Psychic Diseases Research Articles

Die Bedeutung systemischer Aspekte in der Arbeit mit wohnungslosen Menschen

Summary The importance of systemic aspects for social councelling for homeless people The author first describes the systemic concept of homelessness. Afterwards she describes the helping-structures for homeless people and makes some critical comments. She figures out the actual situation of social work in a helping-structure, where each subsystem rather works for itself than with each other. A study of the year 2009, in which the success of social work for homeless people within § 67 ff SGB XII was examined, was used as basic information. Then the author gives an example of a systemic approach for councelling for a homeless man who suffered from psychic diseases and lived in an organization with social service. In a postscriptum some basic assumptions for the success of social work for homeless people within the helping-structure of § 67 ff SGB XII are denominated.

Graphology in German psychiatry (1870–1930)

This article discusses both the use of graphology in German psychiatry (1870-1930) and the use of handwriting in psychiatric experiments. The examination of handwriting was part of an ensemble of diagnostic tools. Although disorders of handwriting seemed to indicate psychic diseases, graphology did not seem the right method to produce valid observations. Nevertheless, psychiatrists began to incorporate the process of writing into research and diagnosis and to make the process of handwriting an experimental field. Emil Kraepelin invented an apparatus - the so-called Writing-Scale - with which he could measure the dynamics of writing in various dimensions and, in particular, the pressure of movements. The experiments produced a huge amount of data, but the psychiatrists were unable to interpret them in a comprehensible way. Although psychiatrists failed to grasp the psychopathology in handwriting, they discovered a systemic behaviour of the organism controlled by feedback.

Absence of Pleasure during Orgasm: A Functional or an Emotional Problem?

Objective: We present the case of an adult man complaining of orgasmic anhedonia. The patient who has no health problems or psychic diseases, doesn’t smoke and is immune of biological risk factors. Andrological physical, biochemical and instrumental investigation shows no evidence of organic cause. The man who is forty five, is married, has two children and is able to copulate twice a week, with his attractive wife. We have two objectives: 1 to uncover the cause of the patient’s sexual complaint and 2 to give him the possibility to profit of his erectile capacity and fully enjoy sexuality. Design and Method: After a complete sexual anamnesis, we invite the patient to describe in detail his sexual activity and behavior, his attitude and feeling towards sex and sexuality. We investigate his autoerotic and sexual fantasies and focus our attention on the continuity-discontinuity of his sexual reality and imaginary. Results: The clinical investigation, conducted with empathy and respectful of the patient’s difficulties, let gradually emerge a controversial sexual scenario. Our first objective is reached. The patient has now the possibility to solve his symptom, negotiating with its reasons or to continue to live with it. Conclusions: Lack of sexual pleasure or male orgasmic anhedonia can be expression of an unmanageable or dystonic erotization and not of a functional inability. Sexologist can help patients to clarify by themselves the nature of their symptoms and to decide about the suitability of their resolution.

Obsessive-compulsive phenomena in pathomorphosis of the simple form of schizophrenia

Aim of the work – To establish the special features of obsessive-compulsive phenomena within pathomorphosis of the simple form of schizophrenia. Materials and methods of research . On the base of MI “Regional clinic psychiatric hospital” of ZRC under condition of the informed consent were examined 58 patients with diagnosis – schizophrenia, simple form (F20.6), among them 31 men and 27 women. The mean age of patients were 42,4±0,82 years old. The duration of disease was 2–25 years. Clinical-anamnestic, clinical-psychopathological, catamnestic and statistic methods were used in the research. In the result of research was observed pathomorphosis of the simple form of schizophrenia. The analysis detected in the clinical picture not only classic manifestations such as autism, decline of energetic potential, emotional deficits and drifting, but also several pathologic syndromes that were earlier considered as not typical for this form of disease. The classic picture of the simple form of schizophrenia realized with especially deficit symptomatology was present in 15,5 % of cases only. In more than ½ of observations in the structure of disease was present the productive symptomatology, the share of obsessive-compulsive inclusions within it was 10,3 %. At the same time obsessive-compulsive phenomena often formed the clinical continuum in the debut of disease, in several cases they were kept during the whole disease and were reliably more often among the patients of male sex. Conclusions. The results of research demonstrate the need for the further study of pathomorphosis of the psychic diseases for elaborating the more qualitative diagnostic criteria of comparing the obsessive-compulsive symptomatology with the different nosological units

Of Monsters and Men: Religious Conflict, Radicalism, and Sexual Exceptionalism in the Works of John Chrysostom

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to investigate the dynamics between religious conflict and sexual exceptionalism, as a means to radicalise members of a religious group, in the works of John Chrysostom (347–407 AD). Using modern terms, Chrysostom aims to infiltrate and minimise the ‘grey zone’ of religious identity and participation by constructing the sexual identity of the group he represents as masculine, pure, and dominant, and that of his opponents as inferior, perverse, and diseased. Chrysostom affirms the sexual exceptionalism of his radical adherents by means of inclusion – it is no longer one’s ethnicity, gender, class, or social status that are markers of exceptionality, but rather the presence of self-mastery and chastity, or sōphrosynē. Chrysostom abnormalises his opponents by means of teratogenisation, that is by making monsters out of them, in highlighting their abnormal pathic excess, corporeal mutilation, demonisation, psychic disease, and puerility. The masculinity of the radicals is affirmed and the sexual inferiority of the opponents sketched in vivid detail. By means of this case study from Chrysostom, the article hopes to emphasise the importance of gender and sexuality in the study of religious conflict past and present.

Körperdysmorphe Störung

Between 0.8 and 1.8 % of the German population suffers from a body dysmorphic disorder. In specific settings like dermatological offices up to 11.9 % of patients suffer from this disease. The highest prevalence could be found in the field of cosmetic dermatology with a prevalence of 13.1 %. Until now, the diagnosis has been made too rarely. The body dysmorphic disorder is a chronic psychic disease, in which the patients feel disfigured and experience shame and disgust at the same time. Comorbidities like social phobia, depression, suicidality, and eating disorders are frequent. The diagnosis is made using questionnaires (e.g., dysmorphic concern questionnaire) or by use of the DSM-5 manual. An early diagnosis seems to be important to avoid chronification and suicidal ideas. Therapeutic approaches should include cognitive behavioral therapies as well as the use of SSRIs.

Aberrant DNA Methylation of rDNA and PRIMA1 in Borderline Personality Disorder.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious psychic disease with a high risk for suicide. DNA methylation is a hallmark for aberrant epigenetic regulation and could be involved in the etiology of BPD. Previously, it has been reported that increased DNA methylation of neuropsychiatric genes is found in the blood of patients with BPD compared to healthy controls. Here, we analyzed DNA methylation patterns of the ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA promoter region and 5′-external transcribed spacer/5′ETS) and the promoter of the proline rich membrane anchor 1 gene (PRIMA1) in peripheral blood samples of 24 female patients (mean age (33 ± 11) years) diagnosed with DSM-IV BPD and in 11 female controls (mean age (32 ± 7) years). A significant aberrant methylation of rDNA and PRIMA1 was revealed for BPD patients using pyrosequencing. For the promoter of PRIMA1, the average methylation of six CpG sites was 1.6-fold higher in BPD patients compared to controls. In contrast, the methylation levels of the rDNA promoter region and the 5′ETS were significantly lower (0.9-fold) in patients with BPD compared to controls. Thus, for nine CpGs located in the rDNA promoter region and for four CpGs at the 5′ETS decreased methylation was found in peripheral blood of patients compared to controls. Our results suggest that aberrant methylation of rDNA and PRIMA1 is associated with the pathogenesis of BPD.

التدين وعلاقته ببعض المتغيرات النفسية الاجتماعية التوافق الاجتماعي، تقدير الذات عند عينة من طلبة الجامعة

The worship factor seems to be vital for the health and the well-being of people. It has its positive effect against psycho -physical diseases. It is noticed that breach and break with religious practise has bad feedback upon those people. Studies proved it as well. Nowadays, depressions and psychic diseases are widespread even Islamic world is touched by those abnormal depressions. This state is a logical result of the break with religious matter and practise. Researchers confirmed that return to religion is the best solution to mankind troubles. No one can deny that religion- with its well-established rules and instructions is strongly recommended and necessary to man soul. Where science fails to smooth people sufferings, religion is said to be the suitable treatment opposite Our study deals with the existing relationship between (religion-mania) another psychological changes such : social harmony and self-confidence which are basical factors for healthy mind and soul. This study is applied on a specimen of students. This study aims, also, at discovering diffrences between « religion matter student » and «non-religion matter students ». also, it takes into account those differences with regards to both sexes around « religion-mania » and self confidence. The researcher supposes the existence of relationship between « religion practise » , « social harmony » and « self-esteem ». obviously, the researcher mentions the differences between « religion matter students » and « non- religion matter students » concerning the degree of religionism differences between the two sexes are not neglected. If we refer to instruments used in this study , thr researcher concentrates on the following ones. Enquiry and questions posed 58 university students, this enquiry is focused on « the degree of religionism ». The social harmony scale as it is taken from the psychological equity which is elaboratd by (dr zineb mahmoud chaquir). The scale of self-esteem elaborated by (dr abdelaziz - al - darini and others). 204 student were taken as a obj ect for this study . A sample of islamic sciences students (whose domain is islamic sciences ) on one hand , on the other hand non-islamic students (psychology, medecine, letters streams... etc). The final practice was done during the two months (april and may-year 2007), the results were analyzed according to the suitable processing. The obtained results show the close relationship between « religion¬ mania », social harmony and self-esteem. Those results show also clear countable differences concerning the « degree of religionism » with regard to pedagogical stream (religious/non-religious), religious-tream students defeated others. In addition, it is conclued that there are really no differences between the two sexes with regard to religionism, social harmony and self-esteem.

The peculiarities of the evaluation of the severity of the harm to health in the case of development of psychic problems associated with the concomitant HIV infection and the accompanying infectious pathology

The objective of the present study was to elaborate the qualifying criteria for the evaluation of the severity of the harm to health in the case of development of a psychic disease associated with the concomitant HIV infection and the accompanying infectious pathology, in the first place tuberculosis, venereal diseases, parenteral hepatitis B and C. The scientifically substantiated qualifying criteria are proposed to be used for the expert assessment of the harm to health in the case of development a psychic disease associated with the concomitant HIV infection and the accompanying infectious pathology.

Сомparative analysis of clinical and psychopathological symptomatology of depressions resistant and non-resistant to the therapy

The prevalence of depressive disorders in structure of psychiatric morbidity is rather high. At the same time the modern epidemiological and clinical studies illustrate that more than 50 % of patients with depression do not demonstrate an essential clinical improvement. According to these data the large part (30–50 %) of such disorders are defined as therapeutically resistant depressions (TRD). The solution of the problem of resistance of depressive disorders consists mainly in understanding of biological and psycho-social mechanisms of forming and clinical course of this nosology and also clinical and psychopathological features of TRD compared to non-resistant ones. The data of numerous clinical studies confirm that TRD is characterized with atypicalness and polymorphism of clinical symptomatology, structural heterogeneity of depressive syndrome with heterogenic inclusions, clinical course has the features of blurring, monotony and rigidity, depressive symptomatology is characterized with somatization of psychopathological manifestations. It was proved that the leading psychopathological radical of depressive syndrome is crucial in development of residual symptomatology at TRD. An early detection of reliable clinical parameters of TRD, opportune diagnostics and use of the necessary treatment allow considerably increase its efficiency. Aim: Comparative analysis of the clinical and psychopathological symptomatology at depressive disorders resistant to treatment and depressions amenable to traditional therapy. Materials and methods: Following the conditions of ethical and deontological principles of clinical studies 60 patients with depressive disorders were under observation, further they were separated into 2 groups of 30 persons. The first group included patients with TRD, the second one – patients with depressions amenable to traditional therapy. We used the next methods in our work: clinical and psychopathological, psychometric, psychopathological, statistical. Results: At studying socio-demographic indicators the gender-specific features were not detected in the groups of comparison. Patients with TRD are mainly city dwellers. On age indicator patients with TRD were at the mean younger by 17,4 %, with manifestation of depressive disorders in the young age (mainly under 39 years). Resistant depressions develop mainly in persons with high education who are engaged in intellectual labor and persons who do not work for a long time. The hereditary inclination to psychic diseases in the group of examined persons with TRD was 53,3 %. On nosologic sample the resistant depressions are mainly attributed to the recurrent depressive disorders and bipolar affective disorders. The group of patients with TRD demonstrated in overwhelming majority the heavy degree of intensity of depressive manifestations. The dominating ones were apathic and adynamic, obsessive and depressive, gloomy (melancholic) syndromes on the background of monotony and rigidity of clinical course with high suicidal risk, gradual somatization of psychopathological manifestations

Tye dynamic of proinflammatory cytokines levels in parturients serum after caesarian section under total intravenous anaesthesia

The cytokines are a group of polypeptide mediators of intercellular cooperation, participating mainly in forming and adjusting of protective reactions of organism at introduction of pathogens and violation of integrity of tissues, and also in adjusting of the normal physiological functions.Jin W.J. and other, 2013 [4] had proven that asters considerably have an influence with cognitive functions. Asters activating, induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, results to cognitive dysfunctions. Hyppocampal proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1в, IL-6, ФНО α) have active negative influence with spatial memory for mice. The great number of works confirms a working hypothesis, that neuroinflammation has impact on development of the postoperative cognitive dysfunctions. The surgery duration and anaesthesia duration influence the postoperative cognitive dysfunctions was proven on animal models. This effect correlates with the changes of proinflammatory cytokines [3].The aim of this article is to study of the dynamic of proinflammatory cytokines levels (IL-6 and ФНО α) in parturients’ serum after caesarian section and total intravenous anaesthesia.Materials and methods. After local ethics committee approval and obtained informal consent, 15 parturients are inspected in the term of pregnancy of 37-42 weeks whose were delivered by the caesarian section under the total intravenous anaesthesia. Criteria of exception were: age to 18 and 45 more than, term of pregnancy to 36 weeks, severe preeclamsia or eclampsia, decompensated extragenital pathology, diabetes mellitus, psychical diseases, signs of bacterial or viral infection, mycoses, abandonment of woman from participating in the research at any of it stages, use ketamine in an anaesthetic manual. Total intravenous anaesthesia with mechanical lung ventilation (TIVA with MLV) : thiopental sodium 4 mgs/ kg, succinylcholine 1-1,5 mgs/ kg, after extraction of newborn is a phentanyl, by the scheme of 10-5-3 µgs/kg/hour and Diazepam 10 mgs. The depth of anaesthesia was controlled by measurement of BIS-index (monitor of BISX Module, BIS ™ Covidient, the USA). Duration of the caesarian section was 27,1±2,3 min. The operation and the anaesthesia had no any complications. For all the patients postoperative pain was less than 30-40 mm on VAS. The cytokines concentration was determined by the method of IFA analysis. We used on the kits of reagents JSC “VectorBest” А- 8756 for ФНОα with the range of measureable concentrations: 0-250 pg/ml. For IL - 6 was used on the kit of reagents Human IL-6 ELISA kit Diaclone (France) with the range of measureable concentrations: 0-200 pg/ml. The blood samples for analyses were taken: 1) at entering to the obstetrical department, 2) in a 24 hours after a surgery, 3) at discharge from hospital (5-7th postoperative day). Parameters of regional norm for IL-6 and ФНОα were measured for 15 unpregnant healthy women in age 25- 40. The blood samples for analyses were taken on an empty stomach at 9-11 a.m. The Normal value for IL-6 was 1,40±0,15 pg/ml (range 0,92-1,67 pg/ml, у=0,34). For ФНО α a level of normal values was 9,37±1,07 pg/ml (range 4,50-12,7 pg/ml, у=3,17).Conclusions. It is shown that IL-6 level has risen to the third trimester of pregnancy, while concentration of ФНОα goes down. At total intravenous anaesthesia with MLV by an intratracheal method concentration of IL-6 extremely increases in 24 hours after caesarean sections, and by a 5-7th day after surgery goes down significantly, although IL-6 level remains increased. Concentration of proinflammatory cytokine ФНО α at total intravenous anaesthesia remains significantly decreased in 24 hours after caesarean sections and continues to go down by 5-7th day after surgery.

Mental Illness Arises Epigenetically – Like All other Diseases

It is urgent to formulate a more comprehensive synthesis regarding the pathophysiology of mental diseases in light of more contemporary evidences and theories stemming from cellular, molecular biology and evolution theory. The field of epigenetics has arisen as one of the most important scientific axis to understand development, physiology and pathophysiology in all areas of medicine with special impact in psychiatry a field that has been historically dominated by today obsolete biological models and theories. In this short review I try to reflect upon the impacts these new understandings about nature may help us to approach and treat psychic diseases.

General anaesthesia for caesarean section: is parturients cognitive functions improvement possible?

The aim – to study influence of general anaesthesia techniques on the cognitive functions after caesarean section.Materials and methods. Having agreed with local ethics committee and obtained informed consent, 64 pregnants (at 37–42 weeks gestation, who delivered by the caesarian section) were examined. The women were divided into two groups depending on maintenance of anaesthesia. For 1st group (n=30) was prescripted inhalation anaesthesia (IA). 2nd group (n=34) received total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA). Criteria of exception were: age to 18 and 45 more than, term of pregnancy to 36 weeks, severe preeclamsia or eclampsia, decompensated extragenital pathology, diabetes mellitus, psychical diseases, signs of bacterial or viral infection, mycoses, abandonment of woman from participating in the research at any of it stages, use ketamine in an anaesthetic manual. IA: induction – thiopental sodium (5 mg/kg), maintenance – sevofluran 1.3 vol.% in fresh gas flow 1.5 L/min. Relaxation – suxcinilcholinum (1.0–1.5 mgs/kg). There were phentanyl (0,05 mgs/ ml (4 mls)) and diazepanum (10 mgs) after newborn extraction. Maintenance of analgesia is a phentanyl in a dose 0,05 mgs/ml (1 ml) having approaching of BIS by 60. ТIVА: induction – thiopental sodium (4 mgs/kg), relaxation – suxcinilcholinum 1.0–1.5 mgs/kg). Anaesthesia controlled by BISX Module, BISTM Covidient, USA in both groups. We used Montreal Cognitive Assessment test for cognitive functions investigation, "Matching digits and letters" test for control functions, "Drawing of clock" test for praxis. Control points: 1 – upon admission to the obstetrical department (P 1 ), in 24 hours after the surgery (P 2 ), on the 3rd day after the surgery (P 3 ), on the 5–7th day after the surgery (P 4 ).Results. The study showed cognitive functions go down to the moment of delivery or by 37th-42nd weeks of gestation, and control functions (speed of thinking, visually-motor coordination, cognitive control of activity), praxis go down too. There are means of cognitive functions do not change generally in a 24 hours after an caesarean section, neither under IA, nor at TIVA, and its remain on predelivery values. Praxis does not depend on the anaesthesia technique and remains decreased by 5–7th day after surgery.Conclusions. Cognitive functions depend on the anaesthesia technique: being initially decreased by 37th-42nd weeks of gestation, its are normalized to a 3rd day after surgery at IA. After TIVA cognitive functions remain decreased by 5–7th day after surgery. Cognitive control of activity is normalized after IA, remaining decreased after ТIVA.

Impact of Metabolic Syndrome on the Quality of Life of Menopausal Women

Background: Evaluating health-related quality of life is knowing the impact a disease has on patients’ perception of their well-being. Health perception worsens with age and an increasing number of chronic diseases, which occurs with metabolic syndrome, whose prevalence reaches 40-50% after menopause. Thus, knowing the repercussion of this disease on life´s quality will permit to adopt strategies to improve the health results. Objective: Determining the health perception of menopausal women with metabolic syndrome and the factors implicated. Methods: Cross-sectional study in Primary Health Care in the province of Cuenca (Spain). By random sampling, 400 menopausal women aged ≥45 years with metabolic syndrome (NCEP-ATP III) were selected. Survey SF-12 was used to evaluate physical and mental health´s general aspects. Results: Health perception was regular for 52% but good for 40.5%. The mean score of the physical summary component was below the mean for the Spanish population, while the mental component was over the mean for patients over 65 years. ANOVA showed significant differences for the physical summary component for age (p<0.001). Women in the 45-54 age groups obtained a better result for this component than those aged over 65. No differences were found for age groups in the mental component. Conclusions: Menopausal women with metabolic syndrome have a regular health perception being the physical health worse than the mental one. Physical health is better in younger women with studies, without obesity, diabetes, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis or bronchial pathology. Mental health is better in women without hypertriglyceridaemia or psychic disease.

Clinical trial insurance in Serbia

Prior the commencement of the clinical trial in Serbia the Sponsor is obliged to provide the insurance policy covering the patient's bodily injury and damaged health caused by the clinical trial. According to provisions of Serbian Insurance law insurance polices have to be issued by the insurance companies established in Serbia. Every insurance policy not issued by the insurance company established in Serbia shall be deemed as null and void. The only expectance, is when the foreign clinical trial liability policy is stipulated that the insurance contract acknowledges the jurisdiction of Serbian domestic courts and other Serbian authorities to decide on damage claims (that never happened in Serbian practice). The Sponsor will fulfill this obligation stipulated in Serbian law when provides the Clinical Trial Liability policy issued by the Serbian insurance company. Nowadays, few of Serbian insurance companies are issuing such polices. Under the clinical trial liability insurance cover the insured's are: Sponsor, Medical Centers in Serbia performing or controlling the clinical trial, Principal Investigators and their assistant staff performing or controlling the clinical trial. The beneficiaries of the insurance cover are patients and/or members of their families - inheritresses. The insurance company will indemnify the beneficiary mentioned in the policy when the insured event occurred i.e. when occurred bodily injury, psychic disease and alienation, psychic damages, illnesses and deaths caused by the clinical trial. The amount of indemnity by the insurance company to the beneficiaries is limited by the amount of sum insured per occurrence and/or by the total amount of the sum insured for the total period of the insurance cover. According to case-law in Serbia the total sum insured between EUR 500.000 and EUR 1.000.000 is considered as sufficient so far to indemnify the patients in case of the insured event. If an insurance event occurs the benefits provided by the insurance company shall cover the following: non-financial losses of the claimant; financial benefits lost by the claimant; costs necessary for the elimination of the non-financial and financial losses of the claimant; costs of litigation. Serbian Law on Obligations stipulates that claims of the policy holder or third party are time bared for three years, reckoning from the first day upon expiration of the calendar year in which a claims was caused. If the interested party proves that until date defined in above paragraph it was not aware that insured event had happened, the time bar period commences from the day of awareness, but in any case a claim is time bared for five years, reckoning from the first day upon expiration of the calendar year in which a claims was caused.

ПОРІВНЯННЯ ПОШИРЕНОСТІ БРУКСИЗМУ МІЖ ДІТЬМИ В ПЕРІОДІ ПІЗНЬОГО ЗМІННОГО ПРИКУСУ ТА ДОРОСЛИМИ.

&lt;p&gt;В статті представлено результати порівняльноїоцінки поширеності бруксизму в період пізнього змінного прикусу (у віці 9-12 років) та дорослими. Показано, що цей стан є широко поширеним серед представників цих двох досліджуваних груп, що підтверджує необхідність надання особливоїуваги діагностиці бруксизма як в дитячому віці, так і у дорослих з метою виявлення соматичної, психічної та паразитарної'патологій, які, згідно досліджень багатьох авторів, часто супроводжуються бруксизмом.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Certain Aspects of Mythical Meaning of Frog in the Traditional Lithuanian Worldview

The article is based on the traditional Lithuanian beliefs and customs recorded in the end of the 19th – first half of the 20th century. It aims at proving that frog in Lithuanian culture has its own unique realm of mythical meanings, which only partly correspond to those of the toad’s. In this realm, several groups of meanings associated with frog can be discerned. Firstly, frog is considered to be an accumulator of water in the popular meteorology. Its enhanced activity, its enlarged body or darkened color may indicate the approach of the rain. People used to believe that killing of a frog resulted in downpour, since such an act symbolically released the atmospheric water that had been accumulated in its body. A second group of mythical meanings associated with frog present it as a creature endowed with healing powers. Here, its cold-bloodedness is most important. Illness or physical malfunction represent the hot pole of the opposition hot vs. cold, while frog represents the cold one, thus being able to neutralize the heat resulting from illness. In the third group, frog is regarded as a zoomorphic part of the human body or as a foreign body embedded in it. A creature in frog’s shape is believed to live in the human belly. As result of physical malfunction, it may move and leave its place, finding itself close to the heart or in the throat. Having lost this part of the body, the person dies. So whenever this frog-like creature, commonly also called macica (womb) or gumbas (lump) moves, it is attempted to restore it back to its former place. Frog, regarded as a foreign body, is believed also to sit on the human brain, thus causing psychic diseases. In such case, the person is treated by attempting to lure the frog out of the body. In the fourth group of mythical meanings, tight connections between frogs and children are displayed. Both frogs and children are related to water and humidity. This idea is reflected in the notion of people being born from a water body. Little children, just like frogs, are characterized by poorly coordinated movements and inarticulate sounds. The smaller the child, the closer it seems to the frog. This association is best reflected by calling little kids frogs in Lithuanian. From such folk identification of children and frogs there also stems the traditional explanation typically given to children by grown-ups, of the children being brought by the stork. In the fifth group of mythical meanings, frog is presented as a threatening aquatic creature, which is used to scare the kids away from water. Frog is therefore considered as possible prototype of all the other scary beings residing in water.

The Occupational Stress to the Young Workers Came from Institutionalized Environment

Problem statement: The stress is a problem of great actuality in the contemporary society, determining numerous somatic and psychic diseases. Selye (1968) defines the stress as a body state manifested by unspecifical reaction as respons to the perurbing agents. The definitions and the researches related to stress are numerous and continue to rise the interest of the scientific community. Purpose of study: The authors present their research carried on 90 young workers (45 from the institutionalized environment and 45 from normal families) employed in a factory in Arad. The starting hypothesis were: H1 – we supposed that the young people come from institutionalized environment feel a greater occupational stress than the young people come from nomal families; H2 – we supposed that the learning of certain relaxation techniques and of some elements of behavioral cognitive therapy will lead to the diminish of the occupational stress to the young workers come from institutional environment. Methods and results: the subjects had to answer to the scale for the occupational stress, part of the Personal Evaluation Inventory for Stress, made by Melgose (2000). Both sample were asked to answer to the questions at the begining and at the end of the research. Between the two examination the lot of young workers come from institutional environment was taught relaxation techniques and benefited from cognitive – behavioral psychotherapy in weekly sessions. The sample of young workers come from normal families was the control sample. Results and discussion: the results obtained by us confirmed in practice both our hypothesis: the young worker from the institutional environment feel a greater occupational stress than the control sample. After two month of the experimental phases, the occupational stress of the young workers come from instituional environment diminished in a significant statistic proportion. The obtained results allow the statement that these methods are of great utility in preventive purpose and in the stress prophylaxy.

Associated infectious diseases in psychiatric patients who are hospitalized for long periods in a hospital in Braila

Background Adult patients with severe psychical diseases are hospitalized in a separate building (ward) for very long periods of time (years). This ward has 140 beds and belongs to the Psychiatric Hospital “Sf.Pantelimon” in Braila. Sometimes they live here for their entire life. In this situation they can develop several diseases, infectious and non-infectious, which need a special medical survey to prevent epidemics or complicated diseases.

Incidence of Eating Disorders in Family Environment in High School Adolescents

The impact of risk factors occurring in families on the adolescents’ attitude towards food, using the EAT-26 questionnaire and the Short (s)-EMBU was examined. Respondents were 464 high school students. Results show that in nearly 79% respondents there is at least one risk factor present in the family. Connection between a disturbed attitude to food and being on a family diet and failure to solve problems and absence of communication in families and the occurrence of psychic diseases in families was confirmed. The attachment was more disturbed on the father's side than on the mother's.