Transport Service Providers Research Articles

Application of the Decision Tree Method to Decision Makin in Using Trucking Services at A Freight Forwarding Company

PT. Ricakusuma Lestari Abadi is a company operating in the freight forwarder sector by providing transportation services. Non-optimality and limited fleet capacity causes delivery activities to be inefficient in terms of time and cost. This research aims to determine the application of the decision tree method and determine the correct choice of decision making when using trucking services.
 Selecting trucking services using the Decision Tree method is a decision tool that uses a tree-shaped decision model. Meanwhile, for data analysis using the Decision Analysis method and to make it more effective and efficient, Information Technology is used in the form of Quantitative Method (QM) For Windows 5 software.
 The dependent variable in this research is the Decision Tree Method, and the independent variable is decision making. The data used in the research is field research and observation, direct observation at PT. Ricakusuma Lestari Abadi.
 The results of this research produced a minimum yield for Colt Diesel Engkel (CDE) trucks of IDR 270,000 for the Jakarta Area in the AKU trucking category and IDR 382,500 for Bekasi destinations in the ATT trucking category. And the minimum yield on a Colt Diesel Double (CDD) truck is IDR 315,000 for the Jakarta Area with the AKU trucking category and IDR 472,500 for Bekasi with the ATT trucking category.

Legal Regulation of Control (Supervision) over Quality and Safety of Medical Activities in Transport Industry

The relevance of the study is determined by important social functions of the transport infrastructure in the life of modern society and the need for medical care for transport employees, which ensures continuity of provision of transport services, safety, and security of citizens.The subject of this study is the current regulatory legal framework and the features of control (supervision) over quality and safety of medical activities in transport sector in the Russian Federation. The study consistently considers the legal framework for implementation of control (supervision) in the field of transport, analyses the system of bodies exercising it, their rights, powers, and visualize the features of inspections, overviews the rights of organisations in respect of which control (supervision) of quality and safety of medical activities is carried out.The article studies the theoretical and regulatory legal aspects related to implementation of the control function of the state in transport sector, formulates proposals for improving the legal support for control over implementation of medical activities in transport field.

Environmental Sustainability and Freight Transport Performance in the EU – An Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (ARCH) Model Analysis

Transportation, which is a significant facilitator of global trade and development, faces a serious problem with respect to sustainability. Firstly, there is the need to minimise greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining profitability and social responsibility. Transportation will be totally decarbonised by consistently moving towards a more sustainable, diverse and resilient range of transportation modes with advanced vehicle technologies. However, what impact this will have on the economic performance of transport service providers remains a big question. The aim of this study is to examine the short-run relationship between environmental sustainability in road freight transportation and the economic performance of the road freight transport sector in the European Union using an autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) model. The analysis was conducted using annual data spanning from 2008 to 2021. The results indicate that energy taxes on transport and storage, biodiesel consumption and vehicle capacity utilisation have a positive and significant impact on freight transport performance (FTP). The findings suggest that policymakers could use energy taxes and incentives to promote the use of biodiesel in the transportation sector to increase FTP. Additionally, efforts to improve vehicle capacity utilisation could significantly increase FTP and have positive environmental implications such as reducing traffic congestion and emissions.

General Assessment of the Impact of the War in Ukraine on the Shipping Industry Using Parametric Methods

The ongoing Ukrainian war has introduced significant uncertainty and crisis into the global economy, particularly in financial and stock markets. This study is a part of a larger research project that aims to assess the impact of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine on shipping companies, given the direct influence of rising gas and oil prices on the valuation of freight transport service providers. Economic sanctions were imposed on Russia, leading to the destabilization of the global economy. Industries such as the global shipping and tourism sectors experienced significant declines in share value. Investors began reallocating their portfolios, seeking safer and less risky investments, such as gold stocks. The riskiness of a particular stock can be assessed by various methods, including volatility measurement. This paper focuses on calculating and presenting the volatility value of the shares of A. P. Moller-Maersk, the world's largest operator of container lines and vessels. Additionally, the STOXX50 index, i.e. the Euro Zone stock market index, representing the overall European market, is used for comparison. Another risk measure discussed in this paper is Value at Risk (VaR), a quantitative method used to predict potential cash losses over a certain time period. The parametric method of calculating VaR was used, which assumes the normal distribution of stock value fluctuations. VaR was calculated using historical stock price data of A. P. Moller-Maersk. Findings indicate significant volatility and high-risk environment in the financial markets. The calculated VaR of 27.66% for a 30-day period with the 95% confidence level reflects the substantial potential losses associated with investing in Maersk shares during the crisis, surpassing typical risk levels. In conclusion, the war in Ukraine has disrupted the maritime industry, which was already recovering from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The sanctions imposed on Russia and the war situation in Ukraine have created uncertainty and turbulence in financial markets, prompting investors to seek safer investment options. The study emphasizes the need for continued monitoring of the impact of the war on the global maritime industry. The devastating effects of the war on the sector have significant implications for the global economy, human well-being, and future research in the field.

Enforcement of Criminal Law on Marine Traffic Negligence in Indonesia: Perspectives of Law No. 17/2008

Sea transportation must be integrated and able to create a safe transportation service provider. It must have high accessibility, integrated services, adequate capacity, be orderly, easily accessible, timely, comfortable, and efficient. This paper analyzes national shipping safety and security standards as a form of legal protection for the users. The study describes the implementation of standards for the regulation of shipping safety and security, and the process of law enforcement against ship accidents for perpetrators and ship owners, based on illegal acts. In this research, providing regulations and enforcing the regulations must be relevant to the conditions in the field. The government has provided regulations on shipping safety and security. The shipowner or ship operator is responsible for following the Regulation of the Minister of Transportation. RI No. 6/2020 concerning the Procedures for Investigation of Ship Accidents, Chapter V Responsibility Due to Ship Accidents, Article 61 Ships, and according to legal principles in Article 1356 of the Civil Code, for legal protection of the passengers using National Shipping services.

COVID-19 and Public Transport in Auckland, New Zealand: Investigating Vulnerable Population Groups’ Ridership Behavior

Public transit ridership was severely affected during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and the effects have continued since. The present study examines changes to ridership immediately post-pandemic in 2021. Research investigating the effects of COVID-19 on disadvantaged population groups is limited and the present study addresses this knowledge gap. Ridership of socially-disadvantaged groups such as low-income, female, and ethnic minority people is examined using order logit regression models. The study uses data from an online travel survey conducted in Auckland, New Zealand, immediately after all COVID-19-related restrictions were lifted. This allowed the collection of revealed preference data for the post-pandemic period. The regression models included the effects of socio-demographic characteristics of individual riders, travel attributes, and built environment factors. Findings suggest that those with lower income and from an ethnic minority group are likely to continue using transit frequently post-pandemic. Younger riders from the ethnic minority group are less likely to use transit frequently, while pre-COVID-19 they were more likely. Access to transit stops near home and work are significant factors for the ethnic minority group. Higher land use mix near the residence and work locations are found to induce more transit trips for all. It is critical for transit agencies to understand how the usage has evolved post-pandemic. These findings highlight the importance of considering the effects of the pandemic on different disadvantaged groups. Public transport service providers are encouraged to consider equity as they develop strategies to improve transit ridership.

Optimal vehicle fleet planning and collaboration under carbon neutrality: a game-theoretic perspective

This paper studies the optimal vehicle fleet planning and collaboration problem for a fuel vehicle (FV) transport service provider, a commercial electric vehicle (CEV) transport service provider, and a carbon emission treatment agency under carbon neutrality. The FV transport service provider pays a fixed fee or a portion of its sales revenue to a carbon emission treatment agency in exchange for technology to reduce its carbon emissions, and it can adopt three strategies (i.e., no emission reduction, purchasing technology for emission reduction, and entrusting a carbon emission treatment agency). We derive each party’s optimal fleet size, price, and profit in the three scenarios. Our results suggest that carbon emission reduction strategies may improve the market performance of the FV transport service provider. Then, we find no certain strategy is always preferable to another: the optimal cooperation strategy between the transport service provider and carbon emission treatment agency depends on the fixed technology fee, ratio of revenue sharing, government penalty, the transport service market potential, and consumer green preference, as well as the cost per CEV. This paper gives the transport service provider and carbon emission treatment agency a full picture of whether, when, and how to collaborate in green commerce.

Infrastructure development recommendation for traditional market to promote economic growth: A case study of Landungsari traditional market

The Landungsari Traditional Market is intended to serve as a major economic engine for the local area. This community service aims to assist in assessing the conditions of infrastructure and facilities in the Traditional Market of Landungsari since the availability and quality of infrastructure and facilities play a significant role in supporting the sustainable growth of the traditional market. The factors in question include the physical state of the buildings, the availability of utility infrastructure, the availability of essential public facilities, and the market’s accessibility. The study's findings were presented as suggestions for infrastructure improvement that could be used as a guide for the local government to further enhance the market's physical features. Visual assessment revealed that while the market's structure is generally in good condition, several of its components require maintenance and repair. This market needs to make improvements in terms of utility systems since it only satisfies around 25% of the standard requirements. Furthermore, as only 71% of the market's essential public facilities have been provided, additional facility development was necessary. Even though the market's building and facilities have been given adequate access, it is recommended to perform improvements in terms of wider market aisles, the addition of wheelchair-accessible pathways, and the provision of public transportation services to achieve a higher level of market accessibility.

COVID-19 AND LONG-DISTANCE COACH SERVICES IN EUROPE: THE IMPACT OF CHANGING PASSENGER BEHAVIOR

The aim of this study is to present the consequences of the COVID-19 crisis in the long-distance coach market in Europe. Firstly, the literature review depicts the dynamic situation of European long-distance transport service providers. It is reiterated that the disruptions to long-distance coach transport triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic are multidimensional. Secondly, 10 econometric panel models, including one spatial and two dynamic panel models, were constructed for 505 or 495 regions (depending on the model) of 26 European countries. The analysis allowed us to draw conclusions about the impact of excess mortality, public sentiment, population density, and infrastructure quality on the number of long-distance FlixBus coach departures. Models indicate that increased anxiety associated with COVID-19 leads to a drop in the number of departures even when mortality anomaly is accounted for. Moreover, the number of departures changed more significantly in response to an increased infection rate in 2021 compared to 2020. This may indicate that long-distance coach companies were encouraged to implement new policies aiming at a lower frequency of trips, thereby increasing certainty that planned departures would not be canceled at the last minute. This can serve as an evidence of a shift in companies’ focus towards greater flexibility of their offers.

STUDY OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT SERVICES USING DIGITAL METHODS IN LOGISTICS SYSTEMS

The article is devoted to the study of the life cycle of railway transport services in freight transportation. The features of the service are describe as a type of product. A parametric model of the life cycle of providing services by rail is construct from the moment of loading goods into wagons at the departure station to the moment of unloading at the destination station. There are the comparison of the service life cycle and the turnover of the car. Other operational indicators, features of their calculation and interrelation are also analyze. It is propose to minimize the service life cycle by digitalizing the rationing of operational indicators. It is present the calculation algorithm using by digital methods. The elements of the program interface for calculating and rationing operational indicators are given. The life cycle of the service is comparable to the turnover of the car, but does not take into account the empty mileage of the car. Minimizing the life cycle of products is an important aim, because it will reduce costs, increase the competitiveness and attractiveness of rail transport for cargo owners. Digitalization of the process of calculating and rationing operational indicators can solve this problem.
 Purpose. The purpose is to apply the product life cycle period to the railway transport service during freight transportation with the subsequent search for opportunities to improve the quality of services provided.
 Methodology. The article used the analysis of the provision of transportation services from the standpoint of quality management, modeling, as well as the creation of an algorithm and a program for digitalization of a number of operations.
 Results. The cargo transportation service is differentiate into stages of the life cycle period. It is present a parametric model. They are outline the ways of minimizing the life cycle, which will reduce costs, increase the competitiveness and attractiveness of railway transport for cargo owners. Digitalization of the stage of calculation and rationing of operational indicators can solve this problem
 Practical implications. It is advisable to apply the results obtained in the railway transportation system, in the work of operators and transport and logistics companies, in the management of the car fleet.

Pengaruh Disiplin Kerja Dan Motivasi Kerja Terhadap Produktivitas Karyawan Pada PT Dos Ni Roha Logistic Jakarta

PT Dos Ni Roha Logistic is a branch of DNR Corporation which has a function to fulfill the delivery of goods or pharmaceutical equipment by providing transportation services for the delivery of goods both land, sea and air. Data collection methods in this thesis research are questionnaires, observations, literature studies with a population of 47 employees and a sample of 47 determined using saturated sampling techniques and processed using SPSS software version 25. Work Discipline and Work Motivation together have a positive and significant influence on employee productivity Pt Dos Ni Roha Logistic Jakarta, Work Discipline and Work Motivation are one of the important factors that affect employee productivity, an employee if he has a level of work discipline and is given good motivation in Work can result in high levels of productivity. The results of this study show that work discipline and work motivation have a positive and significant effect on employee productivity, which is 0.546 or 54.6%, so it can be concluded that the influence on employee productivity is 0.546 or 54.6%, while the remaining 45.4% is influenced by other variables outside this study. Companies should need to improve work discipline and work motivation within the company in order to further increase the productivity of their employees.

Impacts of North Carolina’s medicaid transformation on community transit systems: A qualitative analysis with policy implications

North Carolina began its Medicaid Transformation implementation process in July of 2021. The Transformation shifted responsibility for arranging non-emergency medical transportation (NEMT) for transportation-disadvantaged Medicaid beneficiaries from county Departments of Social Services (DSS) to private transportation brokers. Brokers also decide NEMT eligibility and select transportation service providers that best meet beneficiaries' transportation needs. Before this transition, county DSS offices relied on community transit organizations (CTOs) to coordinate NEMT and other human transportation services. This is a significant shift from North Carolina's coordinated transportation model, which emphasized coordinating medical and other trips using local transit providers. This paper examines how the Medicaid Transformation in the state has altered CTOs' ability to continue coordinating individual human service transportation programs. Findings from interviews and policy content analyses indicate that the Medicaid Transformation has negatively affected CTOs' ability to coordinate between individual human service transportation programs. Control of several mechanisms CTOs historically used to coordinate transportation programs has shifted to brokers, who are neither prepared nor intended to take on the coordination role. Since these programs serve various transportation-disadvantaged residents in the state, including those enrolled in Medicaid, obstacles that CTOs encounter while coordinating transportation affect these communities disproportionately. Several factors explain CTOs' diminished ability to coordinate transportation, including goals and policy misalignment between health and transportation state authorities, regional location disadvantages, and logistical constraints that emerged with the Transformation.

Inclusivity of ICT Based Solutions to Public Transportation Problems: Challenges and Opportunities for Bloemfontein

Promoting information and communication technologies as mobility and transportation accessibility solutions in efforts to achieve sustainable transportation excludes socioeconomic vulnerability. ICT-related efforts do not meet the mobility and accessibility needs of every single group in society, resulting in socioeconomic exclusion for specific groups of people. Social exclusion disadvantages vulnerable social groups in society's mobility, while limited mobility reduces access to activities for disadvantaged groups; travel for job hunting, education, work, and health facilities further increases these groups' physical isolation. The need to travel for activities, services, and basic goods for human consumption such as food, water, and medication must be addressed by developing inclusive transportation systems. Through tele-activities, e-payments, security and surveillance, among other components adaptable to travel and mobility, technological solutions have been at the forefront of prescriptions to transportation problems. However, they remain inaccessible to some of society. The study investigates whether inclusive, sustainable public transportation can be fully realized in developing countries by utilizing technology-based travel behavior solutions. It also investigates the effectiveness of ICT solutions to travel, mobility, and accessibility issues in a South African city with a relatively traditional public transportation system. The study considers socioeconomic travel processes as well as travel behavior constructs to inclusivity in order to weigh the prospects of equitable provision of ICT-enabled public transportation services in the developing world. This study discovered that travelers have smartphone access; however, the purposes of smartphones are not directly related to travel and transportation. Furthermore, public transportation service providers do not have an online presence. Overall, for ICT-enabled public transportation to thrive in developing countries, accessible technologies such as calls and SMS that do not require internet access must be considered.

Balancing Economic Sustainability with Densification: A Case Study of Dhaka

Economically sustainable urban residential neighborhoods are characterized by adequate provision of physical infrastructure including transport facilities and utility services. The built urban fabric of residential areas of Dhaka has been undergoing densification operation over the past decades without considering the physical infrastructure capacity of these areas in terms of accessibility and provision of transportation and utility services. This intervention eventually exerted pressure on the existing infrastructure and caused negative externalities like traffic congestion, pollution, and water clogging. Thus, this paper aims to investigate the impact of densification on residential areas of Dhaka through the lens of economic sustainability. Seven residential areas from Old and New Dhaka that underwent various degreesof densification were selected as the study areas. Primary data was collected through a random sampling household questionnaire survey, fieldwork, and informal qualitative interviews with the residents and officials. Various published literature, newspaper articles, plans, and reports from government archives, Capital Development Authority (RAJUK), Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC), and Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC) provided the secondary data. The analysis is carried out in two parts. In the firstpart the impact of densification on accessibility to transportation facilities and utility services is analyzed in terms of availability of the services, distance to the bus stops, average travel time, modal choice, and residents’ satisfaction level. The second part explores the relationship between density and aspects of economic sustainability through Pearson’s correlation test. The findings revealed that public transportation is more accessible in lower-density areas than the higher-density residential areas owing to the road network pattern. A significant service delivery gap except for water supply was observed regarding the provision and quality of gas, electricity, sewerage, and garbage disposal services across all the study areas. Overall, density was found to have a negative association with the accessibility to physical infrastructures indicating that high-density residential areas of Dhaka do not have increased access to public transport and utility services which is contrary to the expected benefits of high-density living. A comprehensive density planning with an integrated sustainable transport plan needs to be formulated where viable public transport like Bus Rapid Transit (BRTs) systems and waterways may mitigate the situation from further worsening.

METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESING OF COMPETITIVE TRANSPORT ENTERPRISE

The article discusses the methodology for assessing the activities of autotransport enterprises that provide transport service to enterprises and the population. Here, the issues of choosing indicators the characterize the competit; veness of avtotransport enterprises are considered on the basis of which the factors impluencing the image of an enterprise that provide transport services are determined.

Investigation of the Effects of Important Factors in Suburban Rail Route Determination with MCDM

Thorough evaluation of suburban rail route alternatives is essential for determining the appropriate route. Suburban lines provide transportation services to suburban areas; that is, they provide transportation services to distant points of the city where demand is high. In this study, five alternative suburban rail routes in the commuter rail standard, starting from the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge’s European exit and ending at Istanbul Airport, were determined as a sample corridor in the province of Istanbul. High-standard suburban rail routes and their infrastructure construction costs were determined, and route options were delineated according to their construction costs. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods were examined, including the application of the decision matrix method (DMM) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to rank the routes in terms of the factors examined in the study. These routes were ranked according to the construction costs and according to the DMM and AHP methods, and the results were compared. In the decision matrix application, geomorphological-geological, geotechnical, infrastructural, and environmental factors were considered in the evaluation and determination process. A solution was developed in which all aspects were weighted to indicate their relevance, and these factors contributed to the determination of the results. The AHP method was also applied, in which five criteria were included in the evaluation: geology (including geomorphology and soil properties), engineering structures, construction costs, population values addressed by the routes, and railroad length. In addition, the distances to the active faults were examined according to the Turkey Earthquake Hazard Map specified in the Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBDY) 2018. Depending on the factors studied, the ordering of the routes was the same for all three methods.

Assessment of the influence of the indicators of providing the quality of the transportation service of the city passenger enterprise on the transportation behavior of consumers in the city of Kyiv

Methods. The research results were obtained by applying a number of scientific approaches and methods, such as: multiple correlation – to determine satisfaction with the provided transport service of a trip by city passenger transport; the method of graphic factor analysis using the attributes of the quality of the transport service – to determine the quality of the process of providing the transport service and the quality of the result of receiving the transport service; methods of analysis, grouping – for the systematization of scientific and methodological approaches, determination of key indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of managerial influence on improving the quality of transport services for certain segments of customers of the city passenger carrier. Results. Evaluation of the relationship «quality – satisfaction» cannot be only point-wise: it is necessary to take into account at what point in time during the service process and how exactly a certain attribute of the quality of transportation affected a person’s impression. The short-term and continuous nature of the transport service for the transportation of passengers in the city makes it possible to evaluate its overall quality as an impression accumulated under the influence of attributes. Analysis of the dynamics of such accumulation allows identifying priority areas of management influence aimed at improving quality for individual segments of the city carrier’s customers. Novelty. The scientific novelty of the research results lies in the method of measuring the overall perceived quality of a trip through the city by isolating the quality of each of its attributes, the quality of its process, and the result, which made it possible to compare estimates of the level of quality of trips through the city for drivers of private cars and passengers of city transport, which meets the market requirements for quality of transport service provision. Practical value. The results of the study are of an applied nature, since the study of directions for evaluating the quality of the provided transport service in megacities will ensure the systematic application of tools with the stabilization of management approaches.

The Influence of Work Compensation and Flexibility on Job Satisfaction Case Study on Online Ojek Drivers in Bandar Lampung

In the current era of technological development, several technological developments have emerged in the field of transportation, such as online transportation. It is not surprising that there are many start-ups or companies engaged in online transportation. This development creates an application model that can be accessed via mobile phones. The large number of online-based transportation service provider companies makes competition even tougher, so companies must improve the performance of online partners or drivers. For this reason, the performance of online drivers is an important concern for every online transportation company to be able to win the competition. This study aims to determine the effect of compensation and flexibility on job satisfaction of online motorcycle taxi drivers in Bandar Lampung. The research method used is quantitative, namely a process of finding knowledge that uses data in the form of numbers as a tool to analyze information about what you want to know. In this study using a questionnaire with a Likert scale. The population of this study were online motorcycle taxi drivers in Bandar Lampung and 189 people were taken as a sample. Data analysis used multiple linear regression analysis with the IBM SPSS 26 analysis tool. The results showed that compensation and flexibility have a positive effect on job satisfaction. Companies that provide online transportation services are expected to be able to increase compensation such as salaries, benefits, incentives or performance bonuses and provide flexibility in time and place of work that can be adjusted by online motorcycle taxi drivers. So that with that the job satisfaction of online motorcycle taxi drivers will increase.

Discovering Lin-Kernighan-Helsgaun heuristic for routing optimization using self-supervised reinforcement learning

Vehicle routing optimization is a crucial responsibility of transportation service providers, which can significantly reduce operating expenses and improve client satisfaction. Learning to tackle routing optimization problems automatically can be the next significant step forward in optimization technology. Despite recent advancements in automatically learned heuristics for routing optimization problems, state-of-the-art traditional methods such as Lin-Kernighan-Helsgaun (LKH) still outperform machine learning-based approaches. To narrow this gap, we propose a novel technique called self-supervised reinforcement learning (SSRL), which combines self-supervised learning with the LKH heuristic. We provide a node decoder and an edge decoder corresponding to reinforcement learning and self-supervised learning for learning node penalties and edge scores, respectively. The self-supervised part with cross-entropy loss offers strong gradient signals for parameter updates. At the same time, the reinforcement learning component functions as a regularizer to drive the supervised part, which focuses on particular rewards. SSRL learns and replicates all of the LKH’s significant components, improving the original LKH’s generalization and performance. Through experiments on multiple vehicle routing problems, SSRL has demonstrated superior accuracy and efficiency compared to existing methods. Our results provide empirical evidence of SSRL’s effectiveness and potential as a promising solution for optimizing complex routing problems.

TrustedMaaS: Transforming trust and transparency Mobility-as-a-Service with blockchain

Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) is an advanced Intelligent Transport System (ITS) that integrates various modes of transportation to meet the demands of travellers. The system relies on frequent communication for data exchange between the MaaS provider and transport service providers. Ideally, such communication would utilize trust technologies between these entities. However, current MaaS systems lack transparency and reliability, and their centralized nature creates a single point of failure for the entire service. To address these issues, this paper proposes a blockchain-based MaaS, which includes an architecture and smart contract functionalities. The solutions are built on permissioned and permissionless Hyperledger Fabric and Ethereum blockchain platforms, respectively, for a realistic deployment of network architecture and proposed smart contracts. Additionally, the paper presents a framework derived from comparing these two blockchain platforms. Finally, the framework is evaluated, and open questions and challenges are analysed.