Supply Of Vitamin Research Articles

Determination of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Safe Duration in Residential Population Around the Fertilizer Industry X in Indonesia

People who have lived more than 22 years in settlements around the fertilizer industry X are at risk of being exposed to SO2 from the increase in exhaust emissions produced by the boilers and power generation equipment in the fertilizer industry. The purpose of this study was to determine the Risk Quotient (RQ) due to exposure to SO2 and to measure the duration of exposure to SO2 that is safe in the residential area around the fertilizer industry X. This research is a quantitative study with an environmental health risk analysis method, with a sample size of 297 adult population respondents in residential areas around the center of SO2 emissions in the fertilizer industry X area. Data analysis was done using manual data calculations to determine the intake of SO2 (non carcinogenic), risk level or risk quotient (RQ), and safe duration (Dt safe) exposure to SO2 in the population around the fertilizer industry X. The results showed that the average non-carcinogenic intake of SO2 in settlements around the fertilizer industry X was at 0.057427415mg/kg/day. While the average risk quotient is 1.788347507 (RQ> 1), from a total of 297 respondents as many as 197 respondents with RQ> 1 and 100 respondents with RQ 50 of the population in settlements around the fertilizer industry X have health risks resulting from exposure to SO2. The average safe duration of exposure to SO2 in the population in settlements around the fertilizer industry X is 23.47 years, depending on the food intake and body condition of the respondents. The recommendation that can be given is to increase the weight of respondents and the right diet pattern by consuming nutritional intake that can detoxify the main toxin to reduce sulfur dioxide levels in the body, one example is the provision of vitamins E and C which can reduce oxidative effects such as lipid peroxidation and membrane damage in erythrocytes due to exposure to sulfur dioxide2. Besides that, a related stakeholder policy is needed to periodically measure SO2 concentrations in community residential areas around the fertilizer industry X, so that the air quality of people exposed to SO2 can be monitored and is still within safe limits. The company holds a CSR program involving the surrounding community by conducting routine health checks, greening programs around the fertilizer industrial area6. © 2019, Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development. All rights reserved.

Association between Carbohydrate, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and HBA1C Level

Background: Diabetes is now a disease that is a major concern both globally and regionally and is the leading cause of death in most countries. HbA1c levels are used to measure long-term glucose levels in patients with type 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Restrictions on carbohydrate diets have the greatest effect on decreasing blood glucose levels. Nutritional interventions with the provision of vitamin C and vitamin E can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress as a strategy to prevent the occurrence of DM. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of carbohydrate intake, vitamin C and vitamin E with HbA1c levels. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Prodia Surakarta Clinic, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. A sample of 150 study subjects was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was HbA1c level. The independent variables were carbohydrate and vitamin E. The data were collected by questionnaire and 24-hour food recall. The data were analyzed by multiple logistic regression . Results: High carbohydrate intake increased HbA1c level (OR= 2.84; 95% CI= 0.72 to 11.12; p= 0.133), while high intake of vitamin E lowered HbA1c level (OR= 0.12; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.64; p = 0.012). Conclusion: High carbohydrate intake increases HbA1c level, while high intake of vitamin E decreases HbA1c level. Keywords: diabetes, HbA1c, karbohidrat, vitamin C.Vitamin E Correspondence: Dwi Astuti Dian Andarwati. Masters Program in Nutrition, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: dianandarwati@yahoo.com. Mobile: 0813­29588344. Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2019), 4(3): 219-227 https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2019.04.03.04

Evaluation of the Efficacy and Tolerability of Vitamin Complexes in Marmalade Pastilles in Healthy Children and Children With Allergic Diseases of Pre-School and School Age

научный биометрический журнал, который знакомит читателя с клиническими рекомендациями и особенностями применения лекарственных и вакцинных средств у детей, предоставляет исчерпывающую информацию о воздействии лекарственных средств на плод, о проводимых в

Brain Vitamin E Deficiency During Development Is Associated With Increased Glutamate Levels and Anxiety in Adult Mice.

Vitamin E, the most important lipophilic radical scavenging antioxidant in vivo, has a pivotal role in brain. In an earlier study, we observed that adult mice with a defect in the gene encoding plasma phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) display a moderate reduction in cerebral vitamin E levels, and exacerbated anxiety despite normal locomotion and memory functions. Here we sought to determine whether dietary vitamin E supplementation can modulate neurotransmitter levels and alleviate the increased anxiety phenotype of PLTP-deficient (PLTP−/−) mice. To address this question, a vitamin E-enriched diet was used, and two complementary approches were implemented: (i) “early supplementation”: neurotransmitter levels and anxiety were assessed in 6 months old PLTP−/− mice born from vitamin E-supplemented parents; and (ii) “late supplementation”: neurotransmitter levels and anxiety were assessed in 6 months old PLTP−/− mice fed a vitamin E-enriched diet from weaning. Our results show for the first time that an inadequate supply of vitamin E during development, due to moderate maternal vitamin E deficiency, is associated with reduced brain vitamin E levels at birth and irreversible alterations in brain glutamate levels. They also suggest this deficiency is associated with increased anxiety at adulthood. Thus, the present study leads to conclude on the importance of the micronutrient vitamin E during pregnancy.

Supplementation of micronutrients in children and food fortification initiatives in Sri Lanka: benefits versus risks.

In recent decades, Sri Lanka has made substantial progress in reducing the burden of micronutrient deficiencies in children by the provision of vitamin A megadose and micronutrient supplementation programs for children of 6-23 months, along with universal iodization of salt. Consumption of voluntarily fortified foods by children was also considerably increased. The objective of our study here was to review such interventions, which are beneficial in childhood, and to assess the risk of toxicity due to excessive intakes of iron, vitamin A, and iodine. Our analysis was performed using data from two national micronutrient surveys, market surveys, and key informant interviews. Data on coverage, usage, and nutrient content of certain foods were compiled to gauge consumption of iron, vitamin A, and iodine among children. We found that the severity of anemia and vitamin A and iodine deficiencies declined from moderate-to-severe and that supplementation and fortification can lead to an excess of vitamin A that may cause toxicity, while iron and iodine deficiency appears to be no longer a public health concern in Sri Lanka. We recommend review and scaling back of national supplementation programs and monitoring of fortification initiatives to prevent micronutrient toxicity in the future.

Souvisí stav zásobení organizmu vitaminem D s výsledky testování kognitivních funkcí a aktivit denního života u seniorů?

Introduction Till recently, the main effect of Vitamin D (calcitriol) was accounted for its role in regulation of calcium levels. But at the present time several other important functions of this vitamin have been unfolding in human organism, which currently ascribe to the properties of hormone. It also effects among other functions such as cognitive functions, immune system and muscle mass. In the resent past there are rising number of scientific publications on possible consequences of the long term deficit of Calcitriol, not only in the older generation. Aim The aim of our study was to establish the relationship between the supply of Vitamin D to the organism and basic parameters of self-sufficiency, which are cognitive functions stipulated in the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) test and Barthels test for Activities of Daily Living (ADL) among seniors. Materials and methods In our study we evaluated, 244 patients (65 men and 179 women) of average age 80,1 ± 7,4 (min. 65, max. 99) hospitalized at Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, and General Practice of Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and Faculty Hospital Brno, from March 2012 to September 2012. The state of Vitamin D supply to the organism was evaluated with the help of serum Vitamin D total [1.25(OH)2D + 25(OH)D], the values of MMSE and ADL were taken from the third day of hospitalization till overcoming the acute stage. The characteristics of the patients were drawn with multimorbidity index CIRS - CI (cumulative Illness Rating Scale - Comorbidity Index). Furthermore, we observed the correlation of Serum Vitamin D levels to the season of the year. Results In our patients average concentration of vitamin D levels, MMSE, and ADL was 37.9 ± 26.1 (8-142 nmol/l), 23.36 ± 6.91 (0-30 points), 80.66 ± 25.13 (0-100 points), and CIRS CI 4.7 + 1.9 points, respectively. The correlation of vitamin D serum level with MMSE was r = 0,289 (p 0.01), with ADL r = 0,292 (p 0.01), and CIRS CI r = -0.22 (p Conclusions The values obtained for MMSE and ADL demonstrated a significant correlation with serum vitamin D total levels. Attention paid to maintain an adequate supply of serum vitamin D in the organism, helps to maintain quality bone remodeling and functioning of other processes with which it takes part. For supplementing elderly sick patients, apart from diet, it is suitable to choose partially or fully hydroxylated supplements and adequate exposure to sunlight. Key words: ADL - cognitive function - MMSE - vitamin D.

The Knowledge of Midwife in Giving Vitamin A during Puerperium In Public Health Center

Vitamin A is an organic compound that the body needs from the outside because the body can not produce it. The coverage of of vitamin A in postpartum women in Sidoarjo regency was 95.01% nd the coverage of vitamin A in Public Health Center was about 72.98%. So that vitamin A is still less than the national target (100%). The aim of this study indentified the description of knowledge, by provision of vitamin A capsules to postpartum women. This study is an analytical study conducted on November 2017 until Jnuary 2018. Respondents are all midwives who are in the areaof Public Health Center, totaly 19 midwives. The research instrument using questionnaire the validity and reliabelitas already tested. The data processing by the frequency of table and cross taultion then performed Rhank Spearman test with the result P Value = 0,199 means >0.05 then H0 accepted it is means there is no significant relation between knowledge of midwife with vitamin A that is giving to postpartum women.

Biochemical and Morphological Parameters of Inbred/Outbred Lines and DBCB Tetrahybrid Mouse in High-Sugar In Vivo Model of Metabolic Syndrome

Integral, biochemical, and morphological parameters and concentrations of vitamins, particularly lipid soluble vitamins, were analyzed in female mice of inbred DBA/2J line, outbred ICR-1 (CD-1) line, and DBCB tetrahybrid mice on the in vivo model of metabolic syndrome induced by consumption of 30% sucrose for 2 days. In contrast to inbred and outbred lines, DBCB tetrahybrid mice developed abdominal obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and pronounced morphological picture of fatty liver disease. The lipid-coupled transport of vitamin E to the liver is also enhanced in these animals, which compensated decreased supply of vitamin E to the liver under conditions of high-sugar ration. The observed interstrain differences can be related to genetic features of the used mouse lines and DBCB tetrahybrid mice and require further genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and morphological studies. The results of the study based on the in vivo model of metabolic syndrome allow identifying the key biomarkers for complex diagnostics and prognosis of metabolic syndrome complications, such as nonalcoholic steatosis of the liver.

Vitamin D: effects on pregnancy, maternal, fetal and postnatal outcomes

A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its negative consequences for health is identified as area of primary concern for scientists and clinicians worldwide. Vitamin D deficiency affects not only bone health but many socially significant acute and chronic diseases. Observational studies support that pregnant and lactating women, children and teenagers represent the high risk groups for developing vitamin D deficiency. Current evidence highlights a crucial role of vitamin D in providing the fetal life-support system and fetus development, including implantation, placental formation, intra - and postpartum periods. Hypovitaminosis D during pregnancy is associated with a higher incidence of placental insufficiency, spontaneous abortions and preterm birth, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, impaired fetal and childhood growth, increased risk of autoimmune diseases for offsprings. Potential mechanisms for the observed associations contain metabolic, immunomodulatory and antiinflammatory effects of vitamin D. Epigenetic modifications in vitamin D-associated genes and fetal programming are of particular interest. The concept of preventing vitamin D deficiency is actively discussed, including supplementation in different ethnic groups, required doses, time of initiation and therapy duration, influence on gestation and childbirth. An adequate supply of vitamin D during pregnancy improves the maternal and fetal outcomes, short and long term health of the offspring. Still current data on relationship between maternal vitamin D status and pregnancy outcomes remains controversial. The large observational and interventional randomized control trials are required to create evidence-based guidelines for the supplementation of vitamin D in pregnant and lactating women.

Актуальные вопросы нутрициологии в акушерстве: роль кальция и витамина D в формировании благоприятных условий для вынашивания плода

Epidemiological studies show a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in women, including pregnants and lactating mothers. Adequate supply of calcium and vitamin D is of paramount importance for the prevention of the gestation course disorders, perinatal complications and development of a number of diseases in a child. Preconceptional preparation and long-term intake of calcium and vitamin D are also necessary in high&risk pregnant groups, most sensitive to impaired adequate calcium intake. For this purpose, it is feasible to use modern vitamin&mineral complexes containing calcium and vitamin D in sufficient quantities.

Energy and nutrient supply according to food insecurity severity among Mexican households

Studies from Latin America have shown that food insecurity reduces dietary diversity. However, dietary diversity measures do not account for the energy and nutrient supply in households. The objective of our study was to know whether there are differences in food, energy and nutrients supplies in Mexican households according to their food insecurity level. We analyzed the database of the National Household Income and Expenditure Survey performed in Mexico in 2014. The modified Latin-American and Caribbean Food Security Scale was used to determine the existence of household food security or insecurity. Participants registered foods and beverages available at their homes during the previous week. The supply of energy and nutrients was estimated using Mexican and American food composition references. Mexican food secure households had greater supply of healthy (e.g., fresh fruits and vegetables, fish and seafood, and fresh meats) and unhealthy (e.g., processed meats, fries, sugar-sweetened beverages, desserts, and alcoholic beverages) foods. By contrast, food insecure households rely on cheap staple food (e.g. maize, rice, pulses, eggs, and sugar). There was a linear relationship between the energy density and severity of food insecurity. Households with mild and moderate food insecurity had greater total energy supplies than households with food security and severe food insecurity. Food insecure households had greater supplies of carbohydrates, cholesterol, iron, and magnesium, but lower supplies of protein, fat, vitamin C, vitamin A, potassium, calcium, and sodium. Most of the results suggest that food insecure households are exposed mostly to negative aspects of the nutrition transition because they have greater access to energy and lower availability of some micronutrients.

Vitamin status of adult population of the Russian Federation: 1987-2017

In a review in order to characterize the dynamics of vitamin status for the period from 1987 to the present, the results of 16 surveys (conducted in 2015-2017) of the sufficiency with vitamins C, A, E, B2 and B6 of adult men and women of working age (about 1200 people) living in different regions of the Russian Federation, were compared with the frequency of vitamin insufficiency among the population in the previous period. The statistically significant improvement in the population's supply with vitamin C in the previous decade continued in 2015-2017. The deficit of this vitamin practically ceased to occur. Reduced blood serum levels of vitamin A were rare (except for patients with tuberculosis, the indigenous inhabitants of an inaccessible village beyond the Arctic region, and pregnant women, especially in the third trimester). In comparison with the previous period, a fairly rare occurrence of vitamin E deficiency persisted. Vitamin B2 deficiency was still detected in a significant number of subjects (25-75th percentile was at the level of 30-50%) and was encountered approximately at the same frequency as in the previous period. The lack of B vitamins in the adult population was still much more common than the deficiency of vitamins A, E and C. The incidence of the combined deficiency of three or more vitamins (including, in addition to vitamins C, A, E, B2 and β-carotene, vitamins D, В6, В12, folates) currently ranged from 5 to 39%. In this same range was the frequency of observation of persons sufficiently supplied with all studied vitamins. To improve the vitamin supply of the population, the urgent need for legislative consolidation and/or adoption of normative acts regulating compulsory enrichment of food products of mass consumption (bread and milk) with vitamins D and B group has arisen.

THE PARATHYROID HORMONE LEVEL AND ITS CORRELATION WITH THE SUPPLY OF VITAMIN D IN EARLY CHILDHOOD

The literature data and the finding of our studies on the analysis of the correlation between the level of parathyroid hormone and supply of vitamin D of children (n=107) of early age are presented in the article. The serum level of vitamin D in the analyzed group of children was 24.8 [17.6–32.5] ng/ml, the median of the parathyroid hormone was 21.0 [12.3–25.5] pg/ml. It has been established that children with optimal supply of vitamin D have significantly lower parathyroid hormone levels vs. the children with vitamin D insufficiency (25 (OH) D from 20 to 30 ng/ml) and deficiency (calcidiol values below 20 ng/ml). The correlation between the level of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone was r=-0.18, p=0.035. The best supply of vitamin D was found in children of the first year of life – 25 (OH) D concentration was 29.95 [16.2–40.3] ng/ml. The parathyroid hormone level (16.5 [10.7–23.8] pg/ml) in these children was reliably lower (p=0.05) vs. the children of the second and third years of life. A positive correlation was established between the age of patients and the parathyroid hormone level (r=0.2, p=0.05). Preventive doses of vitamin D were received by 42.1% of children. The blood serum concentration of 25 (OH) D in them was higher (32.7 ng/ml), and the parathyroid hormone level was significantly lower (14.9 pg/ml) vs. the children who did not receive cholecalciferol preparations (p<0.05). The obtained results demonstrate a strong correlation between vitamin D deficiency and the increased parathyroid hormone level that reflect the importance of these hormones in the regulation of calcium-phosphorus metabolism and the opposite role in bone tissue calcification.

Adequacy of Some Locally Produced Complementary Foods Marketed in Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Senegal.

Adequate complementary foods are needed to help reduce the high prevalence of stunting in children in many Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs). We assessed the availability, affordability, and nutrient adequacy of imported and locally produced processed cereal-based blends (PCBBs), marketed as complementary food for young children in Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Senegal. In total, 19 local producers and 275 points of sale in the four countries were surveyed to evaluate the quantities and accessibility of PCBBs. In addition, 32 PCBBs were analysed for their nutritional composition and packaging information. The results showed that only 7 out of 32 PCBBs could be classified as nutritionally satisfactory. Access to the products was insufficient in all surveyed settings. At the points of sale, the PCBB market was dominated by imported products, even though two out of four imported PCBBs were not nutritionally satisfactory. Imported PCBBs were two to three times more expensive than locally produced PCBBs. Labelling of the PCBBs was inadequate in many aspects. Technical support should be offered to local PCBB producers to ensure the adequate formulation and supply of an appropriate vitamin and mineral premix. The development of national specific regulations on PCBB composition and labelling is strongly recommended in these countries.

Обеспеченность витамином D рожениц и новорожденных в диаде «мать-дитя» в условиях приарктической зоны РФ в зимний период

Обеспеченность витамином D рожениц и новорожденных в диаде «мать-дитя» в условиях приарктической зоны РФ в зимний период

Hygienic assessment of sows feeding level at different physiological state

Efficiency of nutrients and feed energy use in pigs largely depends on age, live weight, physiological status and type of feeding. Particular attention should be paid to the feeding conditions of the breeding stock, which has a direct influence on the productivity of sows and the quality of the young. Two farms in the Lviv region assessed the value and balance of rations. Were studied and analyzed rations for blank, pregnant and lactating sows and their compliance with the feeding standards, as well as the needs of the organism in different physiological periods. Analyzing nutrient content in the ration of the blank sow of Zolochiv district, there was a lack of exchange energy, digestible protein, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, while ensuring carotene only 1% and excess of feed units. The lack of cobalt was 92.8%, zinc 72.7%, manganese 50.7%, iron 54.4%. A similar situation was with the provision of vitamins. For pregnant sows, the level of exchange energy exceeded the norm by 11.5%, feed units by 31.6%, and the lack of digestible protein was 18.9%, cellulose 42.6%, calcium 98.3%, phosphorus 63.3%, with complete absence of carotene. According to the trace element content, a lack was found in the range of 92 to 40%. The level of provision of already lactating sows of the same farm, the exchange energy was 17.8% less than needed. Lack of feed units was 2.8%, digestible protein 34.5%, cellulose 30.8%, and the provision by the trace element content of the ration was only 14.4%, 34.7% according to the need for calcium, phosphorus and carotene respectively. When analyzing the nutrient content in the feeding ration of the blank sows of the Staryj Sambir region, it should be noted that the lack of exchange energy is 13.92%, feed units – 14.38%, digestible protein - 28.29%, fiber – 59.0%. Blank sows were provided with calcium only by 14.5%, phosphorus by 26.4%, with complete absence of carotene. In the case of pregnant sows, then they were not provided with the main nutrients of the feed. Thus, the content of exchange energy and feed units was 4.45% and 6.45% lower than it needed an organism of animals. However, the rest of the constituents of the animal's ration were provided even less, in the absence of carotene. The level of provision for lactating sows, too, was far from the norm, while other components of the ration noticed even greater imbalance. The level of micronutrient and vitamin supplements was low. Consequently, according to research results, the level of supply of energy from sows of both farms and all physiological groups amounted to 82–95% of the need. Sow was only provided with digestible protein for 65–87%. With the regard to vitamin and mineral supplements, the best situation with methionine + cysteine, which all animals were provided with 72–99%, the lack of other components in both the first and second farms are offset by complementary mineral fodder mixtures.

VITAMIN MINERAL COMPLEXES FOR CHILDREN IN THE PERIOD OF ACTIVE SOCIAL ADAPTATION

The subnormal vitamin deficiency form poses a threat to the normal growth and development of the child. Reduced supply of vitamins A, PP, B6, B12, E is associated with decreased immunity, and increases the risk of physical development delay and the formation of functional diseases. According to 2015--2017 data, the vitamin provision pattern for preschool and school children is almost the same regardless of the place of their residence: only one in four or five children are provided by all vitamins. Up to 50% of children suffer from polyhypovitaminosis, (i.e., a deficiency of 3 or more vitamins). In the settings of insufficient production of food products enriched with vitamins, the main way to eliminate vitamin deficiency is the use of vitamin mineral complexes. The inter-vitamin interactions and the high incidence of polyhypovitaminosis conditions among the children give occasion to use the vitamin mineral complexes (VMCs). The intake of VMCs is more efficient in comparison with the use of monovitamins. When choosing an VMC for children, one should give preference to complexes containing a full set of vitamins to be taken in an amount comparable with the age recommended intake, and mineral substances, which deficit is most often found in the population of Russia. The systematic consumption of food products enriched with vitamins and/or VMCs results in increased levels of vitamins in blood plasma, a decreased frequency of polyhypovitaminosis, increased number of children adequately provided with all the vitamins.

Infectious Agents and Inflammation: The Role of Microbiota in Autoimmune Arthritis.

In higher vertebrates, mucosal sites at the border between the internal and external environments, directly interact with bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Through co-evolution, hosts developed mechanisms of tolerance or ignorance toward some infectious agents, because hosts established “gain of function” interactions with symbiotic bacteria. Indeed, some bacteria assist hosts in different functions, among which are digestion of complex carbohydrates, and absorption and supply of vitamins. There is no doubt that microbiota modulate innate and acquired immune responses starting at birth. However, variations in quality and quantity of bacterial species interfere with the equilibrium between inflammation and tolerance. In fact, correlations between gut bacteria composition and the severity of inflammation were first described for inflammatory bowel diseases and later extended to other pathologies. The genetic background, environmental factors (e.g., stress or smoking), and diet can induce strong changes in the resident bacteria which can expose the intestinal epithelium to a variety of different metabolites, many of which have unknown functions and consequences. In addition, alterations in gut permeability may allow pathogens entry, thereby triggering infection and/or chronic inflammation. In this context, a local event occurring at a mucosal site may be the triggering cause of an autoimmune reaction that eventually involves distant sites or organs. Recently, several studies attributed a pathogenic role to altered oral microbiota in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to gut dysbiosis in spondyloarthritis (SpA). There is also growing evidence that different drugs, such as antibiotics and immunosuppressants, can influence and be influenced by the diversity and composition of microbiota in RA and SpA patients. Hence, in complex disorders such RA and SpA, not only the genetic background, gender, and immunologic context of the individual are relevant, but also the history of infections and the structure of the microbial community at mucosal sites should be considered. Here the role of the microbiota and infections in the initiation and progression of chronic arthritis is discussed, as well as how these factors can influence a patient’s response to synthetic and biologic immunosuppressive therapy.

PELAYANAN KESEHATAN TERNAK DI WILAYAH DESA PENGOTAN, KECAMATAN BANGLI, KABUPATEN BANGLI

Disease is an important factor in the production system and livestock productivity. Efforts to control thedisease can be done through the prevention of disease and or treatment of sick livestock. Health services ofcattle and pigs are carried out in Pengotan Village, Bangli District, Bangli Regency in the grant program ofKKN PPM. The purpose of this activity is to maintain and improve the health of bali cattle and pigs so thatthe productivity and production of livestock can be improved. Approach method used is by involvingmembers of Gapoktan Asta murti or individually who have livestock. Clinically cattle observed exteriorconditions and interviews with owners to find out the initial conditions of livestock health and subsequentmedicine action. The results of livestock health service activities show only 2 types of livestock are givenhealth services namely bali cattle and pigs. Overall health services to bali cattle as many as 303 heads and146 pigs. The service was carried out in 8 dusun in Pengotan village with details of dusun Besange 108,dusun Sunting 41, Dusun Penyebeh 39, Dusun Yoh 29, Dusun delod village 72 heads, Dusun dajan umah 43,and Dusun Tiying 117. Type of health services provided is the provision of vitamins, worm medicine andsparying of ectoparasit. It was concluded that cattle and pigs in Pengotan village are in good condition.Intervention with the provision of vitamins, worm medicines and ectoparasit drugs improves the performanceof bali cattle and pigs

The Retinol-Binding Protein Receptor 2 (Rbpr2) Is Required for Photoreceptor Survival and Visual Function in the Zebrafish.

Vitamin A/retinol (ROL) and its metabolites (retinoids) play critical roles in eye development and photoreception. Short-term dietary vitamin A deficiency (VAD) manifests clinically as night blindness, while prolonged VAD is known to cause retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor degeneration. Therefore, sustained uptake of dietary vitamin A, for ocular retinoid production, is essential for photoreceptor health and visual function. The mechanisms influencing the uptake, storage, and supply of dietary vitamin A, for ocular retinoid production, however, are not fully understood. We investigated, in zebrafish, the physiological role of the retinol-binding protein receptor 2 (Rbpr2), for the uptake of dietary ROL, which is necessary for vision. NIH3T3 cells expressing zebrafish Rbpr2 showed plasma membrane localization patterns and were capable of ROL uptake from its bound form. Using whole-mount in situ hybridization, Rbpr2 was found to be expressed exclusively in the liver, intestine, and pancreas, of staged zebrafish larvae. At 5.5days post fertilization, TALEN-generated rbpr2 mutants (rbpr2 -/- ) had smaller eyes and shorter OS lengths and showed loss of PNA (cones) and rhodopsin (rods) by immunofluorescence staining. Finally, tests for visual function using optokinetic response (OKR) showed no consistent OKR in rbpr2 -/- larval zebrafish. Our analysis, therefore, suggests that Rbpr2 is capable of ROL uptake and loss of this membrane receptor in zebrafish results in photoreceptor defects that adversely affect visual function.