approaches to assessing the effects of stress. From the GoogleScholar, PubMed data bases, 45 recent publications on this issue were selected and reviewed. The analysis of literary sources determines the growing interest in the problem of reactivity of the cardiovascular system to psycho-emotional stress. The impact of stress on the human body can be both positive and negative. When stress is short-lived and very strong, it has a beneficial effect, and, on the contrary, if it is intense, acute and long-lasting, it has an adverse effect. One of the tools for objective assessment of stress is heart rate variability, which is recognized as an indicator of autonomic nervous activity. The work examines the invariance of heart rate variability indicators as indicators of the body's stress resistance in the modern distressed anthropogenic environment. Thus, the determination of changes in the regulation of the activity of the cardiovascular system caused by stress at the initial stages has an important prognostic value regarding the development and prevention of possible cardiovascular complications. Observation of stress-related changes in heart rate variability can be used to objectively assess stress. It is worth emphasizing the predictive value of the heart rate variability assessment method, rather than its physiological interpretation.

Харчування і стрес: виклики воєнного стану

The relevance of the problem lies in the fact that today's wartime causes distress in the majority of the population, which affects all systems and structures of the body and leads to psychosomatic disorders. The body's reaction to prolonged round-the-clock stress is accompanied by the depletion of relevant vitamins and microelements involved in stress adaptation mechanisms, and the accompanying polynutrient deficiency deepens the consequences of distress. The purpose of the work: based on the principles of nutrition of people with increased psycho-emotional stress, to determine the necessary food products and the most important nutrients for alimentary prevention of chronic stress and stress adaptation during martial law. The results. The conducted analysis shows that even in the difficult conditions of wartime, it is possible to reduce anxiety and reduce stress by correcting the diet. To support the body, it will be enough to consume even the simplest, budget products. You should consume protein foods (both animal and vegetable protein) and avoid foods with a high content saturated (solid) fats and sugar, because they only give a small influx of energy, and in the future lead to negative consequences. Conclusions. A diet with a high content of fiber and fresh vegetables is necessary, providing an anti-stress reserve and a resource of vitamins A, C, group B and necessary trace elements. In addition, various cereals, bread, starchy vegetables contain slow carbohydrates, which will help maintain a feeling of satiety. Correcting and minimally diversifying food will help strengthen sleep, calm the nervous system and reduce stress.

Assessing the level of psycho-emotional stress in students using biochemical analysis of saliva

Introduction. At the initial stage of professionalization of future teachers, the assessment of neuropsychic stability is of particular importance. The 1st-year students are most susceptible to stress, since the stability of the psyche (moral, personal, and emotional) is in the process of formation, therefore, their ability to overcome educational stress and develop a stable motivation for higher education depends on the success of the adaptation period. In order to achieve optimal adaptation of students, various tactical and strategic programs have been developed, however, there are a large number of methods for evaluating results that are not unified and require long-term data processing for various tests. In this connection, a new approach is needed to assess the level of stress for operational control in the process of adaptation measures. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the usage of the biochemical analysis of saliva to assess the level of psycho-emotional stress during the implementation of a set of adaptive measures aimed at overcoming educational stress and the formation of sustainable motivation for learning. Materials and Methods. We used sociological (questionnaire), analytical (biochemical) and statistical research methods. The study involved 105 students (age between 18.3 ± 0.3 years) who underwent a survey to determine the integral indicator of mental tension in accordance with the Lemoure-Tessier-Fillion scale modified by N. E. Vodopyanova. In all volunteers, we determined the content of cortisol, thyroid-stimulating hormone, testosterone, secretory immunoglobulin class A in saliva, as well as the mineral composition, the content of total protein and catalase activity, the content of substrates for peroxidation processes lipids and endogenous intoxication. The study was conducted twice: in the first week of the academic year and after the winter examination session. Results. It is shown that at the beginning of the academic year, the level of psycho-emotional stress is higher, while after the winter examination session, adaptation takes place. The more stressed subgroup is characterized by increased levels of cortisol both at the beginning of the year and after the winter examination session. The authors revealed statistically significant differences in the content of total protein, products of endogenous intoxication, concentration of salivary cations between groups with different stress resistance. The authors suggest that the biochemical composition of saliva characterizes the "background" level of stress, which is not detected by traditional questionnaire methods. Conclusions. The article concludes that the study has shown that the subjective assessment of the level of stress resistance correlates to changes in the biochemical parameters of saliva, which can complement the questionnaire methods and be used in the process of monitoring a set of adaptive measures.

ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AMONG MEDICAL WORKERS. ANALYSIS. EVALUATION

The aim. To examine the impact of individual medical and social factors, including work experience, lifestyle and living conditions, excess body weight, metabolic syndrome, types of circadian rhythms of blood pressure, and heredity, on the frequency of arterial hypertension (hypertensive disease - HD) formation.
 Materials and methods. The study involved the collection of anamnestic data, conducting interviews, performing objective examinations, and monitoring blood pressure in 391 medical workers, predominantly from therapeutic, surgical, and intensive care backgrounds. The obtained data were statistically processed using probability assessment criteria, risks assessed through odds ratio (OR), and ROC analysis.
 The results. The study revealed that only 33% of medical workers have a normal body weight. The risk of developing hypertensive disease (HD) is 3.24 times higher in the group with excess body weight and 8.72 times higher in the group with obesity compared to the examined subjects with normal body weight (p<0.0001). Daily blood pressure monitoring results showed a statistically significant difference in 12 out of the 21 studied parameters (p<0.05) between patients with HD, with and without metabolic syndrome. This indicates that the presence of metabolic syndrome affects the severity of hypertensive disease. Additionally, a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in the distribution of circadian rhythm types of blood pressure between groups with and without hypertension. It was established that there is a predominance of unfavorable types of circadian blood pressure rhythm in medical worker groups experiencing high professional psycho-emotional stress (78.1-85.5%). Recognizing the risk factors for HD occurrence in medical workers can significantly enhance the effectiveness of a comprehensive hypertensive disease prevention program, leading to reduced blood pressure levels and a lower frequency of complications.
 Conclusions. It has been established that excess body weight is a risk factor for the development of hypertensive disease (HD) in medical personnel. The presence of metabolic syndrome has been proven to affect the severity of the hypertensive disease course. There is a certain association between disruptions in circadian blood pressure rhythms, professional psycho-emotional stress, and the development of arterial hypertension in medical workers of certain specialties. The prognostically significant threshold level of work experience for the formation of a group at an increased risk of developing HD is 11 years.

Heart rate variability is a marker of the risk of maladaptation of students of various educational institutions

A comparative analysis of the level of adaptive capabilities of cadet corps and secondary school students based on the study of heart rate variability. Materials and methods: Cadets (n = 64) and schoolchildren (n = 86) aged 1012 years took part in the study; spectral parameters of the heart rate were evaluated at rest and under conditions of an active orthostatic test. Results: It was found that the severity of the HF component of the heart rate decreases with age in cadets, which indicates a decrease in the effects of the parasympathetic system, (40.2 8.7) % at 10 years and (25.1 3.6) % at 12 years; р = 0.024. At the age of 12, the values of LF (р = 0.034), LF/HF (р = 0.031) and SI (р = 0.041) in cadets are higher than in schoolchildren, and HF (р = 0.022) are lower. During the active orthostatic test, the cadets showed a decrease in K30:15, as well as an increase in LF (р = 0.035), LF/HF (р = 0.041) and TI (р = 0.038), which demonstrates the predominance of the central contour of regulation. Conclusions: 1) spectral analysis of the heart rate indicates a marked increase in the stress of adaptive mechanisms with age in the cadets of the Cossack corps, which reflects increased physical, intellectual and psycho-emotional stress compared with schoolchildren; 2) spectral characteristics of heart rate variability can be used as sensitive markers of stress of physiological systems and a decrease in adaptive reserves.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE PLANT ADAPTOGENE "VICTORIN" ON THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IN PERSONS WITH INCREASED THERMAL SENSITIVITY.


 
 Abstract. Introduction. Global warming is the most urgent environmental problem today. It has been established that the optimal functioning of the cardiovascular system is necessary for the survival of the human body in the conditions of climate change. Such means as adaptogens are used to increase the body's resistance to adverse environmental factors. 
 The aim of the study. To study the influence of the plant adaptogen "Victorin" on the functional state of the cardiovascular system of healthy individuals with increased sensitivity to heat.
 Research materials and methods. 14 healthy students aged 17-20 years with increased sensitivity to temperature were selected. All persons were suggested to use 1 capsule of the herbal preparation "Victorin" daily in the first half of the day for 30 days. Assessment of subjective changes in the general state, well-being and functional state of the cardiovascular system using the Robinson index, the index of the response of the cardiovascular system to psycho-emotional stress, the Kerdo index, determination of adaptation potential according to the method of R.M. Baevsky was conducted on the 1st, 15th and 30th days of the study.
 Research results. All those examined on the 30th day of the study noted that they feel better heat tolerance, feel more comfortable in conditions of increased ambient temperature. The established tendency to decrease the average value of the Robinson index by 10 n.u. (10.1%), compared to the 1st day of the study. The average value of the index of the response of the cardiovascular system to psycho-emotional stress on the 30th day decreased by 0.147 n.u. (11%) (p<0.01). After a 30-day intake of the plant adaptogen "Victorin", a decrease in the tone of the sympathetic nervous system and its shift towards autonomous balance was revealed. The value of adaptation potential on the 30th day of the study is 9.3% less, compared to the initial indicators (р<0.01). 
 Conclusions. Taking a plant adaptogen in people with a higher sensitivity to heat caused a tendency to increase the reserve capacity of the cardiovascular system and its more economical activity, contributed to an increase in stress resistance, a decrease in the tone of the sympathetic nervous system, and an increase in the adaptation potential.
 

Маркери психоемоційного стресу у жінок київського регіону в період російсько-української війни

War-related stress (WSR) leads to disruption of vital physiological functions, which can accelerate the development of age-related pathology and early mortality. Therefore, the study of the impact of SPV on the functioning of various body systems requires an in-depth analysis. The purpose of the study is to assess the level of psycho-emotional stress, anxiety, and depression and to investigate their influence on indicators of endothelial function, lipid, carbohydrate metabolism, autonomic nervous regulation of the cardiovascular system) in women of the Kyiv region during the Russian-Ukrainian war. 56 women aged 30-78 were examined (average age - 53.45 ± 1.6 years), who had been in the Kyiv region without permission since the beginning of the Russian-Ukrainian war (February 24, 2022). The control group consisted of 79 women aged 29-85 years, (average age - 56.46 ± 1.44 years), who were examined before the start of the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2018-2021. Anthropometric parameters, fasting plasma glucose level and standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), serum lipid concentration, plasma cortisol level were determined. The function of the endothelium of microvessels was studied by the method of laser Doppler flowmetry in a sample with reactive post-occlusion hyperemia, the state of autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system by the method of heart rhythm variability analysis. Psychoemotional state using the PLC-5 scale, Beck depression scale, Spielberger-Hanin test, the state of cognitive function was studied using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) A statistically significant increase in the level of cortisol, as an important marker of WSR, was revealed, compared to the control group. Excessive psycho-emotional stress of the body during the war is also evidenced by the predominance of the sympathetic link of autonomous nervous regulation in women. The development of endothelial dysfunction and the negative impact of WSR on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were confirmed, which was combined with a decrease in mental performance indicators, an increase in the levels of personal and situational anxiety, and depression. An increase in the level of cortisol and the activity of the sympathetic link of the autonomic nervous system indicates the presence of chronic psychoemotional stress, which increases the levels of anxiety and depression, reduces the mental performance of women in war conditions and leads to the development of endothelial dysfunction, disorders of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.

Dynamics of psycho-emotional state and movement activity of students of higher educational institutions

The armed conflict provoked the spread of signs of emotional distress among students of higher educational institutions. It is known that the process of students' adaptation to unfavorable living conditions accelerates the use of means of health- improving physical activity. Therefore, the actual direction of research is to study how students were able to adapt to adverse living conditions. The purpose of the study is to determine the dynamics of the psycho-emotional state of university students in the conditions of a military conflict, depending on the occupations in health-improving physical activity. Results. The study, which took place in three waves and lasted from April 20, 2022 to May 25, 2023, involved 1,704 university students from different regions of Ukraine. As it turned out, a significant part of students have psychological problems. At the same time, less than half of them lead an active lifestyle. It is proved that at the moment, compared with the beginning of active hostilities in the country, the proportion of students who reported the presence of psychological problems and the use of sedatives increased statistically significantly (p<0.05) by 4.5 and 3.1%, respectively. . At the same time, the proportion of students who systematically or rather systematically engage in recreational physical activity decreased by 2.3% (p<0.05). Conclusions. The results that we obtained in the course of the study prove that it is necessary to use the means of health-improving physical activity that are available to students under martial law. This will help them reduce psycho-emotional stress and adapt to difficult circumstances.

Analysis of birth rate, neonatal morbidity, and mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic and martial law in Ukraine

Background. Ukraine is currently experiencing a rapid decline in fertility due to the COVID-19 pandemic and martial law. The purpose was to study birth rate fluctuations and changes in the structure of early neonatal morbidity and mortality at Kyiv City Maternity Hospital 6 during the COVID-19 pandemic and martial law and to compare the obtained findings with national statistical data. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis and assessment of birth rate fluctuations, early neonatal morbidity, and mortality were carried out for 2020–2022 using both the health care industry statistics and the data obtained from Kyiv City Maternity Hospital 6. Results. Increased morbidity and high psycho-emotional stress levels among pregnant women contributed to a more frequent occurrence of neonatal disorders associated primarily with intrauterine hypoxia and perinatal infection. The improvements in newborn care and concurrent reduction in the preterm birth rate at the maternity hospital providing level II perinatal care services have been associated with a decreased rate of early neonatal mortality over the past three years. Conclusions. The use of modern fetal monitoring technologies, the timely diagnosis and treatment of perinatal pathology, and improvements in the organization of newborn care help preserve child health and prevent mortality.

Assessment of daily blood pressure parameters in patients after injury

ABSTRACT. Many studies have highlighted the impact of various significant risk factors on the occurrence of arterial hypertension. However, few papers have examined the effect of psychoemotional factors as important contributors to the risk of arterial hypertension for such a specific population group as contracted servicemen performing military service under conditions of performing special tasks. Furthermore, there is a lack of data on the daily profile of blood pressure in this particular group of individuals. This thesis aims to substantiate the claim that injury, as a risk factor, greatly influences changes in the daily profile of blood pressure. The study examined 118 patients, divided into an experimental group (65 people) and a control group (53 people). The daily profile of blood pressure was assessed using continuous ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Questionnaires were used to evaluate the quality of sleep, anxiety, and depression. The findings indicated that the patients of the experimental group, following trauma, exhibited a higher index of systolic and diastolic blood pressure duration, while the mean values remained within the normal range. Additionally, these patients more frequently exhibited a blood pressure profile characterized by an insufficient nocturnal decrease in blood pressure, known as non-dipping. This could be attributed to impaired sleep quality, as well as subclinically significant manifestations of anxiety and depression caused by stress. The early detection of changes in the index of systolic and diastolic blood pressure duration, along with deviations in the daily blood pressure profile observed through continuous ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, would enable specialists to promptly address alterations in the hemodynamics of these patients and prescribe appropriate therapy. Therefore, psychoemotional stress in people who have experienced trauma is one of the trigger mechanisms for increased blood pressure. If left unaddressed, this can progress to persistent arterial hypertension.

Pathological Heart Rate Regulation in Apparently Healthy Individuals.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in adults worldwide. There is one common pathophysiological aspect present in all cardiovascular diseases-dysfunctional heart rhythm regulation. Taking this aspect into consideration for cardiovascular risk predictions opens important research perspectives, allowing for the development of preventive treatment techniques. The aim of this study was to find out whether certain pathologically appearing signs in the heart rate variability (HRV) of an apparently healthy person, even with high HRV, can be defined as biomarkers for a disturbed cardiac regulation and whether this can be treated preventively by a drug-free method. This multi-phase study included 218 healthy subjects of either sex, who consecutively visited the physician at Gesundheit clinic because of arterial hypertension, depression, headache, psycho-emotional stress, extreme weakness, disturbed night sleep, heart palpitations, or chest pain. In study phase A, baseline measurement to identify individuals with cardiovascular risks was done. Therefore, standard HRV, as well as the new cardiorhythmogram (CRG) method, were applied to all subjects. The new CRG analysis used here is based on the recently introduced LF drops and HF counter-regulation. Regarding the mechanisms of why these appear in a steady-state cardiorhythmmogram, they represent non-linear event-based dynamical HRV biomarkers. The next phase of the study, phase B, tested whether the pathologically appearing signs identified via CRG in phase A could be clinically influenced by drug-free treatment. In order to validate the new CRG method, it was supported by non-linear HRV analysis in both phase A and in phase B. Out of 218 subjects, the pathologically appearing signs could be detected in 130 cases (60%), p < 0.01, by the new CRG method, and by the standard HRV analysis in 40 cases (18%), p < 0.05. Thus, the CRG method was able to detect 42% more cases with pathologically appearing cardiac regulation. In addition, the comparative CRG analysis before and after treatment showed that the pathologically appearing signs could be clinically influenced without the use of medication. After treatment, the risk group decreased eight-fold-from 130 people to 16 (p < 0.01). Therefore, progression of the detected pathological signs to structural cardiac pathology or arrhythmia could be prevented in most of the cases. However, in the remaining risk group of 16 apparently healthy subjects, 8 people died due to all-cause mortality. In contrast, no other subject in this study has died so far. The non-linear parameter which is able to quantify the changes in CRGs before versus after treatment is FWRENYI4 (symbolic dynamic feature); it decreased from 2.85 to 2.53 (p < 0.001). In summary, signs of pathological cardiac regulation can be identified by the CRG analysis of apparently healthy subjects in the early stages of development of cardiac pathology. Thus, our method offers a sensitive biomarker for cardiovascular risks. The latter can be influenced by non-drug treatments (acupuncture) to stop the progression into structural cardiac pathologies or arrhythmias in most but not all of the patients. Therefore, this could be a real and easy-to-use supplemental method, contributing to primary prevention in cardiology.

Prosthetic stomatitis in patients with diabetes mellitus: correction of psycho-emotional stress

A high level of chronic emotional stress affects the occurrence and increases the severity of diseases of the oral mucosa and internal pathology. The aim of the work is to increase the effectiveness of the treatment of prosthetic stomatitis in patients with diabetes mellitus against the background of psycho-emotional stress by correcting it. To objectify the state of psycho-emotional stress, in 2005-2015 and in 2022 psychological testing was carried out by the D. Taylor method on 230 people aged 19-70 years, among whom 85 patients were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus – the main group; 145 people were without internal diseases – two control groups. General examination and treatment of patients of the main group – 46 women and 39 men aged 19-70 years was carried out by endocrinologists according to the relevant protocols. Dental examination and treatment of prosthetic stomatitis was carried out in 12 patients with diabetes mellitus who had a high level of general anxiety according to the D. Taylor method. Own method of treatment: after the correction of the prosthesis, sanitation of the oral cavity, applications of thiotriazoline 2% ointment, a course of 7-10 days on the areas of the prosthetic bed, most often subject to trauma were prescribed. For general therapy, an additional stress-protective drug which corrects psycho-emotional stress in patients with diabetes mellitus was prescribed, thiotriazoline, orally, for 30 days. In patients of the main group, a high level of general personal anxiety was recorded in 21.63% of respondents and an average level with a tendency to high – in 54.29%. In many cases, the dentist should know the level of the patient's psycho-emotional stress in order to justify an individual approach to therapeutic measures and maintenance therapy in the choice of drugs and methods. The proposed method of treatment of prosthetic stomatitis has an individual approach, includes the stress-protective drug thiotriazoline, which corrects psycho-emotional stress, allowing to achieve a stable remission of the disease.

Gender peculiarities of blood pressure changes in patients with arterial hypertension and different biorhythms

Background. It is known that the risk of cardiovascular diseases, especially in conditions of increased rhythm of life, psycho-emotional stress, social cataclysms, is associated with various biorhythms, therefore, the study of the influence of various factors on the course of hypertension, taking into account the patient's chronotype, remains relevant. Aim of the study was to analyze the level of blood pressure in patients with arterial hypertension with different chronotypes of the female and male genders. Materials &amp; Methods. The study included 42 patients with diagnosed essential arterial hypertension who were receiving inpatient treatment. The inclusion criterion was patients with arterial hypertension of the 2nd degree. Measurements of Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) (mmHg) were performed using the Korotkoff method. To study the chronotype, we used the validated questionnaire "Composite Scale of Morningness" and scales from official available sources. Results &amp; Conclusions. Arterial hypertension was diagnosed in 33.33% of patients with the evening chronotype, 7.17% with the morning chronotype, and 59.53% with the intermediate chronotype. Taking into account gender, female patients with evening and morning chronotypes and male patients with an intermediate chronotype predominated. Patients with evening chronotype compared to patients with intermediate and morning chronotypes had significantly higher Body Mass Index (BMI) (by 62.69% and 40.33%), disease duration (by 42.68% and 6.23%) and SBP (by 8.21% and 12.21%), respectively. At the same time, BMI in patients with arterial hypertension with an evening chronotype was as close as possible to obesity. The obtained results can be used in the practical work of nurses for the prevention of arterial hypertension by adjusting the duration of sleep and wakefulness and the diet. Keywords: chronotype, gender, age, body mass index, relationships.

Characteristics of Professional Burnout of Oncologists

Introduction. The present paper considers the issue of emotional burnout among doctors of oncology departments. The profession of a doctor refers to so-called socionomic professions, which are associated with higher socio-psychological requirements as well as mental and psycho-emotional stress. The relevance of the study stems from the persistent psycho-emotional problems that arise in the process of professional activity of oncologists. Aim. To study theoretical aspects of professional burnout, to carry out experimental evaluation of professional burnout among oncologists and to develop the preventive measures contributing to reduction in symptoms of emotional burnout in oncologists. Materials and methods. The author conducted an experimental study of the emotional burnout among oncologists and explored the diagnostics aspects of emotional burnout. The experiment was carried out by means of the questionnaire “Diagnostics of the level of emotional burnout” (V. V. Boyko). The study sample consisted of 50 oncologists. Results and discussion. The author revealed that the symptom “experiencing psychotraumatic circumstances” is highly expressed at the stress stage in the group of oncologists with developed emotional burnout (24, 58). The symptom shows preventive reaction to the influencing aspects for emotional burnout: “emotional response” (24, 6), “reduced job performance” (31, 66), characterizing the methods of mental support; the “emotional defi cit” (25, 33), “emotional detachment” (28,12), reflecting the state of parasympathetic nervous system, are considered as the main symptom at the overstrain stage. It was found that the work with critically ill patients demands high level of professional competence, considering the increased responsibility and constant emotional stress. Conclusion. The results of the study confi rm the presence of leading symptoms in developing emotional burnout. In order to prevent the development of emotional burnout syndrome, the author proposes to introduce psychological training programs on various topics in medical institutions to minimize professional burnout and to develop soft skills, including self-regulation in communication.

Changes in Thresholds of Electrically Evoked Phosphene and Electrical Lability of the Optic Nerve in the Ground Station Crew in the International Experiment SIRIUS 20/21

In the ground sealed station crew, during the 8 months international experiment SIRIUS 20/21 simulating an interplanetary flight, electrically induced phosphene (EIP) thresholds, which reflected the electrical sensitivity (ES) of the retina, and the optic nerve. ES&amp;L was assessed using the “ESOM” device (“Neuron”, Ufa, Russia) once a month, twice a day (morning/evening), under mesopic conditions. An increase in ES and other patterns of changes in ES&amp;L parameters during period of isolation were established, reflecting the adaptation of the crew to the conditions of the experiment and the reaction of the visual system to physical and psycho-emotional stress. Further study of the thresholds of the EIP and L of the optic nerve in experiments of increasing duration will make it possible to determine the biomarkers that differentiate the individual adaptive reaction of astronauts from dysfunction of the retina and optic nerve under real space flight conditions. The L of the optic nerve showed greater resistance to experimental conditions than the ES of the retina. The results suggest that the determination of the L in the ES&amp;L test can become an express test on board the ISS to assess the functional state of the papillomacular bundle of optic nerve fibers, the risk of developing or diagnosing SANS (flight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome) in long-term space missions.

Pregnancy and psychoemotional stress reactions. Age factor

Pregnancy is a unique period in a woman’s life with an increased likelihood of psychological changes and emotional disorders such as depression, anxiety and stress. Almost 70% of women experience various changes in their mental state during pregnancy. There is a need to consider the physiology and psychology of a pregnant woman not as a separate process, but as a single integrated system and to promote the search for new methods of regulating psychoemotional states.The objective: to determine the relationship between psychoemotional stress reactions and pregnancy, taking into account the age factor.Materials and methods. Special psychometric testing of 100 pregnant women of different ages and at different stages of gestation was carried out. Each of the research participants was asked to complete a survey using three questionnaires. The Spielberger–Hanin scale, the psychological stress measure (PSM-25) and the impact of event scale – revised (IES-R) of a traumatic event were used for analysis. The average age of the examined patients was 30.9±5.54 years; 48 persons were ≤30 years old, 49 women were 31–40 years old, and 3 patients were ≥41 years old.Statistical processing of the results was carried out in the program for working with electronic spreadsheets Microsoft Excel 2016 and the program for comprehensive data analysis - STATISTICA 10 for Windows. Graphic design was done with Microsoft Excel 2016.Results. According to the Spielberger–Hanin survey, 14% of women had a low level of reactive anxiety, 52% – a moderate level, and 34% – a high level. Only 7% of women had a low level of personal anxiety, and their average value was close to a moderate level, 44% of patients had a moderate level and 49% had a high level.According to the data of impact of event scale – revised (IES-R) of a traumatic event, which has 3 subscales, it was established that a low level of the subscale of intrusion among the interviewed pregnant women was found in 16% of women (n=16), an average level in 23%, an elevated level in 15% and high one – in 46%. A low level of the avoidance subscale was determined in 16% of women, an average level – in 12%, a high level – 14%, and a high level – 58%.According to the results of the psychological stress measure PSM-25, the majority of women had a low level of stress – 77%, medium level – 22%, high level – 1%.Conclusions. According to the results of the study, the majority of women had a high level of anxiety during pregnancy, the prevalence of which was the highest one among women 31 to 40 years old; the lowest rate was among pregnant women younger than 30 years old.It is necessary to develop measures aimed at psychoprophylaxis of pregnant women, at their conscious attitude to pregnancy, childbirth and subsequent motherhood.

Cryobiology and Cryomedicine Techniques’ Boosting in Wartime

The review surveys the published data on a strong negative impact of psycho-emotional stress, which accompanies both the military servicemen and civilians of any state in martial law period. Such a load can lead to severe disorders of the systems that ensure the human body homeostatic stability, in particular to post-traumatic stress disorder. In this case human body is subjected to a state accompanied by the development of severe oncology and autoimmune diseases, as well as dysfunction of the male reproductive system. The study offers modern approaches to the treatment of the listed pathologies, most of which are based on the international experience of clinical and experimental research as well as achievements of national academic science. Special attention is paid to the development of cryobiological and cryomedical cell-tissue techniques, the use of those can be promising in the strengthening of both mental and physical health of civilian population during the wartime.

CORRELATIONS BETWEEN DENTAL CARIES AND CLINICAL INDICATORS OF ORAL FLUID AMONG PATIENTS WITH COVID-19, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL STATE

Important indicators of the oral fluid that influence the development of caries are saliva flow rate, viscosity and pH. Deterioration of these parameters leads to rapid plaque formation and changes in its microbial&#x0D; composition, which causes demineralization of enamel. The combination of significant psycho-emotional and physical stress, changes in lifestyle and social environment can also lead to the manifestation of the caries process. In the period from 2019 to 2023, the professional literature published a lot of data on the impact of the new coronavirus disease not only on the physical condition of a person but also on his or her psychoemotional stability.&#x0D; The aim of the study is to investigate the correlations between caries of permanent teeth and changes in physicochemical parameters of oral fluid, taking into account the psycho-emotional state of patients with coronavirus disease.&#x0D; Materials and methods. All patients were examined in a series of ways, such as taking a medical history, clinical methods (determination of the DMFT index and oral hygiene status using the GreenVermillion index), laboratory methods (studying the salivation rate of unstimulated saliva, its viscosity and pH), and psychological methods (assessment of the level of reactive and personal anxiety using the Spielberger Psychodiagnostic Scale, adapted by Khanin).&#x0D; Research results and their discussion. The results of the study revealed changes in oral fluid parameters in patients with coronavirus disease: a decrease in salivation rate, an increase in viscosity, and a shift in pH towards more acidic values. The psychological methods used in our study allowed to assess personal and reactive anxiety among patients with COVID-19 with a predominance of indicators corresponding to moderate and high levels.&#x0D; Conclusions. The obtained results will be used to develop preventive measures to increase the resistance of hard dental tissues to prevent the occurrence and development of caries.

Risk factors for health in medical workers of modern dental practice (literature review)

The analysis of the data of foreign and domestic literature devoted to the main risk factors for health is carried out and presented, the diseases of medical workers of modern dental practice that are more common at present are studied and described. A distinctive feature of the work of practicing dentists is the influence on their body of a complex of unfavourable factors of the production environment of occupational and non-occupational genesis (biological, chemical, physical and factors of the labour process). It is also common for them to be affected by the intensity of the labour process, which is expressed by significant psycho-emotional stress. Dentists are often at high risk of infection and transmission of dangerous pathogens: viruses (herpes, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C, including new coronavirus infection (COVID-19)), bacteria (staphylococcus, tuberculosis), fungi. They have a high prevalence of injuries to the visual organ and upper extremities, allergic reactions. Among dental personnel in countries using amalgam during work, changes in neuropsychiatric reactions, memory loss, and fatigue are described; changes in biochemical parameters of blood, urine analysis are revealed. Physiological and ergonomic loads of dental service specialists and uncomfortable postures associated with work lead to the development of diseases of the musculoskeletal system and the appearance of pain, and affect their quality of life. Despite the harmlessness of the noise level in modern dentistry, the sounds produced by devices at work affect the mental health of dentists. Dental professionals with long work experience are predisposed to the highest risk of hearing loss. Today, dentists continue to show carpal tunnel syndrome and rarely vibration disease from exposure to local vibration. Medical workers of modern dental practice are shown to be affected by a complex of unfavourable factors of the low-intensity production environment and develop diseases associated with their occupational activities.

Effects of Maternal Separation and Subsequent Stress on Behaviors and Brain Monoamines in Rats.

Childhood adversity can induce maladaptive behaviors and increase risk for affective disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, personality disorders, and vulnerability to stress in adulthood. Deprivation of maternal care interrupts brain development through the disturbance of various neurotransmitters, however, the details remain unclear. The features of the symptoms of disorders are largely determined by early stress protocol, genetic characteristics (line), and the sex of the animals. The purpose of current study was (1) to assess behavioral changes in adult Wistar rats of both sexes after early life stress; (2) to determine the levels of monoamines in brain structures involved in the motor, emotional, and social reactions in rats aged 1 and 2 months; and (3) to determine the level of monoamines after physical or emotional stress in adult rats. The rat pups were separated from their dams and isolated from siblings in tight boxes at a temperature of 22-23 °C for 6 h during postnatal days 2-18. The data were processed predominantly using two-way analysis of variance and the Newman-Keys test as the post hoc analysis. The adult rats demonstrated an increase in motor activity and aggressiveness and a decrease in levels of anxiety and sociability. Behavioral disturbances were accompanied by region-, sex-, and age-dependent changes in the levels of monoamines and their metabolites. The dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems were found to be sensitive to psycho-emotional stress.