Abstract
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANETs) is a wireless network topology with mobile network nodes and movable communication routes. In addition, the network nodes in MANETs are free to either join or leave the network. Typically, routing in MANETs is multi-hop because of the limited communication range of nodes. Then, routing protocols have been developed for MANETs. Among them, energy-aware location-aided routing (EALAR) is an efficient reactive MANET routing protocol that has been recently obtained by integrating particle swarm optimization (PSO) with mutation operation into the conventional LAR protocol. However, the mutation operation (nonuniform) used in EALAR has some drawbacks, which make EALAR provide insufficient exploration, exploitation, and diversity of solutions. Therefore, this study aims to propose to apply the Optimized PSO (OPSO) via adopting a mutation operation (uniform) instead of nonuniform. The OPSO is integrated into the LAR protocol to enhance all critical performance metrics, including packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, overhead, and end-to-end delay.
Highlights
Wireless networks can be categorized into two types: infrastructure and infrastructure-less networks [1]
The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was presented for the first time by Kennedy and Eberhart [36] as a computational procedure for optimizing problems iteratively; it was inspired by the social life style of birds within a flock, with each bird considered as a particle within the hyperdimensional search space
For Packet delivery ratio (PDR), the results in both cases improve as the number of nodes is increased
Summary
Wireless networks can be categorized into two types: infrastructure and infrastructure-less networks [1]. In infrastructure wireless communication networks, a mobile ad hoc network (MANET). Is a wireless network topology with mobile network nodes and movable communication routes [2]. MANETs realize networks and have active topology because of their node mobility. MANETs have homogeneous and heterogeneous types [3]. In MANETs, the routing protocol is critical because of various limitations in the network and node environment [4]. An infrastructure-less or decentralized ad hoc wireless network does not rely on any network infrastructure, and a mobile node operates as an end node or router while communicating with others [7]. MANETs can be classified into proactive, Information 2020, 11, 529; doi:10.3390/info11110529 www.mdpi.com/journal/information
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
