Source Of Protein Nutrients Research Articles

The genetic architecture of soybean photothermal adaptation to high latitudes.

Soybean is a major plant protein source for both human food and animal feed, but to meet global demands as well as a trend towards regional production, soybean cultivation needs to be expanded to higher latitudes. In this study, we developed a large diversity panel consisting of 1503 early-maturing soybean lines and used genome-wide association mapping to dissect the genetic architecture underlying two crucial adaptation traits, flowering time and maturity. This revealed several known maturity loci, E1, E2, E3, and E4, and the growth habit locus Dt2 as causal candidate loci, and also a novel putative causal locus, GmFRL1, encoding a homolog of the vernalization pathway gene FRIGIDA-like 1. In addition, the scan for quantitative trait locus (QTL)-by-environment interactions identified GmAPETALA1d as a candidate gene for a QTL with environment-dependent reversed allelic effects. The polymorphisms of these candidate genes were identified using whole-genome resequencing data of 338 soybeans, which also revealed a novel E4 variant, e4-par, carried by 11 lines, with nine of them originating from Central Europe. Collectively, our results illustrate how combinations of QTL and their interactions with the environment facilitate the photothermal adaptation of soybean to regions far beyond its center of origin.

Characterizing Canadian long-term care home consumed foods and their inflammatory potential: a secondary analysis

BackgroundNutrient dense food that supports health is a goal of food service in long-term care (LTC). The objective of this work was to characterize the “healthfulness” of foods in Canadian LTC and inflammatory potential of the LTC diet and how this varied by key covariates. Here, we define foods to have higher “healthfulness” if the are in accordance with the evidence-based 2019 Canada’s Food Guide, or with comparatively lower inflammatory potential.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of the Making the Most of Mealtimes dataset (32 LTC homes; four provinces). A novel computational algorithm categorized food items from 3-day weighed food records into 68 expert-informed categories and Canada’s Food Guide (CFG) food groups. The dietary inflammatory potential of these food sources was assessed using the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII). Comparisons were made by sex, diet texture, and nutritional status.ResultsConsumption patterns using expert-informed categories indicated no single protein or vegetable source was among the top 5 most commonly consumed foods. In terms of CFG’s groups, protein food sources (i.e., foods with a high protein content) represented the highest proportion of daily calorie intake (33.4%; animal-based: 31.6%, plant-based: 1.8%), followed by other foods (31.3%) including juice (9.8%), grains (25.0%; refined: 15.0%, whole: 10.0%), and vegetables/fruits (10.3%; plain: 4.9%, with additions: 5.4%). The overall DII score (mean, IQR) was positive (0.93, 0.23 to 1.75) indicating foods consumed tend towards a pro-inflammatory response. DII was significantly associated with sex (female higher; p<0.0001), and diet (minced higher; p=0.036).Conclusions“Healthfulness” of Canadian LTC menus may be enhanced by lowering inflammatory potential to support chronic disease management through further shifts from refined to whole grains, incorporating more plant-based proteins, and moving towards serving plain vegetables and fruits. However, there are multiple layers of complexities to consider when optimising foods aligned with the CFG, and shifting to foods with anti-inflammatory potential for enhanced health benefits, while balancing nutrition and ensuring sufficient food and fluid intake to prevent or treat malnutrition.

Potential Application of High Hydrostatic Pressure on the Production of Hydrolyzed Proteins with Antioxidant and Antihypertensive Properties and Low Allergenicity: A Review.

The high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) process has been studied for several applications in food technology and has been commercially implemented in several countries, mainly for non-thermal pasteurization and shelf-life extension of food products. HHP processing has been demonstrated to accelerate proteolytic hydrolysis at a specific combination of pressure and pressure-holding time for a given protein source and enzyme. The enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins is a well-known alternative to producing biologically active peptides, with antioxidant and antihypertensive capacity, from different food protein sources. However, some of these protein sources contain allergenic epitopes which are often not degraded by traditional hydrolysis. Moreover, the peptide profile and related biological activity of a hydrolysate depend on the protein source, the enzymes used, the parameters of the proteolysis process (pH, temperature, time of hydrolysis), and the use of other technologies such as HHP. The present review aims to provide an update on the use of HHP for improving enzymatic hydrolysis, with a particular focus on studies which evaluated hydrolysate antihypertensive and antioxidant capacity, as well as residual allergenicity. Overall, HHP has been shown to improve the biological properties of hydrolysates. While protein allergenicity can be reduced with traditional hydrolysis, HHP can further reduce the allergenicity. Compared with traditional hydrolysis methods, HHP-assisted protein hydrolysis offers a greater opportunity to add value to protein-rich products through conversion into high-end hydrolysate products with enhanced nutritional and functional properties.

Instant controlled pressure-drop assisted pressing for defatting and dewatering of yellow mealworm larvae: process study and optimisation

Insects are gaining interest as a sustainable and highly nutritious source of proteins and lipids for food and feed production sectors. Insect bio-refinery includes lipid extraction by pressing, dewatering, microbiological decontamination, and protein fractionation. The present study is experimenting the use of instant controlled pressure-drop (DIC), an emerging technology, for treating yellow mealworms and evaluating its combined effects on insect bio-refinery steps. A preliminary study allowed identifying the optimal hydraulic pressing conditions forTenebrio molitor larvae. Then, establishing an experimental design with DIC operative parameters of the saturated dry steam absolute pressure and treatment time ranging between (0.15 and 0.45 MPa) and (15 and 35 s), respectively, allowed identifying the DIC impact as a pretreatment on different larvae properties. It was possible to identify the optimal pressing parameters at 6 MPa, 60 °C, 2 cm of thickness, and 0.15 mm/s as initial piston speed. Moreover, DIC performed at 0.15 MPa for 25 seconds stood as an efficient killing method. Thanks to the changes in the membrane’s structure it provokes, DIC treatment modified larvae properties, ensured a partial expulsion of the matter (up to 0.47 g/g dry basis (db)), and resulted in larval expansion (up to 67%) which resulted in a decrease in the apparent density. As for the chemical properties, the larvae and larvae juice colours were found to become lighter as we increased the treatment conditions, which might be caused by the inactivation of oxidative enzymes. Moreover, severe DIC operative parameters decreased the pressing yields from 68 to 55%, possibly caused by protein aggregation and denaturation phenomena that prevent molecules from coming out by pressing. However, the water activity and moisture, lipid, and protein contents remained unaffected.

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of a Wide Pisum spp. Core Collection.

Peas (Pisum sativum) are the fourth most cultivated pulses worldwide and a critical source of protein in animal feed and human food. Developing pea core collections improves our understanding of pea evolution and may ease the exploitation of their genetic diversity in breeding programs. We carefully selected a highly diverse pea core collection of 325 accessions and established their genetic diversity and population structure. DArTSeq genotyping provided 35,790 polymorphic DArTseq markers, of which 24,279 were SilicoDArT and 11,511 SNP markers. More than 90% of these markers mapped onto the pea reference genome, with an average of 2787 SilicoDArT and 1644 SNP markers per chromosome, and an average LD50 distance of 0.48 and 1.38 Mbp, respectively. The pea core collection clustered in three or six subpopulations depending on the pea subspecies. Many admixed accessions were also detected, confirming the frequent genetic exchange between populations. Our results support the classification of Pisum genus into two species, P. fulvum and P. sativum (including subsp. sativum, arvense, elatius, humile, jomardii and abyssinicum). In addition, the study showed that wild alleles were incorporated into the cultivated pea through the intermediate P. sativum subsp. jomardii and P. sativum subsp. arvense during pea domestication, which have important implications for breeding programs. The high genetic diversity found in the collection and the high marker coverage are also expected to improve trait discovery and the efficient implementation of advanced breeding approaches.

Influence of a cereal rye cover crop on the critical period for weed control in soybean

AbstractSoybean is the world’s most widely grown leguminous crop and is an important source of oil and protein for food and feed in addition to other industrial uses. However, herbicide-resistant and troublesome weed control challenges limit yield potential and threaten conservation tillage (CT) systems. Cover crops have been widely adopted as an integrated pest management component in CT systems to suppress weeds and maintain soybean yield potential. A 3-yr field experiment was conducted to estimate the influence of a cereal rye cover crop following CT on the critical period for weed control (CPWC) in soybean. The experiment was implemented in a split-plot design in which main plots as CT following cover crop (CT + CC), CT following winter fallow (CT + WF), and conventional tillage (CVT), and subplots were multiple durations of weed-free and weed interference. Results showed that the estimated CPWC of CT + CC and CT + WF treatments was 0 wk and &gt;7 wk, respectively, in 2018. In 2019, the estimated CPWC was 0 wk, 5.0 wk, and 1.3 wk under CT + CC, CT + WF, and CVT treatments, respectively. In 2020, the estimated CPWC was 3.5 wk, &gt;6.2 wk, and 0 wk under CT + CC, CT + WF, and CVT treatments, respectively. The presence of a cover crop delayed the CTWR and caused an early beginning of the CWFP compared with CT + WF treatment, and hence shortened the CPWC in 2018 and 2019. In conclusion, the CT + WF system did not reduce the weed competition and subsequent yield loss in soybean compared to the CT + CC system.

High intensity ultrasound (HIU)-induced functionalization of foxtail millet protein and its fractions

Foxtail millet protein constitutes the second most important component and has remarkable essential acid composition. Out of which prolamin and glutelin forms the major portion of this protein. In the present study, foxtail millet protein was obtained with a recovery yield of 70.79%, and prolamin and glutelin fractions constituted 31.10 and 34.69% of total protein. The objective of this study was to efficiently modulate the protein properties using high-intensity ultrasound (HIU) (amplitude = 5 and 10%; duration = 5, 10 and 20 min). Here, a significant (p < 0.05) alteration in the structural, physicochemical and functional properties (FTIR spectra, solubility, particle size, zeta potential, surface hydrophobicity, emulsifying properties, foaming properties and thermal denaturation) was achieved with HIU processing in foxtail millet protein concentrates, prolamin and glutelin fractions. The findings revealed that protein characteristics were different from prolamin and glutelin, and also that the protein, prolamin and glutelin samples treated at higher HIU intensities possessed improved properties, as compared to the ones left untreated or treated at lower HIU intensities. The results indicated that HIU processing of protein and its fractions can be used to functionalize foxtail millet protein. Functionalizing protein and its fractions from foxtail millets can enhance its potential as a plant protein source. This would pave a way for further utilization of millets as a sustainable and cheap source of protein in food and feed industries. • Foxtail millet protein major fractions, prolamin and glutelin, are water-insoluble. • HIU treatment can modulate physicochemical properties of foxtail millet proteins. • HIU treatment also effectively functionalize foxtail millet proteins. • HCA correlated the properties of HIU treated and native protein and its fractions.

Comparative characteristics of the amino acid composition of protein from traditional sources and entomoprotein: calculated data

The growth of the world population leads to an increase in demand for food consumption. Along with the projected reduction in demand for meat products, a search is underway for a new type of food ("novel food"), one of the promising options for which are insects. In 2023 the European Commission has registered flour made from house cricket (Acheta domesticus) as a "novel food" for human consumption. Currently, the amino acid composition of both new types of food and the diet that includes them is not regulated. Accordingly, the potential amino acid imbalance in the diet when entomoprotein is included need to be further investigated. The aim of the study was to characterize the amino acid composition of a simulated diet using protein obtained from house cricket. Material and methods. To assess the balance of diets in terms of amino acid composition, a comparative analysis was made of the actual diet containing protein from traditional foods (scenario 1) and the diet with the likely replacement of beef, pork and poultry with a product containing A. domesticus protein (entomoprotein) (scenario 2). The volume of food consumption has been calculated based on the results of the assessment of a sample survey of household budgets. The study included foods with an established value of annual consumption, that was calculated as daily consumption. The content of essential amino acids in food sources of protein, as well as in the domestic cricket protein, was evaluated using the data from relevant sources. Dietary balance was assessed by calculating its digestibility using data on amino acid scoring, the utility of essential amino acids, the excess content of individual essential amino acids, and the comparable excess content of essential amino acids. Results. We determined the daily consumption volumes of basic foods, formed consumption scenarios, including with the potential use of a protein product based on entomoprotein. Comparative analysis of the amino acid composition of the diet showed significantly higher content (from 1.4 up to 2.9 times) of amino acids in the diet in scenario 2. The results of calculating the amino acid score and utility coefficient showed that a diet using entomoprotein could provide a better usage of amino acids for protein synthesis compared to the «traditional» diet, however, the digestibility of protein from the traditional diet is higher compared to entomoprotein (96.8 vs 89.1%). Conclusion. Despite the fact that the utility of essential amino acids in the scenario of replacing meat products with a product containing A. domesticus entomoprotein is higher, while the digestibility of protein is lower, the differences identified are insignificant.

Analysis of differentiated regional dietary structures of adults aged 18-64 years in 15 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) of China in 2018

To analyze the status of energy and macronutrient intake among adults aged 18 to 64 years old in 15 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities) of China. A sample of 9481 adults aged 18-64 years from the data of the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2018 was analyzed. Three consecutive days of 24 h recalls combined with the weighing of household seasonings were used to collect information on food intake and condiment intake. Food consumption was converted into energy and various nutrient intakes by the China Food Composition Table. The median daily intakes of energy were 1942.28 kcal and 1951.14 kcal in urban and rural areas, 1796.94 kcal, 1972.89 kcal, 1989.61 kcal and 1908.98 kcal in northwest, southwest, southeast and northern regions, respectively. The energy supply ratio of protein and fat were 13.61% and 35.85%, respectively, higher than 12.31% and 34.45% in rural areas, while the energy supply ratio of carbohydrates in urban(49.62%) was lower than that in rural areas(52.18%). The energy supply ratios of fat in the southwest and southeast regions were 38.90% and 36.80%, respectively, while the energy supply ratios of carbohydrates were 47.70% and 47.93%. The main food sources of energy, protein, and fat are different in different regions. The percentage of energy, protein, and fat from animal foods decreased with increasing age groups. The adults with low-income levels had a high intake of carbohydrates but a low intake of protein, and the adults with high-income levels had high proportions of energy, protein and fat from animal food sources. The total energy intakes of residents in different regions are relatively ideal, but the dietary structures are still unreasonable, and the energy supply ratios of fat are relatively high, especially in the southwest and southeast regions. The intake and food sources of the three macronutrients are varied in different regions and urban and rural areas. Age and income level affect the food choices of residents.

CHARACTERIZATION AND NUTRITIONAL ANALYSIS OF CULTIVABLE WILD EDIBLE MUSHROOMS COLLECTED FROM DISTRICT AYODHYA (U.P.), INDIA

Holy city Ayodhya is situated at the bank of river Saryu and has a vast diversity of macrofungi, especially mushroom mycoflora. Some of which are excellently edible and cultivable. Characterization and nutritional composition of four selected cultivable naturally growing mushrooms viz. Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostriatus, Volvariella volvacea and Calocybe indica from different sites of study area (Ayodhya) were evaluated. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics expressed with natural photographs. The proximate analysis of nutritional values was done by encountering complete mushroom samples that were shade dried, powdered and processed. The macronutrients profiles revealed that the cultivable wild edible mushroom contains protein, carbohydrate, lipid, fiber and ash content ranged from 30.21-34.21%, 22.56-38.39%, 2.35-4.15%, 11.79-23.94% and 7.75-12.97% respectively on dry weight basis. Current study confirms that the selected cultivable wild edible mushrooms are a healthy and good source of food and major alternative source of protein. It also exposed the use of varieties of mushroom in their cultivation practice as well as diet to decrease malnutrition and increase socioeconomic values.

Dietary practice and nutritional status and the respective effect of pulses-based nutrition education among adolescent girls in Northwest Ethiopia: a cluster randomized controlled trial.

Thinness and stunting are the most severe public health problems among adolescent girls in Ethiopia. An inadequate intake of protein-source foods is the most critical cause, mainly due to the non-affordability of animal-origin foods. However, research into what extent improving pulses-based food consumption could contribute to decreasing the magnitude of protein-energy undernutrition is limited. This trial aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of pulses-based nutrition education in reducing the proportion of thinness among adolescent girls. A two-arm cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted among adolescent girls in Northwest Ethiopia from December 2021 to June 2022. A total of 602 adolescent girls from four schools were enrolled in the trial. Schools were assigned to intervention and control groups using the stratified cluster randomization method. Pulses-based nutrition education was the intervention, whereas the usual dietary practice of adolescent girls was the comparator. The education was delivered over 4 weeks on a 45-60-min session per week basis. Thinness was the primary outcome of the trial, measured by anthropometry. An intention-to-treat analysis method was used. A log-binomial regression model was fitted to the data. Relative risk with the respective confidence interval and value of p was calculated. A value of p < 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. Stata 16 software was used for the analysis. About 89.37% of the participants in the intervention group and 92.36% in the control group completed the trial. The pulses-based nutrition education intervention did not show a significant difference in reducing the proportion of thinness among the participants in the intervention group compared to the participants in the control group even though a significant difference was observed in terms of the consumption of pulses-based food. The present trial was statistically non-significant in reducing thinness among adolescent girls. Similar studies that utilize objective methods for ascertaining pulses-based food consumption need to be conducted.Clinical trial registration: https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/Search.aspx, the trial was registered in the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR202111605102515) on November 12, 2021.

Traditional knowledge, beliefs and practices on collection of lake flies (chaoborus and chironomus sp.) and their implications on food security

Lake Flies are edible insects with the potential of contributing to food security in that they are an alternative protein and micronutrient food source in freshwater lake regions. The main challenge in exploiting the lake flies is the difficulty in the collection. This study was conducted to identify sustainable traditional collection practices and forecasting techniques of lake flies and was implemented in Rusinga and Mfangano Island in Kenya. The ethnographic study employed multiple methods of data collection: focus group discussion (FGD), observations, and interview schedules. 5 (3 female and 2 male) key informants were selected for interview schedules aged above 60 years. 48 (19 female and 29 male) participants took part in FGDs they were divided into 8 sets each containing 6 participants and an age range between 18 to 40 years. Open data kit (ODK) software was used for data collection while analysis was conducted via thematic analysis framework using Nvivo version 10 software. Questions were administered on traditional lake-flies emergence forecasting, collection techniques, and devices. The emergence of lake flies is determined by moon sightings, the presence of strong winds, and the rainy season. Lake flies can be collected: in mid-air flight mode, in bushes along the shore, and during night operations using a light source (bulb, touch). Lake flies are collected using traditional tools: a woven basket with a stick handle, pots, a plastic basin, and a woven basket with a stick attached. Cultural myths associated with lake flies included: marriage partner/business customers’ attraction. Uses include libido enhancement, remedy for sickness, and good fish harvest indicator. In conclusion, lake flies have the potential to contribute to food and nutrition security as affordable and locally available alternative protein and micronutrient sources.

Design and analysis of new solar‐powered sustainable dryers: Alfalfa crop

AbstractDecreasing carbon emissions is possible with the usage of renewable energy sources. Therefore, the usage of renewable energy has increased in the last decade. Due to the fact that the drying process of agricultural products consumes a significant amount of energy, fossil fuel consumption can be reduced by using the solar dryer. In this study, two novel solar drying systems were designed and tested for alfalfa drying. Experiments were carried out in two different drying systems double‐pass solar air collector (DPSAC) and photovoltaic thermal solar air collector (PVT). In order to increase the heat transfer surface area, unlike the literature, a drying chamber consisting of two intertwined cylinders was designed and manufactured. The aims of this study are to bring the drying kinetics of alfalfa and the performance, energy, and exergy analysis of the designed system to the literature. The effective moisture diffusivity values were found to be in the range of 9.13 × 10−14 to 1.06 × 10−9 and the value for the highest drying rate was determined as 2.53 × 10−2gwater/gdrymatter.min. The highest thermal efficiency was obtained from DPSAC experiment as 73.7%, while the highest COP value was obtained from the PVT experiment as 12.5. The DPSAC dryer has shown the best performance in drying the alfalfa. The outcomes of the present study demonstrate that the use of DPSAC dryer is suitable when only heat energy is required for the drying system and the use of PVT when both heat and electrical energy are required. It is recommended that these systems can be used together in off‐grid agricultural areas.Practical applicationsAlfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), a type of forage crop, is a delicious, high‐energy, and protein food source for dairy cattle. By drying the alfalfa with high nutritional value in a quality method, several beneficial minerals and vitamins are preserved. The drying process is used since ancient times for the protection of the food material and for storage without degradation. Alfalfa is dried in two new solar‐powered sustainable dryers making an important contribution to reducing carbon emissions as well as providing cleaner and more reliable drying methods compared to the conventional solar drying method. This study presents an alternative for the drying process with high energy efficiency for food drying processes, according to the necessity of using both heat and electrical energy. In addition, sustainable solar dryers in this study can be used for drying agricultural products, textile, industry and dewatering municipal waste.

Wool keratin as a novel alternative protein: A comprehensive review of extraction, purification, nutrition, safety, and food applications.

The growing global population and lifestyle changes have increased the demand for specialized diets that require protein and other essential nutrients for humans. Recent technological advances have enabled the use of food bioresources treated as waste as additional sources of alternative proteins. Sheep wool is an inexpensive and readily available bioresource containing 95%-98% protein, making it an outstanding potential source of protein for food and biotechnological applications. The strong structure of wool and its indigestibility are the main hurdles to achieving its potential as an edible protein. Although various methods have been investigated for the hydrolysis of wool into keratin, only a few of these, such as sulfitolysis, oxidation, and enzymatic processes, have the potential to generate edible keratin. In vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity studies reported no cytotoxicity effects of extracted keratin, suggesting its potential for use as a high-value protein ingredient that supports normal body functions. Keratin has a high cysteine content that can support healthy epithelia, glutathione synthesis, antioxidant functions, and skeletal muscle functions. With the recent spike in new keratin extraction methods, extensive long-term investigations that examine prolonged exposure of keratin generated from these techniques in animal and human subjects are required to ascertain its safety. Food applications of wool could improve the ecological footprint of sheep farming and unlock the potential of a sustainable protein source that meets demands for ethical production of animal protein.

Seasonal changes of stable isotope signals in the primary feathers of plains sharp‐tailed grouse

AbstractStable isotopes of a consumer organism can be used to estimate the proportional utilization of food items that have different isotopic signals to estimate changes in diet over time. Using stable isotopes as biotracers has become a useful tool for investigating trophic dynamics in ecosystems. Recent advances in the theory of stable isotope dynamics and food web modeling have extended the utility of natural variations in stable isotope abundance. However, as a growing field, some potentially useful approaches to using stable isotopes remain untested. Here, we used stable isotopes of nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) to validate their utility in examining the feeding relationships of plains sharp‐tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus jamesi; hereafter sharp‐tailed grouse) in southern Alberta, Canada. Sharp‐tailed grouse are known to consume mostly plants and opportunistically utilize insects and spiders as a high protein food source between May and October. Primary feathers obtained from hunter harvested grouse were analysed and used to estimate diet proportions of vegetation and arthropods during this time frame. Stable isotope measurements of primary feathers were able to show seasonal changes in sharp‐tailed grouse diet. Our results indicated that sharp‐tailed grouse may primarily utilize nutrients obtained from insect prey (mainly grasshoppers) for feather synthesis during molt, and that the isotope signals found in primary feathers may be a result of isotopic routing. Stable isotope data also reflected known differences among adult female and male, and juvenile grouse feeding ecology. However, model uncertainty existed due to isotopic similarity of some plant and animal food sources.

Novel foods: allergenicity assessment of insect proteins.

Insects represent a promising source of proteins and have been reported as a great potential for being used as novel food and feed proteins. This makes them a valuable source of nutrients to face the increasing demand of food necessitated by the growing global population. The current European food legislation on novel food (EU Reg. 2015/2283), which entered into force in 2018, provides the provisions that should be considered in the applications for the authorisation of novel foods in the European market. Insects, intended as an alternative source of food proteins for human consumption, are considered novel foods. Since food allergens are mostly proteins, the analysis and identification of the potential allergenicity of novel proteins should be a fundamental activity that enables the applicants to fulfil the requirements for the application and authorisation to bring a novel food into the European market and ensures a high level of food safety for the European consumers. The main aims of the work of the EU-FORA fellow were to: (i) Review, assess and identify gaps in the current strategies for predicting allergenicity of novel foods and new alternative protein sources; and (ii) Familiarise, understand and perform an allergenicity assessment of a novel food protein source by: (a) Working on an allergenicity assessment case study of insect proteins from black soldier fly larva (Hermetia Illucens); and (b) Taking into consideration other risk assessment aspects of insects as novel food, including toxicological, nutritional and microbial risks. The project contributed to the continuous learning of the fellow on practical assays and methodologies for the in silico, invitro and invivo analysis principles and complemented personal skills related to the food risk assessment requirement for the preparation and submission of an application for authorisation of a novel food.

Food consumption pattern Far Away From Home as a source of household food protein in Indonesia

The pattern of food consumption determines the level of household welfare, but for households with low income, the share of food expenditure is dominated by carbohydrate food. Protein foods are the second food consumed after carbohydrate staple foods. This study analyzes food consumption patterns away from home as a source of protein for households in Indonesia. The research data uses secondary data in the form of Susenas data in 2020 which covers of thirty-four provinces and the samples cover 334,127 households in total. The research data is in the form of total household expenditure data, data on the number of household members, consumption and expenditure data of FAFH as a source of household protein in Indonesia covering eight types of food, namely 1) soup namely soto, gule, sop, rawon 2) satay, tongseng 3) meatball noodles, chicken noodles 4) cooked fish 5) cooked chicken or meat 6) processed meat 7) chicken porridge, and 8) dumplings, batagor. The consumption preference model approach uses the Probit Model. The results showed that all FAFH foods had a high significant effect on FAFH consumption patterns. However, the household size variable shows a negative relationship. The higher the household size, the lower the possibility of consuming FAFH. The findings of this study demonstrate that, despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the intake of FAFH protein is increasing, albeit at a very slow rate. This also demonstrates that FAFH food is a source of protein for households in Indonesia.

Physical Characteristics of Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea Canaliculata) Sauce Using Bromelain and Calotropin Enzym

A golden snail (Pomacea Canaliculata) is a mollusca group known as a pest that is quite disturbing for the growth of rice plants. Judging from its high protein content, a golden apple snail can be considered a source of protein for food, one of which is soy sauce. The process of making soy sauce can use a protein hydrolysis technique with the help of protease enzymes, namely bromelain enzymes and biduri enzymes. This study aims to determine the effect of the type and concentration of protease enzymes on the physical properties of golden apple snail sauce. This study uses a factorial experimental design with two factors, where factor I is the type of protease enzyme used consisting of three types (bromelain enzyme, biduri enzyme, and a combination (bromelain: biduri) and factor II is the total concentration of the enzyme consisting of three levels. (8%, 10%, 12%), The best treatment was sauce with a combination of bromelain and biduri enzymes at a concentration of 12%, with physical characteristics of 31.05% yield, total soluble solids 70.3°brix and viscosity 3293.20 cP.

DNA barcoding and biomass accumulation rates of native Iranian duckweed species for biotechnological applications.

The Lemnaceae family (duckweed) consists of at least three recognized genera with six reported species in Iran that are distributed in wetlands. Duckweeds are the simplest and smallest flowering aquatic monocots with free-floating fronds that can reproduce asexually every 2-3 days. Duckweed could be a major source of balanced amino acids and high protein content, which is increasingly promising for biotechnological applications. For molecular classification and species identification of the collected samples, DNA barcoding was performed using two standard chloroplast markers, the spacer region between the ATP synthase subunits F and H (atpF-atpH) and the intron region of the ribosomal protein S16 (rps16). The results confirm the presence of four species belonging to the two genera Lemna and Spirodela. In addition, L. turionifera was detected for the first time in Iran. Due to the high growth rates of duckweed, measurement of biomass accumulation and doubling time are important factors in determining growth potential, especially for native species. The relative growth rates (RGR), doubling times (DT), biomass accumulation, and relative weekly yields (RY) of 40 distinct duckweed clones were determined under standard cultivation conditions. The dry weight-based RGR ranged from 0.149 to more than 0.600 per day, DT from 1.12 to 9 days, and RY from 7 to 108.9 per week. All values are comparable with previous studies. RGR and RY of selected clones are higher than the growth potential for a wide range of wild plants and common crops. These data support that native duckweed has high productivity value and should be further investigated as a potentially rich protein source for alternative human food, livestock feed, and recombinant protein production.

Screening and Identification of Novel Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitors from Corn Gluten Peptides.

The objective of this study was to investigate the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitory properties of corn gluten peptides. In total, 400 dipeptides and 8000 tripeptides were first virtually screened by molecular docking and 30 potential sEH inhibitory peptides were selected. Among them, WEY, WWY, WYW, YFW, and YFY showed the highest sEH inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 55.41 ± 1.55, 68.80 ± 7.72, 70.66 ± 9.90, 96.00 ± 7.5, and 94.06 ± 12.86 μM, respectively. These five peptides all behaved as mixed-type inhibitors and were predicted to form hydrogen bond interactions mainly with Asp333, a key residue located in the catalytic active site of sEH. Moreover, it was found that the corn gluten hydrolysates of Alcalase, Flavourzyme, pepsin and pancreatin all exhibited high sEH inhibitory activities, with IC50 values of 1.07 ± 0.08, 1.19 ± 0.24, and 1.46 ± 0.31 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, the sEH inhibitory peptides WYW, YFW, and YFY were successfully identified from the corn gluten hydrolysates by Alcalase using nano-LC-MS/MS. This study demonstrated the sEH inhibitory capacity of peptides for the first time and corn gluten might be a promising food protein source for discovering novel natural sEH inhibitory peptides.