Loan Supply Research Articles

Development Trends of the Market of Agricultural Lending to Households in Ukraine: Analysis of Consumer and Mortgage Loans

The purpose of the article is to assess the conditions and identify the features of the market for consumer and mortgage lending to households based on the economic and statistical analysis of the data panel. The instrumental and methodological apparatus of the article compiled general scientific principles and approaches to economic analysis: Scientific abstraction, analysis and synthesis, grouping, typology, comparison, qualitative and quantitative expert assessments; logical and contextual methods of processing theoretical material, as well as the method of economic and statistical comparisons. The article analyzes the dynamics of consumer and mortgage loans for households in Ukraine from 2007 to 2023, and highlights their socio-economic significance. The main problems in the field of consumer lending are formulated, the resolution of which is necessary for the intensive agricultural activity of households. It has been established that, despite the accumulation of certain experiences in the banking sector, the mortgage lending market has not become massive today. It is concluded that the reasons for this situation are the difficulty in the practical application of legislative regulations aimed at protecting the interests of creditors; high level of interest rates; low level of real income of households and, consequently, low effective demand for mortgage loans; the impossibility of mass provision of long-term mortgage loans due to high risk (interest, credit, legislative); almost complete exclusion of the state from participation in the formation of a civilized market for housing mortgage lending. The prerequisites for the further development of consumer and mortgage lending to households in Ukraine are formulated. The prospects for development and the main directions for improving consumer and mortgage lending to households are determined.

PERCEPTION OF SASIRANGAN FABRIC ENTREPRENEURS IN SASIRANGAN VILLAGE, BANJARMASIN CITY ABOUT SHARIA-BASED BUSINESS CAPITAL LOANS

This study aims to describe the knowledge of Sasirangan cloth entrepreneurs in Sasirangan Village and their perceptions of sharia-based business capital loans. This type of research is a field research with the character of a case study, which is a research carried out by the author directly going to the research location to get the necessary data. This research is descriptive in nature, namely research that seeks to describe existing problems based on data from interviews with informants and analyzes these data. Data analysis used is data collection, data reduction, data display and drawing conclusions. Furthermore, the data that has been analyzed, explained and interpreted in the form of words to describe the facts in the field, the meaning or to answer research questions which are then taken from the essence. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the knowledge of Sasirangan cloth entrepreneurs in Sasirangan Village towards sharia-based business capital loans is still divided into 3, namely: (1) fairly knowledgeable about providing sharia-based business capital loans, (2) not knowing about providing capital loans. sharia-based business, and (3) very little knowledge about the provision of sharia-based business capital loans The perceptions of Sasirangan cloth entrepreneurs in Sasirangan Village towards sharia-based business capital loans are also diverse, namely: informants who have a good view of providing sharia-based business capital loans because they are banking based on Islamic principles in their management and informants who view that Islamic and conventional banking according to they are the same, meaning they both flower in borrowing.

Sustainable Financing Strategies for the SMEs: Two Alternative Models

A sustainable financing strategy for SMEs should aim to enhance a low-cost collateral-free supply of loans to SMEs with good track records of repayments to banks. In this paper, we suggest two alternative financing models for SMEs that address certain borrowing constraints of SMEs. First, the model incorporates institutional mechanisms involving the government, banks, and SMEs. The strategy employs a two-pronged approach: (i) the government enhances the supply of loanable funds to banks, and (ii) identifies good SME borrowers through skills development programs and introduces them to banks. This model will reduce default risk and allow banks to offer lower-interest and collateral-free credit to SMEs, thereby improving their access to finance and performance. Second, the model could be extended to accommodate digital finance using a data-driven credit risk score of the borrowers to reduce banks’ default risks and transaction costs with or without government funds. The proposed model could resolve the moral hazard and selection bias problems. Our proposed models are based on a public-private partnership approach and therefore could solve certain borrowing constraints of SMEs. Our empirical results support the model outcomes and therefore are consistent with the predictions of our theoretical models.

Short-selling, the supply side

One widely accepted idea is that high lending fees predict negative returns, since high fees capture negative information held by short sellers on the demand side. Tradition sees the supply side as passive, with stock lenders acting as price takers. Recent evidence, however, shows that lenders are not truly passive. This paper analyzes the Brazilian stock loan market, disentangling shifts in the shorting supply and demand curves to understand the mechanism linking the supply side and stock returns. We also connect the shorting supply curve with news reports and verify how lenders react to new information. Our results indicate that lenders decrease the loan supply when they predict negative future returns and use new information to change supply conditions, indicating that lenders are not price takers.

Labor Mobility and Loan Origination

AbstractWe find that mortgage loans originated after the adoption of the inevitable disclosure doctrine (IDD; a mechanism discouraging loan officers’ labor mobility) have a lower default probability, a higher loan modification rate, and a lower foreclosure rate. These effects are unaccompanied by any reduction in loan supply and contribute to more stable housing prices. Using the adoption of the Uniform Trade Secrets Act as an alternative identification generates consistent results. Overall, our findings suggest that restricting loan officers’ labor mobility leads to better ex ante screening and ex post monitoring, improving the origination efficiency for U.S. residential mortgage loans.

Youths' Contribution to Household Welfare in Rural Areas

Rural households are faced with low purchasing power, poor food consumption, and poor general well-being. Youths are economically active, which could contribute to reducing these problems and improving rural development. However, the extent to which youths contribute to improving rural household welfare has gained little attention. Thus, this study assessed youths’ contributions to household welfare and the factors influencing their contributions to household welfare. Data were collected from 180 youths using a structured questionnaire and then subjected to descriptive and multiple regression statistical analysis. The findings revealed that youths contribute significantly to rural households’ welfare. The monthly income, access to credit, association membership, gender, age, and access to remittances are responsible for the level of youths’ contributions to household welfare. The challenges that prevent youths’ contribution to household welfare in rural areas were poor government support, poor credit facilities, unemployment, lack of access to business information and lack of training opportunities and vocational programmes. Government support to rural youths through the provision of grants and loans as start-up capital is needed to empower youths to contribute to their household welfare. Also, youths should be encouraged to go for vocational training to acquire a skill that could be a vehicle for a source of income. 

Social protection of motherhood and childhood in the regions of the south of Western Siberia in the 1990s.

The article is devoted to the study of the processes of social support for motherhood and childhood in the Russian Federation, in general, and in the regions of Southwestern Siberia during one of the problematic periods of social protection — in the 90s of the twentieth century. In the context of the crisis of financing social payments, the most important task is to develop an effective concept of social support for vulnerable segments of the population. The analysis of statistical data confirming the relevance of the demographic crisis in Russian society is presented. In particular, the materials of the State Archives of the subjects of the south of Western Siberia are considered: the Altai Republic, Omsk, Novosibirsk and Kemerovo regions, the Altai territory. The basic normative acts adopted in the 1990s regulating the mechanisms of social security for families with children in our country are characterized. The logical result of the study was the conclusion that the systematic indexation of material payments is mandatory in proportion to the increase in consumer prices for essential goods. The provision of preferential loans for the purchase of housing; budget financing of summer holidays for children from poor and large families; an increase in the volume of free services for children and mothers in medical institutions is clearly not enough to overcome the difficulties that have arisen. Overcoming the crisis phenomena is seen in attempts to balance the social system of the Russian Federation relative to the real socio-economic level of the country.

An Analysis of the Contributions of Cooperative Societies to Housing Delivery in Edo State (2013 – 2022)

Cooperative societies engage in many activities, one of which is the provision of housing loans for members. This has helped in making the policy of housing for all in Nigeria achievable by the government and low- income earners are having access to house of their own. This study analyses the Contributions of Cooperative Societies to Housing Delivery in Edo State. The main objective was to highlight the contributions of cooperative societies to housing delivery in the state. The study adopted survey design and 433 respondents were used in the study and two instruments - questionnaire and in-depth interview were employed to collect the required information. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. Findings from study show that Cooperative Societies under study have significantly contributed to housing delivery by helping members to procure building materials, getting housing loans from cooperative societies, land allocation to cooperators, getting fund for large scale business by which they raise money for building construction and supply of furniture and fittings. The study recommended that in order for cooperative societies to encourage housing provision, government should direct deposit money banks to grant cooperative societies zero interest rate loan purposely for housing projects as this will engender mass housing delivery in the state.

The bank lending channel of monetary policy transmission in Vietnam: Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the financial crisis

This paper aims to analyze changes in the transmission of monetary policy via bank lending when considering the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the financial crisis. Using bank-level data of 31 commercial banks in Vietnam from 2007 to 2021, we provide consistent evidence that the impact of monetary policy on bank lending tends to be more pronounced in the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Besides, we document that the bank’s loan supply is more sensitive to monetary policy adjustments during the global financial crisis. Thus, a general pattern can be detected, i.e. the monetary policy transmission through the bank lending channel is stronger under unfavorable macro contexts in Vietnam. Accordingly, it can be suggested that adjustments in the monetary policy of the central bank have still been effective in periods of macro difficulty and the implementation of unconventional monetary policy in Vietnam is not necessary yet. Regression results when using the sample-splitting technique are consistent with those using interactive variables, providing evidence to confirm the robustness of the findings obtained in the study.

RESEARCH OF BUSINESS SUBJECTS AS A PREREQUISITE FOR THEIR DETINIZATION

The article is devoted to the definition of the main directions of research of business entities, their qualifications and state of development during the war period, taking into account the prerequisites of their detinization and the detinization of the economy of Ukraine as a whole. Attention is focused on discrepancies in the qualifications of business entities in the legislation of Ukraine. The main qualification criteria of business entities are described. It was determined that, thus, 1) micro-enterprises are enterprises with a book value of assets up to 350,000 euros, net income from the sale of products (goods, works, services) up to 700,000 euros. EUR, total cumulative income up to EUR 2 million. euros and with an average number of employees up to 10; 2) small enterprises with a book value of assets up to 4 million euros, net income from the sale of products (goods, works, services) up to 8 million euros, a total aggregate income of up to 10 million euros and with an average number of employees up to 50; 3) medium - with a book value of assets up to 20 million euros, net income from the sale of products (goods, works, services) up to 40 million euros, a total aggregate income of up to 50 million euros, an average number of employees up to 250; 4) large: book value of assets over 20 million euros, net income from sales of products (goods, works, services) over 40 million euros, total aggregate income over 50 million euros, average number of employees over 250 people. A comparative analysis of the number of operating enterprises by types of economic activity was carried out, with a division into large, medium, small and micro enterprises. Prospects of the research directions have been determined: analysis and adaptation of business entities in war and post-war times; development of a recommendation on the detinization of business entities; as well as the justification of proposals for the implementation of a number of measures, the involvement of non-refundable financial support and technologies for the reconstruction and modernization of enterprises, the provision of affordable loans, the localization of equipment production in the state, etc. Keywords: shadow economy, detenization of the economy, business entities, qualifications; authorized capital, ownership.

Critical Success Factors that Determine the Entrepreneurial Readiness among the B40 Women in Selangor

Low-income (B40) women might become entrepreneurs for a variety of reasons, including motivation, resourcefulness, opportunity recognition, and entrepreneurial skills. The B40 group has been given a boost in their quality of life through a variety of initiatives, including the provision of bank loans, business facilities, and access grants. This study focuses on four factors that relate to women's motivation, resources, opportunity and ability in order to examine the entrepreneurial preparedness among the B40 women who had participated in an entrepreneurial training programme in Malaysia. Thus, this study attempts to examine the challenges faced by women especially in urban areas of B40 to increase their revenue. These studies seek to determine the readiness of low-income women for entrepreneurship, intending to increase household income in sharpening their abilities to survive in urban. By using a simple random sampling technique method, the number of samples is 102 low-income women, who have participated in the entrepreneurial enculturation program were the selected population. Unexpectedly, motivation, resources and entrepreneurial ability were found to be non-significant predictors of entrepreneurial readiness among the B40 women, although entrepreneurial opportunity appeared to be a significant predictor towards entrepreneurial readiness. Although the exclusion of motivation, resources and entrepreneurial ability did not relate towards entrepreneurial readiness, these results should be interpreted with caution. The study sheds light on an under-explored and new context to advance existing knowledge in the field.

Credit rationing, institutions and local public debt

This work presents a model of credit rationing under the effects of judiciary in- efficiency and criminal extraction. Under low judiciary quality and high criminality, we argue that banks are more likely to lend to the government rather than private enterprises. We argue that credit rationing increased local public debt in Mexico before coming into effect the new law of Financial Discipline for States and Municipalities in 2016. Our scientific objective is explaining the supply of bank loans to the local public sector in Mexico under low institutional quality and credit rationing. We use Panel regression analysis and also applied an Autoregresive Distributed Lag model to obtain the long term growth rates. We also used Clustering analysis in order to classify states in Mexico in terms of their debt, defaults in the industry sector, crime and judicial inefficiency rates. Our empirical analysis shows that judiciary inefficiency and criminality induced higher amounts of bank loans to state governments during the period of 2004 to 2016. We also found that defaults in the industry sector also increased the amount of bank loans to local governments in Mexico, which may explain in part that the rationed credit is redirected to the public sector. We argue that keeping the quality of institutions low may induce higher bank lending to states, so there might be little incentive to improve the judiciary and public safety. The possible solution is to improve judicial efficiency and decrease criminality in order to reduce credit rationing and subsequently ensure local public debt stability in the long term.

How does climate risk affect bank loan supply? Empirical evidence from China

How does climate risk affect bank loan supply? Empirical evidence from China

ACCUMULATION AND USE MANAGEMENT BUDGET RESOURCES

The article examines the theoretical aspects of managerial research on innovation policy and strategy of the business entity. It is substantiated that innovative management is focused on organizational and economic models and methods of managing all stages and types of innovative processes in the subject of economic activity with maximum effectiveness and efficiency. It has been proven that the possibilities of forming a complex innovation management system depend on a significant number of factors. It has been found that determining the need and possibility of managing innovative processes in a business entity allows identifying its real needs, and they can be divided into the needs of the external environment, the needs of the internal environment, and the actual needs of the innovation process as an independent object of management. It is proven that in the conditions of global challenges, the formation of the strategy of the business entity should be aimed at solving the tasks of prospective production and technological development. This type of development is, in fact, a versatile, multifaceted activity that covers almost the entire internal economic environment of the subject. It is substantiated that the innovation strategy is the most important link of the subject’s economic strategy and determines its content and direction in many cases. The stages of formation of an innovative strategy of a business entity are defined. A model of formation and implementation of an innovative strategy of a business entity has been developed. It has been proven that the strategic management of innovations of a business entity consists in the timely concentration of efforts on the development and use of promising achievements of scientific and technical development and the timely provision of resources for the dynamics of innovations for the benefit of the achievement of the goals of the business entity and the creation of conditions for its long-term effective activity. Methodology. The methodological basis of a scientific article is a set of tools, which includes methods of scientific knowledge, analysis and synthesis, systematization and scientific abstraction. The scientific basis of the conducted research is the scientific development of Ukrainian and foreign scientists in the field of managing the accumulation and use of budgetary resources. Results. It is substantiated that the rate of economic growth, increase in the welfare of the population, the level of domestic production, competitiveness and the development of international partnership depend on the efficiency of the management of the state’s budgetary resources. The main priorities of the budget in the difficult period of martial law are determined to increase the state’s defense capability and ensure social stability in society, which requires stable revenues to the budget. The Government is considering amendments to legislative acts to improve the efficiency of management decision-making regarding the implementation of the State Budget of Ukraine. The state at the initial stage of the full-scale war introduced a number of fiscal incentives to support the economy and consumption. However, the duration of the war and the significant growth of the budget deficit led to an increase in the fiscal importance of taxes and fees. In view of the above, fiscal consolidation measures were applied, which led to an increase in budget revenues. It is important to support the public’s intentions of state institutions to increase tax rates to increase the financing of the military. Approaches to increasing the effectiveness of the country’s budget formation mechanisms in wartime conditions should be based on the institutional interaction of fiscal and monetary regulators. Currently, international support plays an important role in stabilizing the economy and financing the state budget through the provision of loans, loan guarantees and grants. Practical importance. Conducted management research will support the process of managing the accumulation and use of budgetary resources.

Liability for illegal execution of activities on provision of consumer credit (loans): current status and perspectives for improvement

Consumer lending services are among the most demanded in the financial market. The high socio-economic significance of the activities of entities providing consumer loans is increasing in the context of regional imbalances in the implementation of banking services and the focus of credit institutions on clients with a certain income and stable income. Solving the problems of the availability of financial services for citizens living in small settlements, as well as persons who cannot receive funds from credit institutions due to low income, negative credit history, lack of collateral, microcredit organizations increase the purchasing power of the population, maintain the standard of living socially vulnerable citizens, stimulate the country's economy, involving (through investment) low-income strata in economic processes, making tax payments. The increased requirements for professional lenders determined the expansion of the illegal financial services sector, supported by high consumer demand. In order to counteract the illegal activities of illegal creditors and protect the interests of consumers of credit services, the legislator established administrative and criminal liability.The analysis of the current norms, which provide for liability for illegal activities for the provision of consumer loans (loans), carried out in the course of the study, made it possible to identify technical and legal flaws in the content of Art. 14.56 of the Administrative Code and enshrined in 2021 Art. 171.5 of the Criminal Code.Having identified the problems arising in the implementation of Art. 14.56 of the Administrative Code in practice, the author proposes to exclude from the disposition of this norm the signs that specify the subject of an administrative offense (legal entity, individual entrepreneur). The inevitability of the liability of illegal usurers will be ensured by changing the approach to determining the moment when illegal professional activities for the provision of consumer loans (Art. 14.56 of the Administrative Code) are concluded from the date of the conclusion of the consumer loan agreement on the day the creditor submits executive documents for organizing the enforcement of court decisions on the collection of the corresponding debt.Having determined the disposition of Art. 171.5 of the Criminal Code casually, with a triple reference-blanketness, the legislator not only deviated from the rules of legal technique, but also disoriented the law enforcement officer in the content of the criminal law prohibition. The author substantiates the proposals to state Art. 171.5 of the Criminal Code in a new edition, excluding the name of the violated law and detailing the signs of the subject of the crime. As crimi-forming signs, the composition covered by Art. 171.5 of the Criminal Code, it was proposed to determine alternatively: the large size of consumer loans (loans) issued by an illegal lender (over 2 million 250 thousand rubles); administrative punishment of a person under Art. 14.56 of the Administrative Code.

The effect of the regulation of the total amount of household loans on lending behavior of Korean banks

This study empirically analyzed the effect of Korea’s regulation of total amount of loans in household sector on bank prices like lending rate, interest business profitability, and loan portfolio decisions. Korea, which is known as a country with tight financial regulations among OECD countries, recently implemented a regulation on the total amount of household debt as a measure in response to the recent surge in household loan demand in the wake of the COVID 19 pandemic. While macro-prudential policy focusing on capital regulation is recognized as a global standard, confirming the effect of tightening household loan supply on changes in lending market is different from previous studies. The main research results and theoretical discussion confirmed in this study are as follows. First, restrictions on the amount of household loans, the possibility of tighter loan supply, and changes in loan regulation stance have led to an increase in lending rates at banks, as suggested by Kim (2019) and Castro et al. (2022). Second, the strengthening of regulations on the total amount of loans has improved the interest profitability of banks. It is presumed that Korean banks with strong market dominance are profitable with high interest margins despite a decrease in loan volume. Third, the effect of the total loan amount regulation on the bank loan portfolio decision was confirmed.

Does bank competition affect the transmission mechanism of monetary policy through bank lending channel? Evidence from India

This paper empirically investigates how intensified competition in the Indian banking affects the transmission of monetary policy through bank lending channel over the period 1997–2017. Additionally, this study examines the impact of deposit and loan market channels on bank’s credit growth. Results obtained through two-step system-GMM reveal that a higher degree of market power weakens the monetary policy transmission mechanism for the entire banking industry and across ownerships. Results show that higher market power in the deposit and loan markets weakens the impact of monetary policy on bank loan supply. The findings of this study extend important policy measures that can strengthen the transmission mechanism of monetary policy by reducing the adverse effects of changes in bank competition.

Development of territorial communities: aspects of natural capital conservation and budget financing

The development of efficient local governance and establishment of comfortable conditions for the living activity are the major strategic tasks of the public governance and authorities’ decentralization system modernization that is currently underway in Ukraine. The complicated socio-environmental and economic situation faced by Ukraine due to the deployment of military and political events, the collapse of the national currency, the deformation of industrial infrastructure, the depletion of natural capital, the exhaustion of natural resources, the spread of coronavirus infection COVID-19, and other destabilizing factors constitutes an incredibly high threat to the socio-political and economic security of the state as a whole and of each territorial community (TC). In this perspective, each element of the complex national economy system is important and should be translated into the principles of intellectualization in a strategic perspective. Today, the economic systems of both the state and the TCs are largely supported by international organizations – mainly through the provision of international loans and grants. The harmonization of national legislation on the preservation and reproduction of natural capital with European directives is the priority area of the foreign policy of Ukraine. Cooperation with international organizations sets a number of requirements for Ukraine, including the transparency of financial flows and natural capital accounting. Clear regulation of accounting, storage, and reproduction of natural capital is an urgent task of the public administration system. Taking into account the fact that climate security is a global problem, adaptation of national standards to European directives will make it possible to unify the information support of public finances and form a strategy for the development of natural capital. The main factors of economic efficiency in the Republic of Poland and Ukraine are compared. The research verifies the regression relationships between budget funding of territorial communities and the population of these territorial communities and provides conclusions about the efficiency of TCs’ funding in Ukraine.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF SOME SOCIO-ECONOMIC VARIABLES IN REGULATING THE CULTIVATION AND MARKETING OF THE RICE CROP IN IRAQ

This research was aimed to study the results of the application of agricultural legislation and the variables affecting compliance with such legislation, as well as knowing the role of agricultural legislation in supporting the agricultural policy steps in Iraq. The results showed that the variable of providing loans increases the probability of farmers’ commitment to the governmental agricultural plan to a large extent, amounting to about (28.7), and the variable of the sale price of the crop to the state has an impact on the probability of commitment to the plan at a degree of (1.02) greater than the chances of non-compliance with the agricultural plan, as well as the variable value of the returns achieved under The existence of government support to a degree or a fixed rate of (1) in favor of adhering to the agricultural plan. As for the farmers' decision to market their crops to the state, it was found that the most influential variables were the commitment to the agricultural plan, almost six times (6.25), which will increase the probability of marketing the crop to the state compared to the commercial one. The other variable was the provision of loans with a double degree of about (2.72). The research concluded that paying attention to the aspect of financing and providing agricultural loans to farmers will lead to farmers getting rid of the financial restrictions imposed on them by the private sector. Also, the continuation of providing support will lead to an improvement in the level of farm income for farmers and not to search for other means to obtain income and thus adhere to the government legislation drawn up. The research recommended the need to provide government support and use modern technologies to increase production rates and achieve greater returns for farmers, and the presence of a supervisory body working to ensure that farmers do not violate the imposed government legislation.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Fisheries Sector and Actions Taken to Cope with the Situation: A Case Study from a Top Fish-Producing Country

Bangladesh, one of the top fish producers in the world, has rapidly been expanding its annual fish production. However, the COVID-19 pandemic and related preventative measures have had a substantial impact on the nation’s fishing sector. In this study, a survey was performed in the Brahmanbaria subdistrict of Bangladesh to assess the impact of COVID-19 and the subsequent efforts made by the Department of Fisheries (DoF), Bangladesh, to mitigate the negative impact on the culture and capture fisheries. The socioeconomic profile of fishery stakeholders for the years 2019, 2020, and 2021 was used to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic situation on fish farming, fish hatcheries, fish nurseries, the fish feed industry, and the dry fish industry. Data analysis showed that the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the income of fishery stakeholders and their livelihoods. The income of fish farmers decreased by 47.49% in 2020 as compared to the base year of 2019 but increased by 129.34% in 2021, showing the effects of COVID-19 and mitigation efforts. Transport and movement restrictions adversely affected the culture fisheries while favouring capture fisheries with an increased annual catch. To counter or reduce most of those issues, the DoF, Bangladesh, took necessary steps, such as constructing a virtual control room and engaging the fishermen in some unique activities. Fishermen and other stakeholders benefitted because of farm visits, online training, improved interdepartmental coordination, monitoring of fish-selling marketing channels, activation of the FIAC (Farmer’s Information and Advice Centre), and women’s engagement through the provision of subsidies and loans. The DoF constructed fish sanctuaries and implemented law enforcement in 2020 and 2021 to safeguard the habitat for small indigenous species (SIS). These actions might have improved the stakeholders’ income and the post-pandemic scenario by increasing fish productivity. However, further study is recommended on the effective mitigation measures for drawing a clear conclusion.