Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Protocols Research Articles

Performance evaluation of optimised protocol in MANET

Reliability being the major issue in efficient data transmission of real time applications in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), this paper presents the design of a trustworthy routing protocol with delay optimisation and power competence for MANET. The scheme is based on the routing technique of ad hoc on demand distance vector routing (AODV) protocol which is a prominent reactive routing protocol of MANET. The key design methodology used in this research work is based on calculation of threshold value at every node regarding the power consumption rate of the node during processing, allowable delay at node with respect to the bounded delay and the packet processing rate. A cross layer approach of communication has been presented at the junction of data link layer and network layer in order to distribute the total route searching overhead for application specific packets among both the layers. The proposed protocol displays superior performance in terms of throughput, delay and more network life time when compared with conventional AODV protocol which can be derived from the simulation results of network simulator NS2.35.

Mobility‐Aware Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a group of wireless mobile nodes that create a temporary network without the help of any central administration or standard support services. Mobility of nodes determines the overall performance of MANET networks. High mobility of nodes causes frequent changes in the network topology, and this leads to link breakage and increases reinitiating of the route discovery process. MANETs commonly use broadcasting techniques for route discovery process. However, it can cause redundant rebroadcasts, packet collisions, and channel contention. The main objective of this paper is to design and develop the mobility‐aware routing algorithm (MARA) to enhance the performance of the routing protocol in MANETs. The proposed scheme allows mobile nodes to rebroadcast or discard received broadcasted messages. The decision is based on the combination of node speed, distance between nodes, and residual energy of nodes. These parameters are considered both in route request and route reply process to reduce the chance of link breakage and broadcast storm problems. The proposed algorithm has been evaluated based on the performance metrics: packet delivery ratio, average end‐to‐end delay, throughput, and routing overhead. We have used network simulator NS‐2 V‐2.35. The simulation results revealed that MARA outperforms ad hoc on‐demand distance vector (AODV), mobility and direction aware (MAD), and mobility and energy‐aware (MAE) routing protocols.

Investigation of Different Level of Mobility and the Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-HOC Networks: A Review

Investigation of Different Level of Mobility and the Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-HOC Networks: A Review

SIBLAR: a secured identity-based location aware routing protocol for MANETs

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a self-organising distributed wireless network without any central infrastructure support wherein every participating node independently acts as a router. Several routing protocols are available for information dissemination in MANETs but their efficiency is limited due to security breaches. Providing security schemes for robust information dissemination is of high prominence for the real time deployment of MANET applications. From the existing literature, it is understood that very few research efforts were made to ensure security for routing protocols and there is a huge scope for the design and development of secured routing protocols for MANETs. In this paper, we have considered the security issues with respect to location aided routing (LAR) and proposed a secured identity-based location aware routing (SIBLAR) protocol to achieve system security with improved key refreshment mechanism. MANET scenarios were created in ns2 and the efficiency of the proposed SIBLAR protocol was evaluated based on certain performance metrics. In the presence of security attacks, the proposed SIBLAR scheme is found efficient when compared to basic LAR.

Trust Management-Based Service Recovery and Attack Prevention in MANET

The mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) output is critically impaired by the versatility and resource constraint of nodes. Node mobility affects connection reliability, and node resource constraints can lead to congestion, which makes the design of a routing MANET protocol with quality of service (QoS) very difficult. An adaptive clustering reputation model (ACRM) method is proposed to improve energy efficiency with a cluster-based framework. The proposed framework is employed to overcome the problems of data protection, privacy, and policy. The proposed ACRM-MRT approach that includes direct and indirect node trust computation is introduced along with the master recovery timer (MRT) for achieving an efficient service recovery process, and its service recovery time is calculated through the service execution process. During data transmission in MANET, various types of attacks can occur, of which the Sybil attack is the most dangerous. To address this problem, this paper proposed a method for the detection and prevention of Sybil attacks using a resilient scheme. The proposed method can improve system energy efficiency and address security, safety, and privacy issues of wireless network applications. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is evaluated regarding the time delay, throughput, energy efficiency, control overhead, and detection rate. The simulation results show that the proposed ACRM-MRT method can effectively improve the time delay, throughput, energy efficiency, control overhead, and detection rate compared to the existing methods. Topological change adaptive ad-hoc on-demand multi-path distance vector (TA-AOMDV)and ad-hoc on-demand multi-path distance vector (AOMDV) are simulated on the NS2 platform for the data rate in the range of 4–40 kbps and the number of nodes in the range of 10-100. The proposed method can reduce the service recovery time in the case of faults during service execution and can be used in real-time applications traffics since it is mostly affected by failure through the occurrence of delay and loss of packets.

Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)

Mobile devices are able to build their own networks, which are referred to as mobile ad hoc networks. These networks do not require any kind of permanent wiring or other infrastructure (MANETs). The success of MANETs and their adaptability to a variety of tasks is, to a considerable extent, based on the routing protocols that they use. Using metrics such as routing overhead, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio, we compare and contrast the various routing protocols that can be employed in MANETs, including proactive, reactive, and hybrid protocols. This comparison and contrast is carried out in this study. In addition to this, we discuss the simulation tools that are utilized to evaluate the efficacy of MANET routing algorithms and define the several performance indicators that may be utilizedin the course of this endeavor. This paper makes a contribution to an ongoing body of research into the analysis of routing protocols in MANETs by offering guidance to network engineers and researchers on how to select the most appropriate routing protocol and simulation tool for a particular MANET scenario. In doing so, the paper maximizes the potential for effective and efficient communication between mobile nodes, which is one of the main goals of the research.

Optimized Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for the Realization of an Enhanced Energy-Aware Location-Aided Routing Protocol in MANET

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANETs) is a wireless network topology with mobile network nodes and movable communication routes. In addition, the network nodes in MANETs are free to either join or leave the network. Typically, routing in MANETs is multi-hop because of the limited communication range of nodes. Then, routing protocols have been developed for MANETs. Among them, energy-aware location-aided routing (EALAR) is an efficient reactive MANET routing protocol that has been recently obtained by integrating particle swarm optimization (PSO) with mutation operation into the conventional LAR protocol. However, the mutation operation (nonuniform) used in EALAR has some drawbacks, which make EALAR provide insufficient exploration, exploitation, and diversity of solutions. Therefore, this study aims to propose to apply the Optimized PSO (OPSO) via adopting a mutation operation (uniform) instead of nonuniform. The OPSO is integrated into the LAR protocol to enhance all critical performance metrics, including packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, overhead, and end-to-end delay.

The effect of network size and density to the choice of zone radius in ZRP

<span>Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a network that consists of several nodes that connect without using a permanent infrastructure. Each node in MANET moves inside and outside of the network freely and randomly. The free and random movements of nodes may cause the topology of the network to change constantly. Therefore, the task of finding routes between nodes is a big challenge. Routing protocols in MANET can be divided into three categories, namely, proactive, reactive and hybrid routing protocols. Hybrid routing protocols such as the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) combines the advantages of both proactive and reactive routing protocols by dividing the network area into many overlapping zones. Data transmission to nodes within the zone is done using a proactive routing mechanism, while data transmission to nodes outside the zone is done using a reactive routing mechanism. The zone radius in ZRP determines how much proactive and reactive routing is used, and therefore plays a key role in determining the performance of the network. In this paper, the performance of the ZRP routing protocol is evaluated using the NS2.33 network simulator. The focus of the research is to evaluate the ZRP performance concerning the network size and density to identify an optimum ZRP zone size that will provide good performance. The performance is evaluated by using four performance metrics which are normalized routing load, average end-to-end delay, throughput, and packet delivery fraction. The results show that ZRP produces the best performance when the zone radius size is equal to two hops.</span>

Performance Assessment of QoS Using AODV, TORA and ZRP Routing Protocol in MANET

In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) nodes often change their location independently where neither fixed nor centralized infrastructure is present. Nodes communicate with each other directly or via intermediate nodes. The advantages of the MANET layout lead to self-structure and compatibility to most important functions such as traffic distribution and load balancing. Whenever the host moves rapidly in the network the topology becomes updated due to which the structure of MANET varies accordingly. In the literature, different routing protocols have been studied and compared by researchers. Still, there are queries regarding the performance of these protocols under different scenarios. MANETs are not based on a predesigned structure. In this paper, the performance assessment of the Quality of Services (QoS) for different protocols such as Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) and Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) in the existence of the various number of communicating nodes is studied. The performance matrices throughput, end – to – end delay and packet delivery ratio are considered for simulations. Ns 2.35 simulator is used for carrying out these simulations. Results are compared for AODV, TORA, and ZRP routing protocols. The results show that AODV and TORA perform well in end – to – end delay as compared to zone routing protocol. Zone routing protocol performs well in packet delivery ratio and throughput as compared to both the other protocols.

Comparative Performance Evaluation of Mobile Ad-hoc Network Routing Protocols using NS2 Simulator

A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is an independent assortment of mobile users that communicate over moderately bandwidth constrained wireless links. MANET’s topology is dynamic that can change rapidly because the nodes move freely and can organize themselves randomly; has the advantage of being quickly deployable. Although numerous routing protocols have been proposed for mobile ad hoc networks, there is no universal scheme that works well in scenarios with different network sizes, traffic loads and node mobility patterns, so mobile ad hoc routing protocol election presents a great challenge. In this paper, an attempt has been made to compare the performance of three routing protocols in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks – Ad-Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV). We have evaluated the performance of these routing protocols with varying the number of mobile nodes and packet sizes on the basis of four important metrics such as packet delivery ratio, average end to end delay, normalized routing overhead and throughput. Network Simulator version 2.35 (NS-2.35) is used as the simulation tool for evaluating these performance metrics. The outcome of this research shows that AODV protocol outperforms DSDV and DSR protocols.

A Competent Ad-hoc Sensor Routing Protocol for Energy Efficiency in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), energy utilization plays an essential part in the survival time (survivability) of the network. All the network aspects are redesigned to work in the WSN for lesser energy consumption. In this regard, routing protocol and dynamic topology are very crucial aspects to be noted. In this work, we present a competent ad-hoc sensor routing (CASeR) protocol for delay reduction, reliable data communication, and efficient energy usage in mobile WSNs (MWSNs). It is aimed to cope up with challenging requirements of the rising limited battery powered technologies, which requires low energy consumption and end-to-end delay (EED). Further, the CASeR uses reservation based channel allocation using reservation time division multiple access mobility adaptive cross-layer in dynamic networks and cost based multi-hop communication for packet forwarding and gradient maintenance. The MWSN routing protocols, robust ad-hoc sensor routing, mobility adaptive cross-layer routing, and proactive highly ambulatory sensor routing as well as the mobile ad-hoc network protocols, optimized link state routing and ad-hoc on demand distance vector, measure up with the CASeR. The simulation results show improvements over other routing protocols in energy consumption, EED, queuing delay, and reliable data communication. The competence of this protocol makes it highly suitable to minimize time delay in target applications.

The Impact of IEEE 802.11 Contention Window on The Performance of Transmission Control Protocol in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a group of nodes connected via ad-hoc fashion for communicating with each other through wireless interface. The communication among the nodes in such network take place by using multi-hop in the absence of fixed infrastructure. TCP faces some hurdles and complexities in multi-hop ad-hoc networks particularly congestion and route failures. The incompatibility between the MAC and TCP are previously noticed by the research community. This research study focuses on the impact of MAC layer contention window on TCP in MANET by using variation in network density and velocity of nodes respectively. Simulation has been carried out to quantify and analyze the impact of Contention Window (CW) sizes that affects the performance of TCP by using NS-2 simulator. The impact of CW is investigated on TCP in multi-hop networks by means of performance evaluation parameters i.e. average delay, average packet drops and average throughput.

Physarum-Inspired Autonomous Optimized Routing Protocol for Coal Mine MANET

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is suitable for complex environment communication in coal mine. The processes of nutrient flux transfer and path choice in Physarum networks are similar to data transmission and routing decision in MANET. In this paper, we use a Physarum optimization model to design Physarum-inspired autonomous optimized routing (PIAOR) protocol to adapt to the dynamic network topology in underground mine. PIAOR introduces the status of MANET into the Poisson equation in the Physarum model, selects reasonable parameters to represent the transmission performance of the network, and uses the differential evolution equation of the Physarum model to evolve the parameters. PIAOR has achieved the distributed routing decision by automatically reconstructing the optimal routing path, which has reduced the algorithm complexity. Based on NS2, simulation experiments are performed to evaluate the performance of PIAOR, and the results are compared with GPSR, PIMAR, and P-IRP routing algorithms. The experimental results show that the routing path selected by PIAOR is better than that selected by the other three protocols in the performance of average end-to-end delay, delivery ratio, and throughput. The balance of energy consumption and network load is reached, and the network lifetime is effectively prolonged when using the PIAOR protocol.

Customized novel routing metrics for wireless mesh-based swarm-of-drones applications

With the proliferation of drones, there is an increasing interest on utilizing swarm-of-drones in numerous applications from surveillance to search and rescue. While a swarm-of-drones (a.k.a flying ad hoc networks (FANETs)) is essentially a special form of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) which has been studied for many years, there are unique requirements of drone applications that necessitate re-visiting MANET protocols. These challenges stem from 3-D environments the drones are deployed in, and their specific way of mobility which adds to the wireless link management challenges among the drones. To tackle these challenges, in this paper, we propose adopting the current mesh standard, namely IEEE 802.11s, in its routing capabilities to provide improved performance. Specifically, we propose two new link quality routing metrics called SrFTime and CRP as an alternative to the IEEE 802.11s default Airtime routing metric to meet network throughput requirements for FANET applications. Basically, SrFTime improves network performance of stationary FANETs, while CRP is designed to fit the transient link characteristics of mobile drones and enable more efficient routes from drones to their destinations. To be able to test these metrics, we also introduce a group mobility model adaptation for FANET’s needs. The evaluations in the actual 802.11s standard using ns-3 simulator and introduced 3-D mobility models indicate that our proposed metrics outperform the existing one consistently under various conditions.

TAD-HOC Routing Protocol for Efficient VANET and Infrastructure-Oriented Communication Network

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is a critical factor for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET). Even though VANET belongs to the class of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), none of the MANET routing protocol applies to VANET. VANET network is dynamic, due to increased vehicle speed and mobility. Vehicle mobility of VANET affects conventional routing algorithm performance, which deals with the dynamicity of the network node. The evaluation of the existing research stated that Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is an effective MANET protocol to adopt network changes for significant resource utilization and also provides effective adaptation in the network change. Due to the effective performance of the AODV protocol, it is considered as an effective routing protocol for VANET. This paper proposed an ad hoc TROPHY (TAD-HOC) routing protocol for the VANET network for increasing efficiency and effective resource utilization of the network. To improve the overall performance, ad hoc network is combined with Trustworthy VANET ROuting with grouP autHentication keYs (TROPHY) protocol. The proposed TAD-HOC protocol transmits data based on time demand in the VANET network with the desired authentication. Results of the proposed approach show the increased performance of the VANET network with packet delay, transmission range, and end-to-end delay. The comparative analysis of the proposed approach with I-AODV, AODV-R, and AODV-L shows that the proposed TAD-HOC exhibited effective performance.

Competitive analysis of single and multi-path routing protocols in mobile Ad-Hoc network

<p>A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) refers to a dynamic and wireless network, which can be designed without an existing infrastructure as every node serves as a router. A MANET is a self-configuring system of mobile nodes that are connected wirelessly. Every node serves as a sink, as well as a router to send packets. The movement of the nodes is not restricted as they can move in any direction, and they have the ability to get organized into a network. Due to their free and independent movement, they do not have a fixed position; they often change positions. In this study, the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad-hoc On Multipath Demand Distance Vector (AOMDV) protocols are compared using Network Simulator NS2.35. DSR is a reactive gateway discovery algorithm whereby the connection of a MANET mobile device is established only on demand. Basically, AOMDV was specially tailored for ad-hoc networks that are highly dynamic to respond to link failures and breakages in the network. It ensures that the paths for destinations are sustained, and it defines the new routing information using destination serial numbers to ensure loop freedom always while avoiding problems. More so, it is a protocol that is based on a timer that can discover ways through which the mobile nodes respond to link breakages and change in topology. A comparison of protocols has been carried out individually and jointly with the aim of evaluating their performance. The performance is measured in terms of End-to-End Delay, Packet Delivery Ratio, Packet Loss Ratio, and Routing Overhead Ratio. The performance of the routing protocols was done using two scenarios; when there is a change in the simulation time and when there is a change in the number of nodes.</p>

Bio-inspired routing algorithm for MANETs based on fungi networks

The major trends today show that mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are increasingly taking up space in the domestic and corporate market with the growth of numbers of users and new applications. Just as various systems were inspired by the behavior of social insects (ants, bees, among others), fungal colonies also demonstrate potential for bio-inspiration of new protocols for MANETs because they exhibit behavior and capacity for self-organization of adaptive, resilient and efficient natural networks in transporting nutrients. In this work, HyphaNet proposes a new bio-inspired approach in the fungi dynamics to develop an algorithm for the creation, optimization and selection of routes for MANETs. In HyphaNet, the routes are built similarly to the fungal mycelium, in which several parallel paths are initially established, but over time, only the hyphae of the best routes receive biomass for reinforcement and thickening of their walls, thus remaining and presenting greater flow attractiveness. Otherwise, less interesting routes remain rare or disappear completely. In this new algorithm, the routing process follows the idea of attractiveness, in which the data flow tends to travel through regions (nodes and links) with a higher concentration of immobile biomass, which indicates lower cost and greater availability of resources. In this model, the routes are reinforced with each data package delivered successfully and the distribution of immobile biomass is a function of the quality of the path between source and destination. The most attractive paths are more likely to be chosen by the route selection heuristic. HyphaNet is reactive, multipath, and the results of the simulations on the NS-2 show good performance compared to the classic AODV and SARA based on ant colony.

Multicast Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

A Mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET) is a network which forms a kind of self organized network without any pre-established infrastructure over radio links. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are more effective in node –to- node communication. In current era of technology where most of the things are based on networks, MANETs are more suitable for wireless communication and data transfer medium due to the advent of 3G, 4G & 5G technologies. The primary objective of such an ad-hoc network routing protocol is to create appropriate and efficient route between a pair of nodes so that messages can be transmitted in a timely fashion. The dynamic design of this network makes routing protocols a prominent part in creating efficient routes between pairs of nodes The design of routes should be achieved with minimal overhead and bandwidth usage In last two decades many multicast routing protocols are designed and implemented. This paper focuses on some of the MANETs protocols and their characteristics along with their advantages and disadvantages.

A Review on Mobility and the Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-HOC Networks

A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a decentralized kind of wireless network. It does not rely on a pre-existing infrastructure, so that is known as Ad-hoc Network. In other words, routers in wired networks or access points in managed (infrastructure) wireless networks. With each & every node participates in routing by forwarding data for other nodes, so the determination of which nodes forward data is made dynamically on the basis of network connectivity and the routing algorithm in use. A mobile Ad-hoc Network is a self-configuring, dynamic network in which nodes are free to move.

An approach for optimal-secure multi-path routing and intrusion detection in MANET

Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is dynamic in nature that is susceptible to energy and security constraints. Among most of the existing techniques, energy optimization was a hectic challenge, which is addressed effectively using the routing protocols. Accordingly, this paper proposes an effective multipath routing protocol in MANET based on an optimization algorithm. The energy and the security crisis in the MANET are addressed effectively using the cluster head (CH) selection and intrusion detection strategies namely, fuzzy clustering and fuzzy Naive Bayes (fuzzy NB). Then, the multipath routing progresses using the secure nodes based on the routing protocol, Bird swarm-whale optimization algorithm (BSWOA), which is the integration of bird swarm optimization (BSA) in whale optimization algorithm (WOA). The selection of the optimal routes is based on fitness factors, such as connectivity, energy, trust, and throughput. The analysis of the methods is done using the attacks, such as flooding, blackhole, and selective packet drop based on the performance metrics. The proposed BSWOA acquired the maximal energy, throughput, detection rate, and a minimal delay of 9.48 Joule, 0.676 bps, 69.9%, and 0.00372 ms in the presence of the attack.