Distribution Of Protein Intake Research Articles

During Hospitalization, Older Patients at Risk for Malnutrition Consume

BackgroundMalnutrition is prevalent in hospitalized patients. To support muscle maintenance in older and chronically ill patients, a protein intake of 1.2–1.5 g/kg/d has been recommended during hospitalization. We assessed daily protein intake levels and distribution in older patients at risk for malnutrition during hospitalization.MethodsIn this prospective, observational study, we measured actual food and food supplement consumption in patients (n = 102; age, 68 ± 14 years; hospital stay, 14 [8–28] days) at risk of malnutrition during hospitalization. Food provided by hospital meals, ONS, and snacks and the actual amount of food (not) consumed were weighed and recorded for all patients.ResultsHospital meals provided 1.03 [0.77–1.26] protein, whereas actual protein consumption was only 0.65 [0.37–0.93] g/kg/d. Protein intake at breakfast, lunch, and dinner was 10 [6–15], 9 [5–14], and 13 [9–18] g, respectively. The use of ONS (n = 62) resulted in greater energy (1.26 [0.40–1.79] MJ/d, 300 [100–430] kcal/d) and protein intake levels (11 [4–16] g/d), without changing the macronutrient composition of the diet.ConclusionDespite protein provision of ∼1.0 g/kg/d, protein intake remains well below these values (∼0.65 g/kg/d), as 30%–40% of the provided food and supplements is not consumed. Provision of ONS may increase energy and protein intake but does not change the macronutrient composition of the diet. Current nutrition strategies to achieve the recommended daily protein intake in older patients during their hospitalization are not as effective as generally assumed.

노인의 단백질 섭취 부족과 관련된 사회경제적 요인 분석 : 국민건강영양조사 제 7기 (2016-2018) 자료를 이용하여

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of protein intake, protein source, and distribution of protein intake in daily meals as well as investigate the association of protein intake with socioeconomic status in the Korean elderly population. The study consisted of a total of 3,998 subjects (1,738 men and 2,260 women) aged 65 years and older who participated in the Seventh Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES, 2016-2018). Protein intake data were assessed using the 1-day 24-hour recall method. Factors that could affect protein intake of the elderly included age, living status, province, education level, family income, and employment. The percentage of people who consumed less protein than the estimated average requirement (EAR) for Koreans was 27.2% of men and 44.1% of women. The amount of protein consumed as a vegetable source (men: 35.1%, women: 21.2%) was higher than that for animal protein (men: 64.9%, women: 78.8%), whereas those who lacked protein intake had a lower percentage of animal rotein intake than those who were sufficient (p＜0.0001). Socioeconomic factors affecting risk of lack of protein intake among men and women were age, economic level, and education level. Among women, residential areas, living alone, and employment were also affected. In summary, the elderly population in Korea show insufficient protein intake in terms of both quantity and quality, and this was affected by socioeconomic status.

Distribution of daily protein intake across meals and lower extremity functioning in community-dwelling Spanish older adults: a prospective cohort study.

Total dietary protein intake has been associated with better physical function in older adults. However, it is unclear whether an even mealtime distribution of protein intake also has an impact on physical functioning. The aim of this study was to examine the prospective association between distribution of daily protein intake across meals and the risk of impaired lower extremity function (ILEF). We used information of 2975 individuals ≥ 60years from the Seniors-ENRICA cohort. Habitual dietary protein intake was assessed in 2008-2010 with a validated diet history. For each participant, dietary protein intake across meals was determined using the coefficient of variation (CV) of the distribution. Study participants were followed up until 2017 to identify incident ILEF, assessed with the short physical performance battery (SPPB). Over a median follow-up of 6.3 years, we identified 521 participants with ILEF (SPPB ≤ 6). After adjusting for potential confounders including total protein intake/kg/day, a higher CV (less even distribution) of protein intake did not show an association with the risk of ILEF [hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for second and third vs. the first tertile: 1.08 (0.87-1.34), and 1.06 (0.85-1.32), respectively; p trend = 0.60]. When assessing each component of the SPPB, a higher CV of protein intake was associated with higher risk of impaired standing balance (HR for tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: 1.26 (1.03-1.54); p trend = 0.02). The mealtime distribution of protein intake was not associated with ILEF. The possibility of a detrimental effect of uneven distribution of protein on standing balance needs to be further investigated.

Nitrogen Balance in Female Japanese National Handball Players During Training Camp.

Protein requirements for athletes are affected by various factors, including distribution and quality (i. e., amino acid composition) of protein ingestion throughout the day. However, little is known about the protein requirements of elite female athletes engaging in team sports. This study aimed to determine the nitrogen balance and distribution of protein and amino acid intake in elite female handball athletes during training camp. In observational study design, 11 female Japanese national handball players (age 26.9 ± 4.9 years) participated in a 5-days experiment. Nitrogen balance was calculated from the daily protein intake assessed by dietary records and urinary nitrogen excretion. Amino acid intake amounts were organized based on six eating occasions. The average and population-safe protein intake for zero nitrogen balance were estimated as 1.57 and 1.93 g/kg/day, respectively. The protein intake at breakfast, lunch, and dinner and the leucine intake in the three main meals and the morning snack were higher than is recommended by current guidelines for maximizing muscle protein synthesis. The population-safe protein intake in elite female handball athletes was within the range of the current recommendations for athletes (1.2–2.0 g/kg/day). Our results show that it may be possible to improve the distribution and quality of protein ingestion after exercise and before sleep.

The different daily distribution of proteins does not influence the variations in body composition in a sample of subjects undergoing a low-calorie Mediterranean-type diet.

Controversy exists regarding whether the different daily balances of proteins between meals and snacks in a low-calorie diet may influence the effects on body composition (BC) results. Aim of this study is to evaluate BC changes made by a lifestyle intervention in a randomized homogeneous sample of two groups with equal daily caloric reduction but different protein distributions between meals. Forty-seven men and women (mean age: 32±10 years; Body Mass Index: 28.4±2.4 kg/m2) consumed an energy-restricted diet (788 kcal/d below the requirement) for eight weeks in a free-living contest. Subjects consumed 90.1 g protein/d (1.10±0.16 g/kg/day) and were randomized in an EVEN (16.7% at breakfast, 32.8% at lunch, 31.3% at dinner, 19.2% at snacks; N.=23) or UNEVEN (15.4% at breakfast, 36.6% at lunch, 34.9% at dinner, 12.4% at snacks; N.=24) distribution pattern. The nutritional characteristics and caloric deficit of the two diets were similar. The total sample had an overall improvement in both BMI (-0.9±0.6) and fat mass (FM: -2.3±1.5), while lean body mass was preserved (LBM: 0.0±0.7). There were no significant differences between the two groups in variations in BC. In overweight and obese subjects undergoing a Mediterranean-type low-calorie diet, a different distribution of daily protein intake between meals and snacks does not result in significant differences in terms of FM loss and LBM maintenance. This is one of the first studies showing that nutritional dietary plans with different daily protein distribution show no particular differences in fat loss and lean mass maintenance.

The different daily distribution of proteins does not influence the variations in body composition in a sample of subjects undergoing a low-calorie mediterranean-type diet

Background Controversy exists regarding whether the different daily balances of proteins between meals and snacks in a low-calorie diet may influence the effects on body composition (BC) results. Aim of this study is to evaluate BC changes made by a lifestyle intervention in a randomised homogeneous sample of two groups with equal daily caloric reduction but different protein distributions between meals. Methods Forty-seven men and women (mean ± SD age: 32 ± 10 y; body mass index: 28.4 ± 2.4) consumed an energy-restricted diet (788 kcal/d below the requirement) for eight weeks in a free- living contest. Subjects consumed 90.1 g protein/d (1.10 ± 0.16 g · kg-1· d-1 ) and were randomised in an EVEN (16.7% at breakfast, 32.8% at lunch, 31.3% at dinner, 19.2% at snacks;n= 23) or UNEVEN (15.4% at breakfast, 36.6% at lunch, 34.9% at dinner, 12.4% at snacks;n= 24) distribution pattern. The nutritional characteristics and caloric deficit of the two diets were similar. Results The total sample had an overall improvement in both BMI (-0.9 ± 0.6) and fat mass (FM: -2.3 ± 1.5), while lean body mass was preserved (LBM: 0.0 ± 0.7). There were no significant differences between the two groups in variations in BC. Conclusions In overweight and obese subjects undergoing a Mediterranean-type low-calorie diet, a different distribution of daily protein intake between meals and snacks does not result in significant differences in terms of FM loss and LBM maintenance. This is one of the first studies showing that nutritional dietary plans with different daily protein distribution show no particular differences in fat loss and lean mass maintenance.

Amount, Source and Pattern of Dietary Protein Intake Across the Adult Lifespan: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objectives: Sub-optimal dietary protein consumption may partially underlie the age-related loss of muscle mass and function (sarcopenia). Specifically, dose, timing, source and distribution of dietary protein across the day might influence muscle anabolism in individuals from across the lifespan.Design: The present study aimed to assess daily and meal-specific protein intake, protein source and protein intake pattern in 40 young (23.8 ± 4.3 years), 40 middle-aged (51.6 ± 4.1 years), and 40 old (77.4 ± 7.4 years) individuals using 3-day weighed food diaries.Results: Old individuals consumed on average 83.4 ± 24.6 g of daily protein, which was significantly lower compared with young but not middle-aged individuals who consumed, respectively, 105.1 ± 43.0 g and 97.0 ± 31.1 g of daily protein (P = 0.013). No significant difference in daily protein intake was found with middle-aged individuals. Dietary protein intake pattern was uneven across meals for all groups (P < 0.001 for all). Sources of protein consumption were similar between groups except at lunch where old individuals ingested lower quality proteins compared with middle aged and young individuals.Conclusion: Although total daily protein intake was sufficient in the majority of participants, per-meal protein intake and protein distribution contend the current knowledge regarding optimal protein intakes. Increasing protein intake, especially at breakfast and lunch, could mitigate age-related muscle loss.

Abstract P361: Racial/Ethnic and Age Differences in Dietary Sources of Protein, NHANES, 2011 - 2016

Background: Dietary protein serves a pivotal role in providing the body with essential amino acids, which are required for the maintenance of body proteins, and the assimilation of structural and functional components required for basic survival. Understanding dietary protein sources can help inform intervention efforts to increase protein intake that will accommodate the growing diversity of the United States. Objective: The purpose of this analysis was to identify the top 10 food category sources of dietary protein by age and race and ethnicity in a nationally representative sample. Methods: Cross-sectional data on adults (18+ years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2016 with one 24-hour dietary recall were analyzed (n=15,697). Population proportions were calculated for What We Eat In America food categories. Results: The analytic sample (n=15,697) was 15.0% Hispanic (95%CI [12.1, 17.9], 65.0% to non-Hispanic White (95%CI [60.8, 69.3]), 11.5% to non-Hispanic Black (95%CI [9.1, 13.9]), 5.4% to non-Hispanic Asian (95%CI [4.3, 6.6]) and 3.1% other (95%CI [2.5, 3.6]). In all racial and ethnic groups, chicken (whole pieces) was the top-ranked source of dietary protein. In addition to chicken (whole pieces), beef (excludes ground), eggs and omelets, and meat mixed dishes food categories ranked in the top ten sources of protein for every race/ethnicity. Conversely, each race/ethnicity group had at least one food category that uniquely ranked as a top ten source (other Mexican mixed dishes, cheese, burger (single code), rice, stir-fry and soy-based dishes, and nuts and seeds). Older adults consumed the least absolute protein (71 gram per day, 95% CI: [69,73]) and energy (1819 calories, 95%CI[1779, 1860] compared to other age groups (p-value for all &lt;0.0001). Conclusion: The top ten sources of protein accounted for over 40% of dietary protein irrespective of race/ethnicity or age category, having major implications for the sustainability of our nation’s food supply. Public health strategies that encourage incorporating higher amounts of protein in food preparation have the potential to shift the overall population protein intake distribution. Funding Source: R01HL141427

Inadequacy of Protein Intake in Older UK Adults.

The current dietary recommendation for protein intake in the UK is 0.75 g/kg/day, however, this population-wide recommendation does not necessarily reflect altered requirements for older adults to maintain muscle protein synthesis, nor does it encompass the potential impact of intake timing. Optimal muscle protein synthesis in older adults requires both higher intake requirements and a distribution of protein intake above a 25 g threshold, three times across the day. This study aimed to describe the protein intake of older adults in a UK region and compare the results to recommendations. The study re-assessed two existing datasets with rich diet information for older adults in the South Yorkshire area. Data were extracted from food diaries of 256 adults aged between 65 and 89 years old (mean ± SD 72.4 ± 5.3 years). Quantity and timing of intake were coded using Nutritics software and compared to recommendations. The relationship between body mass index (BMI), age, and protein intake was explored. Fewer than 50% of the participants met current UK recommendations (0.75 g/kg/day) and fewer than 15% met the ESPEN 1.2 g/kg/day age-specific recommendation. Only one participant met the 25 g/meal recommendation across three meals. These findings suggest that the older adult population is not achieving recommendations to maintain muscle protein synthesis. Nonetheless it identifies several straightforward opportunities for improvement, notably elevation of morning intake.

Transition to a More even Distribution of Daily Protein intake Is Associated with Enhanced Fat Loss during a Hypocaloric and Physical Activity Intervention in Obese Older Adults.

Optimization of intentional weight loss in obese older adults, through preferential fat mass reduction, is challenging, as the concomitant lean mass loss may exacerbate sarcopenia. Recent studies have suggested within-day distribution of protein intake plays a role in determining body composition remodeling. Here, we assessed whether changes in within-day protein intake distribution are related to improvements in body composition in overweight/obese older adults during a hypocaloric and exercise intervention. Thirty-six community-dwelling, overweight-to-obese (BMI 28.0-39.9 kg/m2), sedentary older adults (aged 70.6±6.1 years) were randomized into either physical activity plus successful aging health education (PA+SA; n=15) or physical activity plus weight loss (PA+WL; n=21) programs. Body composition (by CT and DXA) and dietary intake (by three-day food records) were determined at baseline, 6-month, and 12-month follow-up visits. Within-day protein distribution was calculated as the coefficient of variation (CV) of protein ingested per defined time periods (breakfast [5:00-10:59], lunch [11:00-16:59] and dinner [17:00-1:00]). Secondary analysis was performed to determine associations between changes in protein intake distribution and body composition. In both groups, baseline protein intake was skewed towards dinner (PA+SA: 49.1%; PA+WL: 54.1%). The pattern of protein intake changed towards a more even within-day distribution in PA+WL during the intervention period, but it remained unchanged in PA+SA. Transition towards a more even pattern of protein intake was independently associated with a greater decline in BMI (P<0.05) and abdominal subcutaneous fat (P<0.05) in PA+WL. However, changes in protein CV were not associated with changes in body weight in PA+SA. Our results show that mealtime distribution of protein intake throughout the day was associated with improved weight and fat loss under hypocaloric diet combined with physical activity. This finding provides a novel insight into the potential role of within-day protein intake on weight management in obese older people.

TRANSITION TO A MORE EVEN DISTRIBUTION OF PROTEIN INTAKE IS ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCED FAT LOSS IN OBESE OLDER ADULTS

Background: Optimization of intentional weight loss in obese older adults, through preferential fat mass reduction, is challenging, as the concomitant lean mass loss may exacerbate sarcopenia. Here, we assessed whether changes in within-day protein intake distribution are related to improvements in body composition in overweight/obese older adults during a hypocaloric and exercise intervention. Methods: Thirty-six community-dwelling, overweight-to-obese (BMI 28.0-39.9 kg/m2), sedentary older adults (aged 70.6±6.1 years) were randomized into either physical activity plus successful aging health education (PA+SA; n=15) or physical activity plus weight loss (PA+WL; n=21) programs. Body composition (by CT and DXA) and dietary intake (by three-day food records) were determined at baseline, 6-month, and 12-month follow-up visits. Within-day protein distribution was calculated as the coefficient of variation of protein ingested at breakfast [5:00–10:59], lunch [11:00–16:59] and dinner [17:00–1:00]. Secondary analysis was performed to determine associations between changes in protein intake distribution and body composition. Results: In both groups, baseline protein intake was skewed towards dinner. The pattern of protein intake changed towards a more even within-day distribution in PA+WL, but it remained unchanged in PA+SA. Transition towards a more even pattern of protein intake was independently associated with a greater decline in BMI (P<0.05) and abdominal subcutaneous fat (P<0.05) in PA+WL. However, changes in protein CV were not associated with weight loss in PA+SA. Conclusion: Our results show that mealtime distribution of protein intake throughout the day was associated with improved weight and fat loss under hypocaloric diet combined with physical activity.

Daily Protein Intake and Distribution of Daily Protein Consumed Decreases Odds for Functional Disability in Older Americans.

Objective: We sought to determine whether daily protein intake and protein distribution across eating occasions were associated with functional disability in a national sample of older Americans. Methods: Data from 8,070 adults aged ≥60 years from the 2007-2016 waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included. Protein intake and functional capacity was self-reported. A daily protein recommendation of ≥1.0 g/kg/day was utilized. The daily protein recommendation was then spread-out across four meals, whereby a ≥0.25 g/kg/meal threshold was used. Results: Those meeting the daily protein recommendation had 0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.65, 0.93]) decreased odds for functional disability. Persons meeting the protein intake threshold per eating occasion for one, two, three, and four occasions had 0.60 (CI = [0.38, 0.95]), 0.48 (CI = [0.30, 0.77]), 0.47 (CI = [0.29, 0.77]), and 0.39 (CI = [0.20, 0.75]) decreased odds for functional disability, respectively. Discussion: Protein consumption seems to be important for preserving function in older Americans.

Distribution of Dietary Protein Intake in Daily Meals Influences Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy Via the Circadian Clock

Meal distribution of protein throughout the day is usually skewed. However, its physiological implications and the effects of better protein distribution on muscle volume are largely unknown. Here, using the two-meal-per-day-feeding model, we found that protein intake at the early active phase, according to the circadian clock, promoted overloading-induced muscle hypertrophy. We found that mice that were fed branched chain amino acid (BCAA)-supplemented diets at the early active phase demonstrated skeletal muscle hypertrophy. However, distribution-dependent effects were not observed in ClockΔ19 mice. Additionally, we examined the relationship between distribution of protein in meals and muscle functions such as skeletal muscle index and grip strength. In humans, higher muscle functions were observed in subjects who took dietary proteins mainly at breakfast than at dinner. These data suggest that protein intake at breakfast could be better for the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass.

Muscle adaptation in response to a high-intensity interval training in obese older adults: effect of daily protein intake distribution.

Aging is associated with declines in muscle mass, strength and quality, leading to physical impairments. An even protein distribution in daily meals has recently been proposed along with adequate total protein intake as important modulators of muscle mass. In addition, due to its short duration, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been highlighted as a promising intervention to prevent physical deterioration. However, the interaction between daily protein intake distribution and HIIT intervention in elderlies remain unknown. To investigate muscle adaptation following HIIT in older adults according to daily protein intake distribution. Thirty sedentary obese subjects who completed a 12-week elliptical HIIT program were matched [criteria: age (± 2 years), sex, BMI (± 2kg/m2)] and divided a posteriori into 2 groups according to the amount of protein ingested at each meal: < 20g in at least one meal (P20-, n = 15, 66.8 ± 3.7years) and ≥ 20g in each meal (P20+, n = 15, 68.1 ± 4.1years). Body composition, functional capacity, muscle strength, muscle power, physical activity level, and nutritional intakes were measured pre- and post-intervention. A two way repeated ANOVA was used to determine the effect of the intervention (HIIT) and protein distribution (P20- vs P20+, p < 0.05). No difference was observed at baseline between groups. Following the HIIT intervention, we observed a significant decrease in waist and hip circumferences and improvements in functional capacities in both P20- and P20 + group (p < 0.05). However, no protein distribution effect was observed. A 12-week HIIT program is achievable and efficient to improve functional capacities as well as body composition in obese older adults. However, consuming at least 20g of proteins in every meal does not further enhance muscle performance in response to a 12-week HIIT intervention.

Energy expenditure and dietary intake in professional football players in the Dutch Premier League: Implications for nutritional counselling

ABSTRACTSelecting effective dietary strategies for professional football players requires comprehensive information on their energy expenditure (EE) and dietary intake. This observational study aimed to assess EE and dietary intake over a 14-day period in a representative group (n = 41) of professional football players playing in the Dutch Premier League (Eredivisie). Daily EE, as assessed by doubly labelled water, was 13.8 ± 1.5 MJ/day, representing a physical activity level (PAL) of 1.75 ± 0.13. Weighted mean energy intake (EI), as assessed by three face-to-face 24-h recalls, was 11.1 ± 2.9 MJ/day, indicating 18 ± 15% underreporting of EI. Daily EI was higher on match days (13.1 ± 4.1 MJ) compared with training (11.1 ± 3.4 MJ; P < 0.01) and rest days (10.5 ± 3.1 MJ; P < 0.001). Daily carbohydrate intake was significantly higher during match days (5.1 ± 1.7 g/kg body mass (BM)) compared with training (3.9 ± 1.5 g/kg BM; P < 0.001) and rest days (3.7 ± 1.4 g/kg BM; P < 0.001). Weighted mean protein intake was 1.7 ± 0.5 g/kg BM. Daytime distribution of protein intake was skewed, with lowest intakes at breakfast and highest at dinner. In conclusion, daily EE and PAL of professional football players are modest. Daily carbohydrate intake should be increased to maximize performance and recovery. Daily protein intake seems more than adequate, but could be distributed more evenly throughout the day.

Within-Day Amino Acid Intakes and Nitrogen Balance in Male Collegiate Swimmers during the General Preparation Phase.

A higher protein intake is recommended for athletes compared to healthy non-exercising individuals. Additionally, the distribution and quality (i.e., leucine content) of the proteins consumed throughout the day should be optimized. This study aimed to determine the nitrogen balance and distribution of protein and amino acid intakes in competitive swimmers during the general preparation phase. Thirteen swimmers (age: 19.7 ± 1.0 years; VO2max: 63.9 ± 3.7 mL·kg−1·min−1, mean ± standard deviation) participated in a five-day experimental training period. Nutrient intakes were assessed using dietary records. Nitrogen balance was calculated from the daily protein intake and urinary nitrogen excretion. The intake amounts of amino acids and protein at seven eating occasions were determined. The average and population-safe intakes for zero nitrogen balance were estimated at 1.43 and 1.92 g·kg−1·day−1, respectively. The intake amounts of protein and leucine at breakfast, lunch, and dinner satisfied current guidelines for the maximization of muscle protein synthesis, but not in the other four occasions. The population-safe protein intake level in competitive swimmers was in the upper range (i.e., 1.2–2.0 g·kg−1·day−1) of the current recommendations for athletes. The protein intake distribution and quality throughout the day may be suboptimal for the maximization of the skeletal muscle adaptive response to training.

Impact of distribution of protein and energy intake on appendicular lean mass in older people

Impact of distribution of protein and energy intake on appendicular lean mass in older people

Protein Intake and Distribution in Relation to Physical Functioning and Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Elderly People: Acknowledging the Role of Physical Activity.

Increasing total protein intake and a spread protein intake distribution are potential strategies to attenuate sarcopenia related loss of physical function and quality of life. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate whether protein intake and protein intake distribution are associated with muscle strength, physical function and quality of life in community-dwelling elderly people with a wide range of physical activity. Dietary and physical activity data were obtained from two studies (N = 140, age 81 ± 6, 64% male), with the following outcome measures: physical functioning (Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), comprising balance, gait speed and chair rise tests), handgrip strength and quality of life (EQ-5D-5L). Protein intake distribution was calculated for each participant as a coefficient of variance (CV = SD of grams of protein intake per main meal divided by the average total amount of proteins (grams) of the main meals). Based on the CV, participants were divided into tertiles and classified as spread, intermediate or pulse. The average total protein intake was 1.08 ± 0.29 g/kg/day. Total protein intake was not associated with outcome measures using multivariate regression analyses. Individuals with a spread protein diet during the main meals (CV < 0.43) had higher gait speed compared to those with an intermediate diet (CV 0.43–0.62) (β = −0.42, p = 0.035), whereas a spread and pulse protein diet were not associated with SPPB total score, chair rise, grip strength and Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY). The interaction of higher physical activity and higher total protein intake was significantly associated with higher quality of life (β = 0.71, p = 0.049). While this interaction was not associated with SPPB or grip strength, the association with quality of life emphasizes the need for a higher total protein intake together with an active lifestyle in the elderly.

Current protein and amino acid intakes among Japanese people: Analysis of the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey.

To evaluate protein and amino acid intakes and distribution among Japanese people in terms of prevention of sarcopenia or frailty. We carried out a cross-sectional study using data from Japan's 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey. From the original dataset, we selected individuals aged ≥30 years, who were not pregnant or lactating, and for whom dietary intake, bodyweight and body height data were available. Protein intake was calculated using exclusive software developed for the survey. Amino acid intake was calculated using the database created by the National Institute for Longevity Sciences. More than 95% of the participants met recommended levels of protein suggested by the Dietary Reference Intake in Japan. However, nearly half of the participants did not meet recommended levels in terms of prevention of sarcopenia. Leucine intake was not sufficient for each sex and age group, probably because of decreased intake of animal protein, especially protein from milk and dairy products. Distribution of protein and leucine in each meal tended toward dinner. The Japanese population might have insufficient quality, quantity and distribution of protein intake required to prevent sarcopenia or frailty. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 723-731.

Nutritional Considerations for Sport Participation in Children and Adolescents With Obesity.

There is a high prevalence of children with obesity who are participating in sports. Appropriate nutritional considerations are important to optimize health and training adaptations. This review focuses on macronutrient recommendations and their effect on weight management and/or benefits for athletic training for children ages 5 to 18 years. Equal distribution of protein intake throughout the day (~25-30 g/meal) and during postexercise recovery is recommended. Special attention should be given to increasing protein intake during breakfast because it is often the meal with the least protein intake. Both postexercise recommendations for protein (~0.3 g/kg of body weight) and carbohydrate (~1.0-1.2 g/kg/h) were not determined in children with obesity, and require future verification. Individual carbohydrate needs of training to meet fuel costs are recommended, but ~200 to 500 g/day of carbohydrate may be required depending on a child's level of sport participation and competition. Fat intake should follow general recommendations to meet the accepted macronutrient distribution range in children (25% to 35%) and reduce saturated fat intake. No evidence suggests that additional dietary fat modifications would improve training adaptations in children. Longitudinal studies are required to further our understanding of age and sex effects and confirm the appropriate quantity of macronutrients for active children with obesity.