Proton NMR Techniques Research Articles

RGB-algorithm whiteness appraisal approach for quantitative determination of clopidogrel and aspirin in presence of salicylic acid as a degradation product based on proton NMR technique

A rapid, precise, and selective spectroscopic method based on the quantitative proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-qNMR) was developed to estimate aspirin and clopidogrel in their pharmaceutical dosages for the first time. The evolved method was utilized to estimate both drugs in presence of the aspirin degradation product, salicylic acid. Moreover, aspirin and clopidogrel were subjected to various stress conditions such as acid hydrolysis, alkali hydrolysis, water hydrolysis, H2O2 oxidation, and photodecomposition for studying the stability of both compounds under these stress conditions. The 1H-qNMR analyses of the analytes of interest were conducted using the internal standard phloroglucinol and the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide-d6. The NMR spectra showed a quantitative doublet of doublets (dd) signal of aspirin at 7.945 ppm, a doublet signal of clopidogrel at 6.875 ppm, and a dd signal of salicylic acid at 7.810 ppm. The internal standard phloroglucinol exhibited a singlet signal at 5.690 ppm. The results demonstrated the linearity (r2 > 0.999), accuracy, precision (RSD < 2.0 %), stability, selectivity, and specificity of the evolved method. Linearity was confirmed in the ranges of 0.05–3.0 mg/mL for aspirin, 0.15–10.0 mg/mL for clopidogrel, and 0.1–5.0 mg/mL for salicylic acid. The evolved method was efficiently applied to analyse aspirin and clopidogrel in their dosages with high %recovery. Moreover, The RGB algorithm technique was used to evaluate the whiteness profile of the suggested method; the findings confirmed the sustainability of the evolved method, which employed an ecological solvent, followed a simple and straightforward procedure, and avoided any pretreatment or labelling stages for the samples. All the aforementioned advantages gave the technique the privilege.

Optimizing hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedione based Eu(III) complexes: A comprehensive study on the synthesis, spectroscopic characterization with Judd-Ofelt calculation

Utilizing Europium(III), compounds having eight-coordination geometry of the type [Eu(hfpd)3L2] and [Eu(hfpd)3Lʹ] were synthesized [hfpd = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedione, L = tri-octyl-phosphine oxide (TOPO) and Lʹ = 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), Neocuproine (neoc) and bathocuproine (bathoc)] and characterized through elemental, FTIR, CV and Proton-NMR techniques. Photoluminescent studies and quantum yield helped to understand the role of coordination environment and ligands on the emission intensity. Luminescence decay curves served as the basis for calculating the excited-state lifetimes of the synthesized complexes. JO parameters (Ω2, Ω4) and asymmetry ratio were also evaluated to study the coordination environment around the central metal ion. Solid-state complexes exhibited an intense, monochromatic bright red emission, as characterized by its Commission International de l’Eclairage (CIE) color coordinates. Owing to red luminescence and semi-conducting properties, these Eu(III) complexes can be employed as red-emitting material for fabricating lighting devices.

Synthesis of chitosan succinate-g-amine functionalized mesoporous silica: Inorganic-organic nanohybrid for antibacterial assessment, antioxidant activity and pH-controlled drug delivery

An innovative and proficient inorganic-organic nanohybrid was synthesized by using amine modified MCM-41 as an inorganic precursor combined with organic moiety, a derivative of chitosan i.e. chitosan succinate through amide bond. These nanohybrids can be used in diverse applications due to potential combination of desired properties of inorganic and organic components. The nanohybrid was characterized by FTIR, TGA, small angle powder XRD, zeta potential, particle size distribution, BET, proton NMR and 13C NMR techniques to confirm its formation. The synthesized hybrid was loaded with curcumin drug to check its potential application for controlled drug release, showing 80 % drug release in acidic medium (i.e. pH -5.0), while physiological pH -7.4 shows only 25 % release. The encapsulation efficiency of nanohybrid is 87.24 %. The results of antibacterial performances are demonstrated in terms of ZOI (zone of inhibition) which depicts that hybrid material shows better ZOI in gram negative (E. coli) than for gram positive (B. subtilis) bacteria. Nanohybrid was also tested for the antioxidant activity by using two different methods (DPPH and ABTS) radical scavenging methods. The ability of nano-hybrid to scavenge DPPH radicals was found 65 %, and ability to scavenge ABTS radicals was 62.47 %.

Fabrication of TPGS-Grafted Polyamidoamine Dendrimer for Enhanced Piperine Brain Delivery and Pharmacokinetics.

Piperine (PIP) is a neuroprotective phytomedicine that has profound acetylcholine esterase and reactive oxygen species inhibition effect in Alzheimer's disease (AD) model. However, the oral delivery of PIP is limited by poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability in systemic circulation. To improve the PIP bioavailability, the polyamidoamine (PAMAM) G4 dendrimer is grafted with tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate-1000 (TPGS) through carbodiimide chemistry to form TPGS-PAMAM conjugate. The TPGS-PAMAM coupling was confirmed through proton NMR and FTIR techniques. PIP was encapsulated in the TPGS-PAMAM through solvent diffusion method to form PIP-TPGS-PAMAM. The particle size for PIP-TPGS-PAMAM found the less than 50nm, whereas entrapment efficiency found to 87 ± 3.5% and 10.6 ± 2.9% drug loading. The powder differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction characterization were employed to evaluate the amorphous encapsulation of the PIP in TPGS-PAMAM. The PIP-TPGS-PAMAM stability was studied in the gastric fluids which showed no drastic differencein particle size and encapsulation efficiency compared to PIP-PAMAM. The in vitro release analysis revealed 37 ± 4.1% PIP release from the PIP-TPGS-PAMAM matrix, and 71 ± 4.9% PIP release from the PIP-PAMAM dendrimer was observed in 48h. The single-dose oral gavage to Wistar rats of PIP-TPGS-PAMAM showed the AUC0-∞ 14.38µg/mL.h, Cmax 7.77 ± 1.65µg/mL, Tmax, 1.6 ± 0.18h, and half-life 3.47 ± 0.64h for PIP in systemic circulation. PIP-PAMAM and free PIP showed significantly poor AUC0-∞ compared to PIP-TPGS-PAMAM. The brain uptake studies revealed PIP-TPGS-PAMAM treated group showed 2.2 ± 0.37µg/g PIP content compared to free PIP administeredgroup which was 0.4 ± 0.10µg/g. Therefore, PIP-TPGS-PAMAM can offer excellent prospect for the delivery hydrophobic drugs to brain in AD.

Complexation potentiated promising anti‐diabetic and anti‐oxidative synergism between ZN(ii) and ferulic acid: A multimode study

This study was done to investigate the anti-diabetic and anti-oxidative synergism between zinc(II) and ferulic acid through complexation. Zinc sulphate was complexed with ferulic acid in a 1:2 molar ratio. The complex was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, proton NMR and high-resolution mass spectroscopy techniques and evaluated for cellular toxicity. In silico, in vitro, cell-based and tissue experimental models were used to test the anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant activities of the complex relative to its precursors. A zinc(II)-biferulate.2H2 O complex was formed. The in vitro radical scavenging, anti-lipid peroxidative and α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity of the complex was 1.7-2.1 folds more potent than ferulic acid. Zn(II) complexation increased the anti-glycation activity of ferulic acid by 1.5 folds. The complex suppressed lipid peroxidation (IC50 =48.6 and 331 μM) and GHS depletion (IC50 =33.9 and 33.5μM) in both Chang liver cells and isolated rat liver tissue. Its activity was 2.3-3.3 folds more potent than ferulic acid and statistically comparable to ascorbic acid. Zn(II) complexation afforded ferulic acid improved glucose uptake activity in L-6 myotube (EC50 =11.7 vs. 45.7μM) and isolated rat muscle tissue (EC50 =501 and 1510 μM). Complexation increased muscle tissue zinc(II) uptake and hexokinase activity. Docking scores of the complex (-7.24 to -8.25 kcal/mol) and ferulic acid (-5.75 to 6.43 kcal/mol) suggest the complex had stronger interaction with protein targets related to diabetes, which may be attributed to the 2 ferulic acid moieties and Zn(II) in the complex. Moreover, muscle tissue showed increased phospho-Akt/pan-Akt ratio upon treatment with complex. The complex was not hepatotoxic and myotoxic at in vitro cellular level. Zn(II) complexation may be promising therapeutic approach for improving the glycaemic control and anti-oxidative potential of natural phenolic acids.

Design, Synthesis and Antibacterial Evaluation of Hybrid Curcumin Based Pyrazole Derivatives

Present work demonstrates synthesis and antibacterial property of new pyrazole derivatives. A series of new Curcumin based dihydropyrazoles has been synthesized with an objective to evaluate their antibacterial property. Dihydropyrazoles analogues were synthesized using Curcumin based chalcones and differently substituted phenylhydrazine derivatives. We used the previously designed Curcumin based chalconesto react with phenylhydrazine derivatives in ethanol in a catalyst free medium to afford new dihydropyrazole derivatives. Effect of substituent on reactivity was also studied. All the synthesized pyrazole analogues were characterized using proton and carbon NMR, Mass spectroscopy and IR techniques. Effect of substituent on reactivity was explained on the basis of electronic effect generated due to groups on phenyl ring. Presence of dd (double doublet) in proton NMR spectrum of Dihydropyrazoles was also explained due to presence of optically active carbon of pyrazole ring. The synthesized library was screened for their inhibitory activity against 4 different bacterial strains 1. E. Coli (ATCC 9637), 2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC BAA-427), 3. Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and 4. Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 27736). Out of all the compounds evaluated, the compounds that exhibited IC50 value greater than 50µM, were considered to be inactive. We established an important SAR based on the structure dependent inhibitory potential of screened dihydropyrazoles. Two compounds 4e and 4t having nitro and benzyl substitution respectively were showing the best inhibitory potential against Gram Positive bacterial strain Staphylococcus aureus with MIC value of 1.56 µg/ml. Compounds having Chloro and Methoxy substitution were found to be less effective against screened bacterial strains. Compounds 4a and 4b were selective towards Staphylococcus aureus species with the MIC value of 1.56 µg/ml for each. These pyrazole analogues were not showing inhibitory potential against other screened bacterial strains.

Synthesis of Amine Grafted Poly (Acrylic-Maleic) as an efficient inhibitor against stainless steel corrosion in a highly saline medium

In this study, a novel amine grafted poly-(acrylic maleic) (APAM) was synthesized and its efficiency was investigated against the corrosion of stainless steel 316 L in simulated saline (3.5 % NaCl) environment using electrochemical and weight loss experiments at various temperatures i.e. 25, 40 and 60 °C. The synthesized compound was characterized by FTIR, proton, and carbon-13 NMR techniques. The compound performed excellently and was observed to function as a mixed-type inhibitor, inhibiting both the cathodic hydrogen evolution and anodic iron dissolution reactions. The adsorption of APAM molecules obeyed the Langmuir adsorption theory and the estimated values of ∆Gado obtained using weight and PDP data suggest that APAM adsorbed on the steel surface by both the chemisorption and physiosorption mechanisms. APAM molecules adsorbed to the steel surface to create an APAM layer that inhibits the corrosive medium from reaching the surface, according to surface morphological observations and examination of the protected steel surface using SEM, EDS, AFM, and FTIR spectra.

Palladium complex of sulphated schiff base with ortho-vanillin as catalyst for O-arylation of phenol

Organochalcogen compounds due to their hassle-free synthesis and air and moisture insensitive nature have attracted substantial attention in scientific world. They have profound applications in the development of catalytic systems that have emerged as efficient catalysts in various chemical transformations. Organochalcogen ligands have contributed to the backbone of several catalytic systems used for O-arylation reaction which is an effective tool for the synthesis of diaryl ether substituents. Synthesis of several bioactive compounds rely on this method. A thioether ligand L1 has been prepared by reaction of 3-(chloropropyl)amine hydrochloride with the insitu generated PhSNa. The L1 has been condensed with o-vanillin to synthesize ligand L2 having imine functionality. The structure of ligand L2 has been authenticated using proton and carbon-13 NMR techniques. The synthesis of an efficient N, S coordinated bidentate novel palladium complex 1 ([Pd(L2)Cl2]), by the reaction of ligand L2 with [PdCl2(CH3CN)2] in chloroform-hexane system has been carried out. The structure of 1 has also been corroborated by 1H ,13C{1H} NMR and mass spectroscopic techniques. Its catalytic potential has been tested for etherication of various aryl bromides with phenol. Cheaply available aryl chlorides have also been coupled to determine the efficiency of Pd(II) complex 1. The complex 1 gave good yields while exhibiting excellent tolerance towards electronically diverse aryl halides with 0.5 mol% catalyst loading. The nature of catalysis has been found to be purely homogeneous on conducting mercury and triphenylphosphine poisoning tests.

Thiol modified chitosan-silica nanohybrid for antibacterial, antioxidant and drug delivery application

Chitosan exhibits great versatility in various biomedical fields and mesoporous silica nanoparticles have emerged as an interesting material in biomedical areas owing to their outstanding physio-chemical properties. The combination of inorganic silica and organic polymer such as chitosan, make them suitable for a wide range of biomedical applications. Here, we have explored the benefits of chitosan and silica by synthesizing chitosan-silica nanohybrid. In the synthesis of chitosan-silica (CS–Si) nanohybrid, chitosan is modified by thioglycolic acid and mesoporous silica MCM-41(Mobil Composition of Matter number 41) is functionalized by 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-1-propane thiol (TMSP). The modified chitosan and thiol functionalized MCM-41(inorganic network) is then linked through disulfide bond by oxidation process or oxidative coupling, resulting in the formation of inorganic-organic hybrid material. The hybrid material was characterized by FTIR, Raman, XRD, TGA, Zeta potential, EDX, Proton NMR and SEM techniques. The antibacterial results indicated that gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria exhibit better inhibition zone than gram-positive (B. subtilis) bacteria. The DPPH scavenging capability of synthesized hybrid was found to be 68%. The drug (quercetin) encapsulation efficiency of hybrid material was calculated to be 92.38% and more drug releases in acidic medium (pH 5.0) than at pH 7.4, so we can conclude that hybrid material shows pH-dependent drug releasing behavior. The results show that synthesized nano-hybrid material possess good antibacterial and antioxidant activities and is also a good nanocarrier for drug delivery application.

Iodine -A Versatile reagent for Vinylogous Mannich Reaction for the Synthesis of δ-Amino γ-Butenolides and Insilico Evaluation

A set of δ-amino γ-butenolides (1-5) were synthesised by a novel method using molecular iodine as a catalyst by mannich reaction. The purity and progress of the reaction was assessed by thin layer chromatography and the compounds characterisation was done by IR, proton NMR and mass spectroscopic techniques. Molecular modeling studies for the compounds such as docking was performed for the synthesized butenolides to understand the drug receptor interactions and analyze structural changes when bound to the active site of the receptor. the results showed that the compounds 2 and 3 showed significant interaction with target enzymes.

The effect of chemical aging on water permeability of white cement mortars in the context of sol–gel science

In the sol–gel science, the influence of chemical aging on the fundamental water permeability remains open regarding to the durability performance of cement-based material. To reveal the pure effect of chemical aging, the water permeability and related micro-structural characteristics are measured on water-saturated mature mortars, whose aging is accelerated through heat treatment under water. It is found that, the chemical aging increases the volumetric porosity and coarsens the pore structure to a notable extent, which enlarge water permeability by 2.6–4.9 times. Based on the pore structure obtained through the low-field proton NMR technique, the water permeability is predicted by the Katz–Thompson theory with satisfactory accuracy, quantitatively confirming the direct effects of chemical aging on water permeability. Physically, because of the polymerization and rearrangement of C–S–H gel, cement mortars undergo substantial changes with enlarging radii for both interlayer and gel pores, slightly decreasing interlayer space but remarkably enlarging gel pore space.

A novel bromo-substituted thiophene based centrosymmetric crystals: Thermal, mechanical, and third order NLO properties for the optical limiting applications

A thiophene based bromo substituted novel chalcone derivative (E) -3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(thiophen -2yl) prop-2-en-1-one (2AT4B) is synthesized and crystals are grown using solution slow evaporation method at ambient temperature. The single crystal XRD analysis is accomplished to confirm the three dimensional structure of the grown crystals and 2AT4B crystallizes with orthorhombic crystal system under centrosymmetric space group Pbca with the lattice parameters a = 6.0073(6) Å, b = 13.9765(14) Å, c = 28.1(3) Å, α=β=γ=900 and V = 2359.3(4) Å3. The functional groups and material purity is confirmed by FT-IR, proton NMR, and carbon NMR techniques. The crystal is subjected to mechanical and thermal analysis using vicker's microhardness test, differential scanning calorimetric, and thermogravimetric measurements and is thermally stable up to 134.04 °C. The synthesized molecule was characterized by UV–Vis–NIR spectrometer. The photoluminescence spectrum reveals violet light emission property 2AT4B crystal. In the visible region, 2AT4B crystal processes extensive optical transmission. In a continuous wave mode, the third-order NLO parameters are measured with Z-Scan technique. The open aperture data was used to study the optical limiting behaviour of chalcone crystal. Nonlinear optical studies show that the 2AT4B crystal is a promising source for applications in photonic and optical power limiting devices.

A Facile Regioselective Synthesis of New Class of Cyclopent[b]indole dispiro heterocycles via1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition protocol and in vitro Cytotoxic studies

AbstractThe construction of azomethine ylides in situ from acenaphthoquinone/isatin and secondary amino acids such as sarcosine and thiaproline with cyclopent[b]indole dipolarophilesin refluxing dioxane and methanol afforded novel class of cyclopent[b]indole dispiro heterocycles via 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction. The regio and stereochemistry of formation of the final product was concertedly assigned by proton, carbon and 2D NMR techniques. Among the synthesized dispiroheterocyclic compounds 4&amp;7 are found to show better cytotoxic activity against HeLa and MCF‐7 with structure activity relationship (SAR) studies.

Deciphering the Conformational Choreography of Zinc Coordination Complexes with Standard and Novel Proton NMR Techniques Combined with DFT Methods.

The presence of water has been shown to deeply impact the stability and geometry of Zn complexes in solution. Evidence for tetra- and penta-coordinated species in a pyridylmethylamine-Zn(II) model complex is presented. Novel (1) H NMR tools such as T1 -filtered selective exchange spectroscopy and pure shifted gradient-encoded selective refocusing as well as classical 2D ((1) H-(1) H) exchange spectroscopy, diffusion-ordered spectroscopy and T1 ((1) H) measurements, in combination with density functional theory methods allow the full conformational dynamics of a pyridylmethylamine-Zn(II) complex to be revealed. Four conformers and two families of complexes depending on the hydration states are elucidated.

1H-NMR study of the stoichiometry and stability of the Ba2+, Sr2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, K+, Ag+, and Tl+ complexes with a new macrocyclic diamide in acetonitrile–nitrobenzene solvent mixture

Proton NMR technique was utilized to study the complexation reactions of a new macrocycle diamide with Ba2+, Sr2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, K+, Ag+, and Tl+ ions in % 50 (w/w) acetonitrile–nitrobenzene binary mixture. In all the cases, the chemical shifts of the single NMR signals due to the –O–CH2–CH2–O– and Ph–O–CH2– groups of the ligand were determined at 300 K. The exchange between free form of the macrocycle (I) and its complexes was fast on the NMR time scale and just a single population average 1H signal was observed. Formation constants of the resulting 1:1 complexes were determined by computer fitting of the chemical shift–mole ratio data. The stabilities of the resulting 1:1 complexes varying in the order Ba2+ > Sr2+ > Hg2+ > Pb2+ > Ag+ > K+ > Tl+ were determined. For two singlet groups of ligand (I) (Ph–O–CH2– and –O–CH2–CH2–O–), the values of the formation constants which were obtained from data fitting were found to be similar, but shift of the signal for Ph–O–CH2– group was larger than for –O–CH2–CH2–O– group. The theoretical studies on the structures and the energetic data of the five conformers of ligand macrocycle (I) and the complexes with Ba2+, Sr2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Ag+, K+, and Tl+ have been performed by DFT-B3LYP/6-31G* method for ligand (I) and QM-PM6 method for the complexes. The comparison of the experimental and theoretical data with respect to the formation constants and the structures of the complexes have shown good agreement.

Network Structure and Inhomogeneities of Model and Commercial Polyelectrolyte Hydrogels as Investigated by Low-Field Proton NMR Techniques

This work presents an experimental study of the network structure of swollen, charged hydrogels. We provide an in-depth comparison of two proton low-field NMR methods, i.e., transverse relaxation and double-quantum spectroscopy, that are both sensitive to residual orientation correlations of the network chain segments. The results are in both cases analyzed by help of integral inversion techniques, and both methods are demonstrated to provide comparable results despite the more qualitative nature of the transverse relaxation. We investigate model samples that are similar to commercial superabsorber materials based on partly neutralized and chemically cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) as prepared by free radical polymerization. The degree of cross-linking and the monomer concentration are varied during synthesis. Both parameters are found to affect the network structure and the amount of elastically inactive defects in a systematic way, and a comparison with commercial samples with homogeneous or purposely inhomogeneous core–shell structures proves that the cross-linking bimodality of the latter is readily revealed despite the rather large intrinsic inhomogeneity of the swollen gels.

Synthesis and application of sulfonated adipic dihydrazide formaldehyde-based resins under different molar ratios as effective leather re-tanning agents

Sulfonated adipic dihydrazide formaldehyde condensates were synthesized under different mole ratios of adipic dihydrazide, sodium metabisulfite and formaldehyde in three processing steps. Mole ratio of sodium metabisulfite to adipic dihydrazide (S/ADH) varied from 0.1 to 0.5 and formaldehyde to adipic dihydrazide mole ratio (F/ADH) varied from 1 to 3. Fluidity and gelling behavior of resin solutions were studied with varying degree of sulfonation and varying mole ratios of formaldehyde to adipic dihydrazide. Viscosity of resins increases with increasing formaldehyde to adipic dihydrazide mole ratio and decreases with increasing sodium metabisulfite to adipic dihydrazide mole ratio. Stable resins were comparatively applied as re-tanning agent on chrome tanned goat skins against commercial sulfonated urea formaldehyde resin. Tensile strength, tear strength, elongation-at-break percentage, grain cracking tests of the re-tanned leathers were comparatively performed. Morphological analysis of grain surface, cross section of leather fibers re-tanned by control and synthesized resins were analyzed by scanning electron microscope which showed more compactness of the grain and fiber structures of experimental re-tanned leather. Organoleptic properties of optimally re-tanned leather show better performance in comparison to control re-tanned leather treated with sulfonated urea formaldehyde resin. Free formaldehyde contents in the resin solutions were found less than 0.05 % and 10 ppm of free formaldehyde contents in re-tanned leather with synthesized resins. Dried resin with optimum re-tanning performance showed good thermal stability evaluated by thermal gravimetric analysis. Proton NMR and FTIR techniques were used for characterization of resin functionalities.

Advantage of the Hybrid Method of Chemical Engineering - Proton NMR Technique for Food Engineering

Advantage of the Hybrid Method of Chemical Engineering - Proton NMR Technique for Food Engineering

The polymorphic phase transformations in resorcinol at high pressure

Abstract Measurements of spin-lattice relaxation time T 1 for resorcinol have been made by the proton NMR technique using the saturation method in the temperature range 280–380 K and pressure up to 800 MPa. The pressure-induced α–β transition evolved through two phase coexistence range was observed. The crystal structure and vibrational spectra of the resorcinol have also been studied by means of X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy at pressures up to 19 GPa in temperature range 290–380 K. In experiments with a rapid pressurization rate, suppression of α–β polymorphic transition in resorcinol occurs. In experiments with a slow pressurization rate, two structural phase transitions, between orthorhombic α and β phases at P = 0.4 GPa and from β to another orthorhombic γ phase at P = 5.6 GPa, were observed. At pressures above 12.5 GPa, a gradual transformation to the amorphous phase was revealed. The lattice parameters, unit cell volumes and vibration modes as functions of pressure and temperature were obtained for the different polymorphic modifications of resorcinol.

Use of Immobilized Pseudomonas sp. as Whole Cell Catalyst for the Transesterification of Used Cotton Seed Oil

Lipase enzyme producing bacteria, Pseudomonas sp., have been grown at varying oil concentrations to make it adaptive for high oil concentrations and it was found to show the maximum growth and maximum lipase activity when 40- and 30-vol% of oil respectively was used as a source of carbon in growth medium. Bacteria was immobilized with sodium alginate and used as whole cell catalyst for the transesterification of used cotton seed oil. Preliminary experiments resulted about 70% transesterification of used cotton seed oil with methanol as calculated by proton NMR technique.